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Diversity Issues in Training Group Workers

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Diversity Issues in Training Group Workers

Given the fact that the U.S. population is characterized by drastically increasing diversity, it is essential that group counselors be culturally competent practitioners (Bemak & Chung, 2004). An integral part of the training of group leaders is promoting sensitivity and competence in addressing diversity in all forms of group work. Being diversity competent is more complex in meaning than "respecting other people". To fully assimilate the meaning into our personal and professional beings, it is important for us to have a common understanding of the principles on which diversity competence is built. The "Principles for Diversity Competent Group Workers" (ASGW, 1999) addresses issues such as racism, classism, sexism, heterosexism, and ableism with sensitivity and skill. These principles emphasize the practitioner's responsibility to have a general understanding of the diverse cultural backgrounds of the group members so interventions are congruent with their worldviews.

Most of the ethics codes of the various professional organizations now give some attenttion to applying these principles when working with diverse client populations. Guidelines for competence in diversity issues in group practice are discussed in a variety of sources, some of which include Arredondo and colleagues (1996), ASGW (1999), APA (1993), Bemak and Chung (2004), and

Ethical Issues in Group Membership

How can group leaders make potential members aware of the services they are providing ? What information do clients have a right to expect before they decide to attend a group? People have a right to know what they are getting info before they make a commitment to become a part of any group. Informed consent requires that leaders make the members aware of their rights (as well as their responsibilities) as group participants. The section on informed consent in Chapter 5 applies to both individual and group counseling. Refer to that earlier discussion for further details.

Screening and Selection of Group Members

Group leaders are faced with the difficult task of determining who should be included in a group and who should not. Are groups appropriate for all people? To put the question in another way, is it appropriate for this person to become a participant in this type of group, with this leader, at this time? To answer this question, some type of screening, which involves interviewing and evaluating potential members, is often employed to select suitable members.

Assuming that not everyone will benefit from a group experience- and that some people may be psychologically harmed by certain group experiences- is it unethical to fail to screen prospective group candidates? Many group leaders do not screen participants, for various reasons. Some practitioners are clinically opposed to the notion of using screening as a way of determining who is suitable for a group, and some maintain that they simply do not have the time to carry out effective screening. Others believe that ethical practice demands careful screening and preparation of all candidates.

Unless careful selection criteria are employed, Yalom (2005) argues that group therapy clients may end up discouraged and may not be helped. He maintains that it is easier to identify the people who should be excluded from group therapy than those who should be included. Citing clinical studies, he lists the following as poor candidates for a heterogeneous outpatient intensive therapy group : brain-damaged people, paranoid individuals, hypochondriacs, those who are are addicted to drugs or alcohol, acutely psychotic individuals and antisocial personalities. In terms of criteria for inclusion, he contends that the client's level of motivation to work is the most important variable.

From his perspective, groups are useful for people who have problems in the interpersonal domain, such as loneliness, inability to make or maintain intimate contacts, feelings of unlovability, fears of being assertive, and dependency issues.

Clients who lack meaning in life, who suffer from diffuse anxiety, who are searching for an identity, who fear success, and who are compulsive workers might also profit from a group experience. The ACA (2005) identifies the counselor's responsibility for screening prospective group members :

Counselors screen prospective group counseling/ therapy participants. To the extent possible, counselors select members whose needs and goals are compatible with goals of the group, who will not impede the group process, and whose well-being will not be jeopardized by the group experience. (A.8.a)

Screening is most effective when the leader interviews the members and the members also have an opportunity to interview the leader. While prospective group members are being screened, they should be deciding whether they want to work with a particular leader and whether the group in question is suitable for them. Practitioners should welcome the opportunity to respond to any questions or concers prospective members to raise questions about matters that will affect their participation.

It needs to be mentioned that not all theoretical orientations favor or agree with the notion of screening. For example, practitioners with a transactional analysis orientation often do not conduct screening. Many Adlerians believe screening does not fit with the democratic spirit of their theory. Some maintain that screening is done more for the comfort of the group leader than the good of the client. If a practitioner does not screen because of a theoretical value, we do not think this constitutes unethical practice. Furthermore, in some settings it is impractical to screen members prior to forming a group. In situations where it is not possible to conduct screening interviews, one alternative is to use the initial session to screen participants and to present informed consent guidelines.

Preparing Group Participants

To what extent are group counselors responsible for helping participants to benefit from their group experience? Many practitioners do very little to prepare members for a group. They are opposed to preparation on the grounds that it could inhibit a group’s spontaneity and autonomy. Others take the position that members need to be provided with some structure to derive maximum gains.

Yalom (2005) advocates exploring group members’ misconceptions and expectations, predicting early problems and providing a conceptual framework that includes guidelines for effective group behavior. He viewa this preparatory process as more than the dissemination of information. He contends that it reinforces the therapist’s respect for the client, demonstrates that therapy is a collaborative venture and shows that the therapist is willing to share his or her knowledge with the client. This cognitive approach to preparation has the goals of providing a rational explanation of the group process, clarifying how members are expected to behave and raising expectations abaout what the group can accomplish.

In our experience working with groups, we have found that providing members with basic information about group process tends to eliminate some of the difficulties encountered in the early stages of a group. Our preparation procedures apply to most types of groups , with some modifications. At both the screening session and the initial group meeting, we explore the members’ expectations, clarify goals and objectives, discuss procedural details, explore the possible risks and values of group participation, and discuss guidelines for getting the most from a group experience (Corey, Corey, Callanan & Russell, 2004; M. Corey & Corey, 2006). As part of member preparation, we include a discussion of the values and limitations of groups, the psychological risks involved in group participation and ways of minimizing these risks. We also allow time for dealing with misconceptions that people have about groups and for exporing the fears or resistances the members may have. In most of our groups, members do have certain fears about what they will experience; until we acknowledge these fears and talk about them, very little productive work can occur. Further, we ask members to spend time before they come to the group defining for themselves what they most want to achieve. To make their goals more concrete, we usually ask them to develop a contract that entails areas of concern on which they are willing to work in the group. We also ask them to do some reading and to write about their goals and about the significant turning points in their lives.

At this point, we ask you to write down some things you might do to prepare people for a group. What ethical concerns do have regarding preparation? What do you think would occur if you did little in the way of preparing group members?

Involuntary Participation
Can involuntary group membership be effice? Are there situations in which it is ethical to require or coerce people to participate in a group? How is informed consent especially critical in groups where attendance is mandatory? Obviously, voluntary participation is an important beginning point for a successful group experience. Members will make significant changes only to the extent that they actively seek something for themselves. Unfortunately, not all groups are composed of clients who have chosen to be there. In some community agencies and inpatient facilities, the main therapeutic vehicle may be group therapy. People receiving services may be required to attent group sessions, sometimes several times a week. This involuntary participation is somewhat akin to compulsory education- people can be forced to attend but not to learn. When group participation is mandatory, greater effort needs to be directed toward fully informing members of the nature and goals of the group, procedures to be used, the rights of members to decline certain activities, the limits of confidentiality, and what effect their level of participation in the group will have on critical decisions about them outside of the group. When attendance at group sessions is mandatory, group leaders must be certain that group members understand their rights and their responsibilities. Consider these questions on involuntary membership: - Do you think members can benefit from a group experience even if they are required to attend? Why or why not? - What strategy might a leader use to foster more effective group participation while still giving the members true freedom of choice? - From an ethical perspective, is it required that members of an involuntary group give consent? To what degree should members be informed about the consequences of the quantity or quality of their participation in a group?

Freedom to Leave a Group
Once members make a commitment to be a part of a group, do they have the right to leave at any time they choose? Procedures for leaving a group should be explained to all members during the initial session. Ideally, the leader and the member cooperate to determine whether a group experience is proving to be productive or counterproductive. We take the position that clients have a responsibility to the leader and to other members to explain why they want to leave. There are several reasons for this policy. It can be deleterious to members to leave without having been able to discuss what they considered threatening or negative in the experience. Further, it is unfortunate for members to leave a group because of a misunderstanding about some feedback they have received. Such a termination can be harmful to group cohesion, for the members who remain may think that they caused a particular member’s departure. We tell our members that they have an obligation to attend all sessions and to inform us and the group if they decide to withdraw. Although members have right to leave, we ask them to talk about it out of respect for the needs of the remaining members. If members even consider withdrawing, we encourage them to bring this up for exploration in a session. We do not think it is ethical to use undue pressure to keep these members, and we are alert to other members pressuring a person to stay.

Psychological Risks
The fact that groups can be powerful catalysts for personal change means that they are also risky. Our goal is not to make sure that all members are comfortable as much as to create a safe environment where they can taje risks and explore their discomfort. Although we don’t think groups can be free of risks, ethical practice demands that group practitioners inform prospective participats of the potential hazards involved in the group experience. However, merely informing participants does not absolve leaders of all responsibility. Group leaders have an ethical responsibility to take precautionary measures to reduce unnecessary psychological risks. ACA’s (2005) guideline is this: “In a group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical, emotional, or psychological trauma” (A.8.b). Certain safeguards can be taken during the couse of a group to avoid disastrous outcomes. Here are some of the risks that participants should know about (M. Corey & Corey, 2006) : - Members mat experience some disruptions in their lives as a result of their work in the group. - Group participants are often encouraged to be completely open. In this quest for self-revelation, privacy is sometimes surrendered. - A related risk is group pressure. The participants’ right not to explore certain issues or to stop at a certain point should be respected. Also, members should not be coerced into participating in an exercise. - Scapegoating is another potential hazard in groups. Unchallenged projection and blaming can have dire effects on the target person. - Confrontation can be used or misused in groups. Harmful attacks on others should not be permitted under the guise of “sharing”. - Even though a counselor may continue to stress the necessity not to discuss with outsiders what goes on in the group, there is no guarantee that all members will respect the confidential nature of their exchanges.

One way to minimize psychological risks in groups is to use a contract, in which leaders specify what their responsibilities are and members specify their commitment to the group by declaring what they are willing to do. If members and leaders operate under a contract that clarifies expectations, there is less chance for members to be exploited or damaged by a group experience. Of course, a contract approach is not theonly way to reduce potential risks, nor is it sufficient in itself to do so. One of the most important safeguards is the leader’s training in group process. Group counselors have the major responsibility for preventing needless harm to members. To fulfill this role, group leaders should have a clear grasp of the boundaries of their competence. As a rule, leaders should conduct only those types of groups for which they have been sufficiently prepared. A counselor may be trained to lead a personal-growth or consciousness-raising group but be ill-prepared to embark on a therapy group. Sometimes people who have attended a few intensive groups become excited about doing this type of group as leaders, even though they lack the requisite training. Oftentimes they are overwhelmed and unable to cope with what emerges in the group. Working with an experienced co-leader is one good way to learn and also a way to reduce potential risks.

Confidentiality in Groups
The ethical. Legal and professional aspects of confidentiality (discussed in Chapter 6) have a different application in group situations. Are members of a group under the same ethical and legal obligations as the group leader not to disclose the identities of other members or the content of what was shared in the group? The legal concept of privileged communication generally does not problems of individual members. Group workers actively seek out educational experiences that foster their knowledge and understanding of skills for facilitating groups across differences (ASGW, 1998,1999) It is a good practice for leaders to explain to members their policies about consultation. When are they likely to consult? What measures do they take to protect confidentiality? Are they willing to have between –session consultations with group members? When and how might they refer? Here are some guidelines pertaining to the consultation and referral process: - Group counselors can seek consultation and supervision when they are faced with ethical concerns or difficulties that interfere with carrying out their leadership functions. - Leaders need to develop sensitivity to situations in which a referral is appropriate. - Leaders learn about the resources within the community and help members make use of these resources.

As we discussed earlier, one way to protect against a malpractice suit is ti demonstrate that consultation procedures were used in dealing with an ethical dilemma. If group leaders consult supervisors or other professionals. The are demonstrating good clinical practice, adhering to ethical guidelines, and minimizing their chances of malpractice.

Issues Concerning Termination
The final phase in the life of a group is critical, for this is when members have the task of consolidating their learning. At this time members need to be able to express what the group experience has meant to them and to state where they intend to go from here. Neglecting the process of termination can easily leave the members stuck and will limit opportunities for members to conceptualize what they learned from a group experience. For many group members endings are difficult because they realize that time is limited in their group. The ending of a group often triggers other losses that members have experienced. Thus, the termination of a group may involve a grieving process. It is important for leaders to focus on the feelings of loss that may permeate the atmosphere. These feelings need to be identified and explored, although they probably cannot be alleviated. Members need to face the reality of termination and learn how to say good-bye. If the group has been truly therapeutic, the members will be able to extend their learning outside the group, even though they may well experience a sense of sadness and loss.

The Termination Phase
The termination phase of a group provides an opportunity for members to clarify the meaning of the meaning of their experience, to consolidate the gains they have made, and to make decisions about the new behaviors they want to carry away from the group and apply to their everyday lives. The following professional issues are involved in the termination of a group : - What responsibilities do group leaders have for assisting participants to develop a conceptual framework that will make sense of, integrate and consolidate what they have learned in their group? - To what degree is it the leader’s responsibility to ensure that members are not left with excessive unfinished business at the end of the group? - How can group leaders help participants translate what they have learned as a result of the group into their daily lives? Should leaders assume that this translation will occur automatically, or must they prepare members for maximizing their learning?

Typically, the final phase of group work may be the one that leaders handle most ineptly, possibly owing to their lack of training or partly because of their own resistance to termination. Avoiding acknowledgment of a group’s termination may reflect discomfort on the leader’s part in dealing with endings and separations. When termination is not dealt with, the group misses an opportunity to explore concerns that may affect many members, and the clients’ therapy is jeopardized. When learning is not conceptualized, the ability to bring the meaning of the experience to real life is severely diminished.

Follow-Up and Evaluation
Throughout the life of a group, group leaders assist members in assessing their own progress and monitor their style of modeling. In this sense, evaluation is an ongoing process whereby members are taught how to determine if the group is helping them attain their personal goals. But group counselors also must assess both the process and the outcomes of their groups. Once a group has ended, follow-up group sessions provide an opportunity to do this. In our opinion, follow-up activities are useful to the members and to the group counselor as well. Both short-them follow-up (after 1 month) and long-term follow-up (after 3 months to a year) can be invaluable measures of accountability. (For more discussion on termination issues, see M. Corey & Corey,2006).

Isu-isu kepelbagaian dalam Pekerja Kumpulan Latihan

Memandangkan hakikat bahawa penduduk AS dicirikan oleh kepelbagaian secara drastik meningkat, ia adalah penting bahawa kaunselor kumpulan budaya pengamalkompeten (Bemak & Chung, 2004). Merupakan sebahagian daripada latihan pemimpinkumpulan menggalakkan kepekaan dan kecekapan dalam menangani kepelbagaian dalam segala bentuk kerja kumpulan. Sebagai kepelbagaian kompeten adalah lebih kompleks dalam makna daripada "menghormati orang lain". Untuk mengasimilasikansepenuhnya makna kepada makhluk kami peribadi dan profesional, adalah penting bagi kita untuk mempunyai kefahaman yang sama dalam prinsip-prinsip yang manakecekapan kepelbagaian dibina. "Prinsip Pekerja Kumpulan Kompeten Kepelbagaian"(ASGW, 1999) menangani isu-isu seperti perkauman, classism, seksisme,heterosexism, dan ableism dengan kepekaan dan kemahiran. Prinsip-prinsip inimenekankan tanggungjawab pengamal mempunyai pemahaman umum daripadapelbagai latar belakang ahli-ahli kumpulan supaya campur tangan adalah selari denganpandangan dunia mereka. Kebanyakan kod etika pelbagai organisasi profesional kini memberi attenttionbeberapa memohon prinsip-prinsip ini apabila bekerja dengan pelbagai populasi klien.Garis panduan bagi kecekapan dalam isu kepelbagaian dalam amalan kumpulan yang dibincangkan dalam pelbagai sumber, termasuk Arredondo dan rakan-rakan (1996),ASGW (1999), APA (1993), Bemak dan Chung (2004), dan

Isu-isu etika dalam Kumpulan Keahlian

Bagaimana ketua kumpulan boleh membuat ahli berpotensi sedar perkhidmatan yang mereka menyediakan? Apakah maklumat yang pelanggan mempunyai hak untuk mengharapkan sebelum mereka membuat keputusan untuk menghadiri satu kumpulan?Orang mempunyai hak untuk mengetahui apa yang mereka telah mendapat info sebelum mereka membuat komitmen untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada mana-mana kumpulan. Persetujuan berpengetahuan memerlukan pemimpin menjadikan ahli sedar hak-hak mereka (serta tanggungjawab mereka) sebagai peserta berkumpulan. Bahagian mengenai persetujuan berpengetahuan dalam Bab 5 terpakai kepada kedua-dua individu dan kaunseling kumpulan. Merujuk kepada perbincangan yang lebih awal untuk maklumat lanjut.

Pemeriksaan dan Pemilihan Ahli Kumpulan

Pemimpin kumpulan berhadapan dengan tugas yang sukar menentukan siapa yang patut dimasukkan ke dalam satu kumpulan dan yang tidak sepatutnya. Kumpulan-kumpulan yang sesuai untuk semua rakyat? Untuk meletakkan soalan dalam cara yang lain, ia sesuai untuk orang ini untuk menjadi peserta dalam jenis ini kumpulan, dengan pemimpin ini, pada masa ini? Untuk menjawab soalan ini, beberapa jenis pemeriksaan yang melibatkan menemuduga dan menilai ahli-ahli yang berpotensi, sering digunakan untuk memilih anggota yang sesuai. Menganggap bahawa tidak semua orang akan mendapat manfaat daripada kumpulan pengalaman dan bahawa sesetengah orang mungkin akan psikologi dirosakkan oleh kumpulan tertentu pengalaman-ia tidak beretika gagal untuk menyaring bakal calon kumpulan? Banyak ketua kumpulan tidak menyaring peserta, atas pelbagai sebab.Sesetengah pengamal klinikal bertentangan dengan tanggapan menggunakan saringan sebagai satu cara untuk menentukan yang sesuai untuk satu kumpulan, dan beberapa mengekalkan bahawa mereka tidak mempunyai masa untuk menjalankan saringan yang amat berkesan. Lain percaya bahawa amalan etika memerlukan pemeriksaan yang teliti dan penyediaan semua calon. Melainkan jika kriteria pemilihan yang berhati-hati bekerja, Yalom (2005) berpendapat bahawa pelanggan terapi berkumpulan mungkin akan kecewa dan tidak boleh membantu. Beliau menegaskan bahawa ia adalah lebih mudah untuk mengenal pasti orang yang harus dikecualikan daripada terapi kumpulan daripada mereka yang perlu dimasukkan. Memetik kajian klinikal, beliau menyenaraikan berikut sebagai calon miskin untuk kumpulan terapi intensif pesakit luar heterogen: otak orang yang rosak, individu yang paranoid, hypochondriacs, orang-orang yang ketagih dadah atau alkohol, individu psikotik akut dan personaliti antisosial. Dari segi kriteria untuk dimasukkan, beliau berpendapat bahawa tahap pelanggan motivasi untuk bekerja adalah pembolehubah yang paling penting.

Dari perspektif beliau, kumpulan berguna bagi orang-orang yang mempunyai masalah dalam domain interpersonal, seperti kesepian,ketidakupayaan untuk membuat atau mengekalkanhubungan intim, perasaan unlovability,kebimbangan yang tegas, dan isu-isupergantungan. Pelanggan yang kurang bermakna dalam hidup,yang mengalami kebimbangan resap, yangmencari identiti, yang takut kepada kejayaan, danyang pekerja kompulsif juga memberi manfaatdaripada pengalaman kumpulan. BPR (2005)mengenal pasti tanggungjawab kaunselor untukmenyaring bakal ahli kumpulan:

Kaunselor skrin kumpulan bakal pesertakaunseling / terapi. Ke tahap sebaik mungkin, kaunselor memilih ahli-ahli yang keperluan dan matlamat serasi dengan matlamat kumpulan, yangtidak akan menghalang proses kumpulan, danyang baik makhluk tidak akan terjejas olehpengalaman kumpulan. (A.8.a)

Pemeriksaan yang paling berkesan apabila temu bual pemimpin ahli dan ahli-ahli juga mempunyai peluang untuk mewawancara pemimpin. Walaupun bakal ahli-ahli kumpulan yang sedang ditayangkan, mereka perlu memutuskan sama ada mereka mahu bekerja dengan pemimpin tertentu dan sama ada kumpulan dalam soalan adalah sesuai untuk mereka. Pengamal harus menyambut peluang untuk bertindak balas terhadap sebarang pertanyaan atau concers calon anggota untuk mengemukakan soalan tentang perkara-perkara yang akan menjejaskan penyertaan mereka.
Ia perlu disebut bahawa tidak semua orientasi teori menyokong atau bersetuju dengan tanggapan saringan. Sebagai contoh, pengamal dengan orientasi analisis transaksi sering tidak menjalankan pemeriksaan. Adlerians ramai yang percaya pemeriksaan tidak sesuai dengan semangat demokrasi teori mereka. Ada yang mengekalkan pemeriksaan yang dilakukan untuk keselesaan pemimpin kumpulan daripada kebaikan klien. Jika pengamal tidak menapis kerana nilai teori, kita tidak fikir ini merupakan amalan yang tidak beretika. Tambahan pula, dalam beberapa tetapan ia tidak praktikal untuk ahli skrin sebelum membentuk satu kumpulan. Dalam keadaan di mana ia tidak mungkin untuk menjalankan temuduga saringan, satu alternatif ialah menggunakan sesi awal kepada peserta skrin dan membentangkan garis panduan persetujuan berpengetahuan.

Menyediakan Peserta Kumpulan
Sejauh mana kaunselor kumpulan yang bertanggungjawab untuk membantu peserta untuk mendapat manfaat daripada pengalaman kumpulan mereka? Pengamal Banyak sangat sedikit untuk menyediakan ahli-ahli kumpulan. Mereka menentang dengan penyediaan atas alasan bahawa ia boleh merencat kespontanan dan autonomi satu kumpulan. Yang lain mengambil kedudukan bahawa ahli perlu disediakan dengan struktur tertentu untuk mendapatkan keuntungan maksimum.
Yalom (2005) menyokong meneroka salah faham dan harapan ahli-ahli kumpulan, meramalkan masalah awal dan menyediakan satu rangka kerja konsep yang termasuk garis panduan bagi kelakuan kumpulan yang berkesan. Beliau viewa ini proses persediaan seperti yang lebih daripada penyebaran maklumat. Beliau berpendapat bahawa ia memperkukuhkan berkenaan ahli terapi untuk pelanggan, menunjukkan bahawa terapi adalah satu usaha kerjasama dan menunjukkan bahawa terapi bersedia untuk berkongsi pengetahuan mereka dengan pelanggan. Pendekatan kognitif dengan penyediaan mempunyai matlamat menyediakan penjelasan yang rasional proses kumpulan, menjelaskan bagaimana anggota dijangka untuk berkelakuan dan meningkatkan jangkaan abaout kumpulan boleh mencapai.
Dalam pengalaman bekerja dengan kumpulan kami, kami telah mendapati bahawa ahli dengan memberikan maklumat asas tentang proses kumpulan cenderung untuk menghapuskan beberapa masalah yang dihadapi di peringkat awal satu kumpulan.Prosedur penyediaan kami memohon kepada jenis kumpulan, dengan sedikit pengubahsuaian. Di kedua-dua sesi pemeriksaan dan mesyuarat kumpulan awal, kami meneroka harapan ahli, menjelaskan matlamat dan objektif, membincangkan butir-butir prosedur, meneroka kemungkinan risiko dan nilai-nilai penyertaan kumpulan, dan membincangkan garis panduan bagi mendapatkan kebanyakan daripada pengalaman kumpulan (Corey , Corey, Callanan & Russell, 2004; M. Corey & Corey, 2006). Sebagai sebahagian daripada persediaan ahli, kita termasuk perbincangan mengenai nilai dan batasan kumpulan, risiko psikologi yang terlibat dalam penyertaan kumpulan dan cara untuk mengurangkan risiko-risiko ini. Kami juga membenarkan masa untuk berurusan dengan salah tanggapan bahawa orang mempunyai mengenai kumpulan-kumpulan dan untuk exporing ketakutan atau rintangan ahli boleh mempunyai. Dalam kebanyakan kumpulan kami, ahli-ahli mempunyai ketakutan tertentu mengenai apa yang mereka akan mengalami; sehingga kita mengakui kebimbangan ini dan bercakap tentang mereka, amat sedikit kerja yang produktif boleh berlaku. Selanjutnya, kami meminta ahli-ahli untuk menghabiskan masa sebelum mereka datang kepada kumpulan penentu untuk diri mereka sendiri apa yang mereka mahu capai. Untuk membuat matlamat mereka yang lebih konkrit, kita biasanya meminta mereka untuk membangunkan satu kontrak yang melibatkan bidang kebimbangan yang mereka sanggup untuk bekerja dalam kumpulan. Kami juga meminta mereka untuk melakukan beberapa membaca dan menulis tentang matlamat mereka dan kira-kira titik perubahan besar dalam kehidupan mereka.
Pada titik ini, kami meminta anda untuk menulis beberapa perkara yang mungkin anda lakukan untuk menyediakan orang untuk satu kumpulan. Apakah kebimbangan beretika yang telah mengenai penyediaan? Apa yang anda fikir akan berlaku jika anda tidak banyak dalam cara yang menyediakan ahli-ahli kumpulan?

Penyertaan sukarela
Keahlian kumpulan paksaan boleh menjadi efektif? Adakah terdapat keadaan di mana ia adalah etika untuk menghendaki atau memaksa orang ramai untuk mengambil bahagian dalam satu kumpulan? Bagaimana memaklumkan persetujuan terutama kritikal dalam kumpulan di mana kehadiran adalah wajib?
Jelas sekali, penyertaan sukarela merupakan titik permulaan penting bagi pengalaman kumpulan yang berjaya. Ahli-ahli akan membuat perubahan ketara hanya setakat bahawa mereka secara aktif mencari sesuatu untuk diri mereka sendiri. Malangnya, tidak semua kumpulan terdiri daripada pelanggan yang memilih untuk berada di sana. Di beberapa agensi masyarakat dan kemudahan pesakit, kenderaan terapeutik utama boleh menjadi terapi berkumpulan. Orang yang menerima perkhidmatan yang mungkin diperlukan untuk sesi kumpulan attent, kadang-kadang beberapa kali dalam seminggu.Ini penyertaan paksaan agak serupa kepada wajib pendidikan-orang boleh dipaksa untuk menghadiri tetapi tidak untuk belajar.
Apabila penyertaan kumpulan adalah wajib, usaha yang lebih perlu terarah ke arah sepenuhnya ahli memaklumkan mengenai jenis dan matlamat kumpulan itu, prosedur yang akan digunakan, hak-hak ahli untuk menolak aktiviti-aktiviti tertentu, had kerahsiaan, dan apakah kesannya tahap penyertaan dalam kumpulan akan mempunyai keputusan kritikal tentang mereka di luar kumpulan. Apabila menghadiri sesi kumpulan adalah wajib, pemimpin kumpulan mestilah tertentu bahawa ahli-ahli kumpulan memahami hak-hak mereka dan tanggungjawab mereka. Pertimbangkan soalan-soalan ini pada keahlian paksaan:
- Adakah anda berfikir ahli boleh mendapat manfaat daripada pengalaman sekumpulan walaupun mereka dikehendaki untuk menghadiri? Mengapa?
- Apa strategi pemimpin mungkin gunakan untuk memupuk kumpulan penyertaan yang lebih berkesan pada masa yang sama masih memberi ahli kebebasan benar pilihan?
- Dari perspektif yang beretika, ia memerlukan bahawa ahli-ahli kumpulan tidak sukarela memberi keizinan? Ke tahap manakah ahli perlu diberitahu tentang akibat kuantiti atau kualiti penyertaan mereka dalam satu kumpulan?

Kebebasan untuk Tinggalkan sebuah Kumpulan
Sekali ahli membuat komitmen untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada sebuah kumpulan, mereka tidak mempunyai hak untuk meninggalkan pada bila-bila masa yang mereka pilih? Prosedur untuk meninggalkan kumpulan perlu dijelaskan kepada semua ahli semasa sesi awal. Sebaik-baiknya, pemimpin dan ahli bekerjasama untuk menentukan sama ada pengalaman kumpulan terbukti menjadi produktif atau tidak produktif. Kami mengambil kedudukan bahawa pelanggan mempunyai tanggungjawab kepada pemimpin dan ahli-ahli lain untuk menjelaskan mengapa mereka mahu meninggalkan. Ada beberapa sebab untuk polisi ini. Ia boleh menjadi mudarat kepada ahli untuk meninggalkan tanpa mampu untuk membincangkan apa yang mereka anggap mengancam atau negatif dalam pengalaman. Lanjut, adalah amat malang bagi ahli-ahli untuk meninggalkan kumpulan kerana salah faham tentang beberapa maklum balas mereka telah diterima. Penamatan sedemikian boleh membahayakan kepada perpaduan kumpulan, bagi ahli-ahli yang masih boleh berfikir bahawa mereka menyebabkan ahli tertentu berlepas. Kami memberitahu ahli-ahli kami bahawa mereka mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk menghadiri semua sesi dan memaklumkan kepada kami dan kumpulan itu jika mereka memutuskan untuk menarik balik. Walaupun ahli mempunyai hak untuk keluar, kami meminta mereka untuk membincangkan perkara itu berkenaan untuk keperluan ahli-ahli yang tinggal. Jika ahli-ahli malah menganggap menarik balik, kami menggalakkan mereka untuk membawa ini untuk cari gali dalam sesi. Kami tidak fikir ia adalah etika untuk menggunakan tekanan yang tidak wajar untuk menjaga ahli-ahli, dan kami adalah amaran kepada ahli-ahli lain yang mendesak seseorang untuk tinggal.

Risiko psikologi
Hakikat bahawa kumpulan boleh menjadi pemangkin yang kuat untuk perubahan peribadi bermakna bahawa mereka juga berisiko. Matlamat kami adalah untuk memastikan bahawa semua anggota selesa sebanyak untuk mewujudkan persekitaran yang selamat di mana mereka boleh taje risiko dan meneroka ketidakselesaan mereka.Walaupun kita tidak fikir kumpulan boleh menjadi bebas risiko, amalan etika menuntut bahawa pengamal kumpulan memaklumkan participats bakal bahaya yang terlibat dalam pengalaman kumpulan. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya memaklumkan peserta tidak membebaskan pemimpin tanggungjawab semua. Pemimpin kumpulan mempunyai tanggungjawab yang beretika untuk mengambil langkah berjaga-jaga untuk mengurangkan risiko psikologi yang tidak perlu. Garis panduan BPR (2005) ini: "Dalam satu kumpulan, kaunselor mengambil langkah berjaga-jaga yang munasabah untuk melindungi klien daripada trauma fizikal, emosi atau psikologi" (A.8.b). Perlindungan tertentu boleh diambil semasa couse kumpulan untuk mengelakkan hasil bencana.Berikut adalah beberapa risiko bahawa peserta perlu tahu mengenai (M. Corey & Corey, 2006):
Alas Ahli mengalami beberapa gangguan dalam kehidupan mereka sebagai hasil kerja mereka dalam kumpulan.
- Peserta Kumpulan sering digalakkan untuk sepenuhnya terbuka. Dalam usaha ini untuk diri-wahyu, privasi ini kadang-kadang menyerah kalah.
- Risiko berkaitan tekanan kumpulan. Hak para peserta tidak untuk meneroka isu-isu tertentu atau berhenti pada titik tertentu yang perlu dihormati. Juga, ahli tidak perlu dipaksa mengambil bahagian dalam satu tindakan.
- Scapegoating adalah satu lagi bahaya yang berpotensi dalam kumpulan. Unjuran tidak dicabar dan menyalahkan boleh mempunyai kesan yang mengerikan kepada orang sasaran.
- Konfrontasi boleh digunakan atau disalahgunakan dalam kumpulan. Serangan berbahaya ke atas orang lain tidak harus dibenarkan berselindung di sebalik "perkongsian".
- Walaupun kaunselor boleh terus menekankan keperluan untuk tidak membincangkan dengan orang luar apa yang berlaku di dalam kumpulan, tidak ada jaminan bahawa semua ahli akan menghormati sifat sulit bursa mereka.

Salah satu cara untuk meminimumkan risiko psikologi dalam kumpulan adalah dengan menggunakan suatu kontrak, di mana pemimpin menyatakan apa tanggungjawab mereka dan ahli-ahli menyatakan komitmen mereka kepada kumpulan dengan mengisytiharkan apa yang mereka sanggup lakukan. Jika ahli dan pemimpin beroperasi di bawah kontrak yang menjelaskan jangkaan, terdapat kurang peluang untuk ahli-ahli dieksploitasi atau rosak oleh pengalaman kumpulan.
Kursus, pendekatan kontrak tidak cara yang theonly untuk mengurangkan risiko yang berpotensi, tidak mencukupi dalam dirinya untuk berbuat demikian. Salah satu perlindungan yang paling penting adalah latihan pemimpin dalam proses kumpulan.Kaunselor Kumpulan mempunyai tanggungjawab utama untuk mencegah kemudaratan yang sia-sia kepada ahli-ahli. Untuk memenuhi peranan ini, pemimpin-pemimpin kumpulan perlu memahami dengan jelas sempadan kecekapan mereka. Sebagai peraturan, pemimpin perlu menjalankan hanya mereka jenis kumpulan yang mereka telah cukup bersedia. Kaunselor boleh dilatih untuk memimpin kumpulan peribadi-pertumbuhan atau kesedaran penjanaan tetapi tidak bersedia untuk memulakan kumpulan terapi. Kadang-kadang orang-orang yang telah dihadiri beberapa kumpulan yang intensif menjadi teruja melakukan jenis kumpulan ini sebagai pemimpin, walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai latihan yang diperlukan. Sering kali mereka terharu dan tidak mampu mengatasi dengan apa yang muncul dalam kumpulan. Bekerja dengan bersama-pemimpin yang berpengalaman adalah salah satu cara yang baik untuk belajar dan juga satu cara untuk mengurangkan risiko yang berpotensi.

Kerahsiaan di Group
Etika. Guaman dan profesional aspek kerahsiaan (dibincangkan dalam Bab 6)mempunyai aplikasi dalam keadaan kumpulan yang berbeza. Adakah ahli-ahli kumpulandi bawah tanggungjawab etika dan undang-undang yang sama sebagai ketua kumpulanuntuk tidak mendedahkan identiti ahli-ahli lain atau kandungan apa yang dikongsi dalam kumpulan? Konsep undang-undang komunikasi istimewa amnya tidak masalah ahli-ahliindividu. Pekerja kumpulan aktif mencari pengalaman pendidikan yang memupukpengetahuan dan kefahaman mereka kemahiran untuk memudahkan kumpulanmerentasi perbezaan (ASGW, 1998,1999)
Ia adalah satu amalan yang baik bagi pemimpin untuk menjelaskan kepada ahli polisi mereka tentang perundingan. Apabila mereka mungkin untuk berunding? Apakah langkah-langkah yang mereka mengambil untuk melindungi kerahsiaan? Adakahmereka bersedia untuk mempunyai antara sesi rundingan dengan ahli-ahli kumpulan?Bila dan bagaimana mereka mungkin merujuk? Berikut adalah beberapa garis panduanyang berkaitan dengan proses perundingan dan rujukan:
- Kumpulan kaunselor boleh mendapatkan perundingan dan penyeliaan apabila merekaberhadapan dengan kebimbangan etika atau kesukaran yang mengganggu denganmenjalankan fungsi kepimpinan mereka.
- Para pemimpin perlu untuk membangunkan kepekaan kepada situasi di mana rujukanyang sesuai.
- Pemimpin mempelajari sumber-sumber di dalam masyarakat dan ahli bantuanmembuat penggunaan sumber-sumber ini.

Seperti yang kita bincangkan sebelum ini, salah satu cara untuk melindungi terhadap guaman penyelewengan ti menunjukkan bahawa prosedur perundingan telah digunakan dalam berhadapan dengan dilema yang beretika. Jika pemimpin kumpulan berundingdengan penyelia atau profesional lain. Telah menunjukkan amalan klinikal yang baik,mematuhi garis panduan etika, dan mengurangkan peluang mereka daripadapenyelewengan.

Isu Mengenai Penamatan
Fasa terakhir dalam kehidupan satu kumpulan adalah penting, kerana ini adalah apabila ahli mempunyai tugas mengukuhkan pembelajaran mereka. Pada masa ini, ahli perlu mampu untuk menyatakan pengalaman kumpulan bermakna kepada mereka dan menyatakan di mana mereka bercadang untuk pergi dari sini. Mengabaikan proses penamatan dengan mudah boleh meninggalkan ahli-ahli yang terperangkap dan akan menghadkan peluang untuk ahli pengkonsepan apa yang mereka belajar daripada pengalaman kumpulan. Bagi ramai ahli kumpulan pengakhiran adalah sukar kerana mereka menyedari masa itu terhad dalam kumpulan mereka. Pengakhiran satu kumpulan sering mencetuskan kerugian lain yang ahli telah mengalami. Oleh itu, penamatan satu kumpulan mungkin melibatkan satu proses yang bersedih. Ia adalah penting bagi pemimpin untuk memberi tumpuan kepada perasaan kehilangan yang mungkin meresap ke atmosfera. Perasaan ini perlu dikenal pasti dan diterokai, walaupun mereka mungkin tidak boleh dikurangkan. Ahli perlu menghadapi realiti penamatan dan belajar bagaimana untuk mengucapkan selamat tinggal. Jika kumpulan itu telah benar-benar terapeutik, ahli-ahli akan dapat melanjutkan pengajian mereka di luar kumpulan itu, walaupun mereka mungkin mengalami rasa sedih dan kerugian.

Fasa Penamatan
Fasa penamatan satu kumpulan memberi peluang untuk ahli-ahli untuk menjelaskan maksud pengertian pengalaman mereka, untuk menyatukan keuntungan yang mereka telah dibuat, dan untuk membuat keputusan mengenai tingkah laku baru yang mereka mahu untuk menjalankan dari kumpulan dan memohon kepada mereka kehidupan seharian. Isu-isu berikut profesional terlibat dalam penamatan kumpulan:
- Apa tanggungjawab pemimpin kumpulan telah membantu peserta untuk menghasilkan kerangka konsep yang akan membuat rasa, mengintegrasi dan menyatukan apa yang mereka telah belajar dalam kumpulan mereka?
- Darjah adalah tanggungjawab pemimpin untuk memastikan bahawa ahli-ahli tidak ketinggalan dengan perniagaan yang belum selesai yang berlebihan pada akhir kumpulan itu?
- Bagaimana peserta bantuan pemimpin kumpulan boleh menterjemah apa yang mereka pelajari sebagai hasil kumpulan dalam kehidupan seharian mereka? Pemimpin harus menganggap bahawa terjemahan ini akan berlaku secara automatik, atau mereka mesti menyediakan ahli-ahli untuk memaksimumkan pembelajaran mereka?

Biasanya, fasa terakhir kerja kumpulan boleh menjadi pemimpin mengendalikan kebanyakan ineptly, mungkin kerana kekurangan latihan mereka atau sebahagiannya kerana rintangan mereka sendiri dengan penamatan. Mengelakkan akuan penamatan kumpulan boleh menggambarkan ketidakselesaan pada sebahagian pemimpin dalam berurusan dengan pengakhiran dan pemisahan. Apabila penamatan tidak ditangani dengan, kumpulan terlambat peluang untuk meneroka kebimbangan yang boleh menjejaskan ahli-ahli yang banyak, dan terapi pelanggan terjejas. Apabila pembelajaran tidak dikonsepkan, keupayaan untuk membawa erti pengalaman kehidupan sebenar teruk berkurangan.

Ikut-Up dan Penilaian
Sepanjang hayat kumpulan, pemimpin kumpulan membantu ahli-ahli dalam menilai kemajuan mereka sendiri dan memantau gaya mereka pemodelan. Dalam erti kata ini, penilaian adalah satu proses yang berterusan yang mana ahli diajar bagaimana untuk menentukan sama ada kumpulan itu membantu mereka mencapai matlamat peribadi mereka. Tetapi kaunselor kumpulan juga perlu menilai kedua-dua proses dan hasil kumpulan mereka. Apabila kumpulan telah berakhir, sesi kumpulan susulan menyediakan peluang untuk melakukan ini. Pada pendapat kami, kegiatan susulan berguna kepada ahli-ahli dan kaunselor kumpulan dan. Kedua-dua pendek mereka mengikuti-(selepas 1 bulan) dan jangka panjang susulan (selepas 3 bulan hingga setahun) boleh menjadi langkah-langkah yang tidak ternilai akauntabiliti. (Untuk perbincangan lanjut mengenai isu-isu pemberhentian, lihat M. Corey & Corey, 2006).

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