...University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. [pic] 2. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that recognizes the fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types...
Words: 1397 - Pages: 6
...[pic] Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense using non-pathogenic F. oxysporum endophytes by Aneen Belgrove 动感之星 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae In the Facul ty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria Date October 2007 PROMOTOR: Prof. A. Viljoen CO-PROMOTOR: Dr. C. Steinberg I © University of Pretoria [pic] Declaration I, the undersigned, declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own and original work and that it has not previously in its entirety or part submitted for a degree to any other university. _________________________________ II [pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements XII Preface XIII Chapter 1: Biological control of Fusarium wilt diseases ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 3 THE FUSARIUM WILT PATHOGEN 4 THE DISEASE 6 CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT 7 Chemical control 7 Cultural control 9 Disease resistance 10 Biological control 12 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT 12 Suppressive soils 12 Mechanisms of biological control 13 Antibiosis 13 Competition ...
Words: 696 - Pages: 3
...every cell. The genetic information is stored in the DNA. During gene expression DNA is transcript to RNA and these RNA are transcribed to proteins. Bioinformatics deals with the genetic information which involves collecting, analyzing, manipulating and predicting etc. For the functioning of bioinformatics it is essential to know the genetic information that is stored in DNA. Therefore sequencing of DNA, genes or genomes is the fundamental need in bioinformatics. Organisms that are used in biological experiments in laboratories are called ‘model organisms’, of which most genomes are sequenced at present (rat, yeast, Arabidopsis; plant model organism) These sequenced genomes could be analyzed using bioinformatics tools in order to identify genes of significance as in drought tolerance genes in plants etc. Information revealed from sequencing could be studied using bioinformatics tools to understand its underlying mechanisms and to generate models that could be used in further studies. This information could also be used in evolutionary studies, micro array analysis, identification of genetic disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy etc.) Discoveries have revealed that despite of the universality of the central dogma the regulation mechanisms in cells tend to create variations in the results of the same genetic material. This denotes the fact that DNA is not the only source of information that is to be used...
Words: 414 - Pages: 2
...Model Organisms Model organisms are very important to the scientific community. They are primarily used as a standard for comparison to other organisms. If a model organism is recognized then the organism can be useful for many different fields of research. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a model organism that has been introduced and has several essential attributes. When using a model organisms some qualities that should be chosen are a short life cycle, small adult size that makes it easy to grow in a small space, small genome that is well described genetically, high reproductive outcome, already have a large assembly of mutants, and be able to out cross or be self-fertile. When looking for a model organism consideration has to be taken into account for a few things too. Some of the benefits can become a hindrance. In 2010 a new model organism for studying C4 photosynthesis was suggested, a grass (Setaria viridis), by Brutnell et al. S. viridis is a C4 photosynthesis plant. Because of the C4 functions, it will be useful to aid in further research, with having its genome sequencing known, in comparison to other organisms that are not C4 plants. By having these qualities it makes it a good model organism. Some of these good attributes include its life cycle length. In short-day growth conditions it can be grown to full maturity in about six weeks. As an adult the plant is relatively short, less than 10 centimeters and takes up very little space about 50 plants can be grown in one...
Words: 537 - Pages: 3
...globe. This autograph consists of the delicate lines or corrugations with which Nature marks the insides of the hands and the soles of the feet” (Beavan 1). “A fingerprint expert can tell apart the marks of two digits more easily than he can differentiate two people’s faces “(Beavan 11). Fingerprints play a crucial role in criminal detection because they are unique, have a long history, and have many uses. To begin, Fingerprints are unique when it comes to crime detection. No two people have been found to have the same fingerprints—they are totally unique. There’s a one in a 64 billion chance that your fingerprint will match up exactly with someone else’s. Fingerprints are even more unique than DNA, the genetic material in each of our cells. Although identical twins can share the same DNA, or at least most of it they can’t have the same fingerprints. Fingerprinting is one form of biometrics, a science that uses people’s physical...
Words: 1294 - Pages: 6
...Computer Networks 53 (2009) 2753–2766 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computer Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/comnet Molecular communication options for long range nanonetworks Lluís Parcerisa Giné *, Ian F. Akyildiz The Broadband Wireless Networking (BWN) Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science devoted to provide new opportunities in a vast range of areas. In this paper, different techniques are proposed to enable the long range interconnection of nano-machines, deployed over distances from a few centimeters up to several meters. Long range nano-communications will enable the development of applications that could not be implemented using other techniques. The usage of both short-range nano techniques and long range micro techniques are not practical or are unfeasible for a huge application scope. Biologically inspired research provides promising features to long range communication, such as very low power consumption and biocompatibility. In this paper, several bio-inspired techniques are discussed following a twofold taxonomy divided according to whether a fixed physical link is required for signal propagation or not, i.e., either wired or wireless communication. In the first group, pheromones, spores, pollen and light transduction are discussed. In the second group, neuron-based...
Words: 11420 - Pages: 46
...in a way that does not occur under natural conditions. Genetic modification in animals negatively affects the public (consumers) by putting the animals' health at risk, introducing diseases, and allowing scientists to by pass what nature naturally intended. The 1980's marked the scientific discovery that specific pieces of DNA could be transferred from one organism to another (Cramer 2001). Although genetic modification dates back to prehistoric times with “natural selection”, the cross-breeding of relative species and specific characteristics and traits being exchanged. This occurred over time as nature intended with the process of evolution letting animals adapt to their surroundings. The difference is we now posses the technology that allows us to make this “natural selection” process happen at an exponential rate. Such speeds of cross-breeding can bring out deformities in the animal for not sufficient time is allowed in the development process. Every organism carries genes inside itself, a gene is a basic unit of heredity of the biological make up in an organism. Each organism has a specific genetic code but can be altered by introducing foreign DNA to give characteristics that it naturally would not have. This new direction of supposed beneficial science is supported by the scientific community and contrasted to man's selective breeding concept. Though there is an exchange of traits...
Words: 325 - Pages: 2
...letters to nature and 10 Na3HP2O7. FV solution also contained 0.2 NaF and 0.1 Na3VO4. Rarely, irreversible current rundown still occurred with FVPP. The total Na+ concentration of all cytoplasmic solutions was adjusted to 30 mM with NaOH, and pH was adjusted to 7.0 with N-methylglucamine (NMG) or HCl. PIP2 liposomes (20–200 nm) were prepared by sonicating 1 mM PIP2 (Boehringer Mannheim) in distilled water. Reconstituted monoclonal PIP2 antibody (Perspective Biosystems, Framingham, MA) was diluted 40-fold into experimental solution. Current–voltage relations of all currents reversed at EK and showed characteristic rectification, mostly owing to the presence of Na+ in FVPP and possibly also residual polyamines. Current records presented (measured at 30 C, −30 mV holding potential) are digitized strip-chart recordings. Purified bovine brain Gbg29 was diluted just before application such that the final detergent (CHAPS) concentration was 5 M. Detergent-containing solution was washed away thoroughly before application of PIP2, because application of phospholipid vesicles in the presence of detergent usually reversed the effects of Gbg; presumably, Gbg can be extracted from membranes by detergent plus phospholipids. Molecular biology. R188Q mutation was constructed by insertion of the mutant oligonucleotides between the Bsm1 and BglII sites of pSPORT– ROMK1 (ref. 11). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment (amino acids 180–391) from pSPORT–ROMK1 R188Q mutant was subcloned into pGEX2T...
Words: 7614 - Pages: 31
...Composition 1 April, 11th 2013 Genetic Engineering Tentative Thesis: Even though altering DNA can lead to such horrifying events as genocide or viral diseases, genetic engineering is an important scientific breakthrough because by altering DNA, we can cure many diseases and solve many of mankind's problems. 1. History of Genetic Engineering A. What Led to the need for genetic engineering a. Prehistoric Times-1900 B. Gregor Mandel b. European botanist genetically altering plants 2. Modern Genetic Engineering C. DNA c. Watson & Krick 1. discover DNA a. How it affected science d. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen 2. recombinant DNA D. Government e. Supreme Court 3. Diamond v. Chakrabarty f. FDA 4. Approval of genetic engineered food 5. Field Testing b. Tobacco c. Tomatoes g. International Bio-safety Protocol E. Advancements & Achievements h. Technology i. Disease curing j. World Hunger 3. Ethical Issues F. Religious k. Are we playing God? G. Environmental l. What’re the long term environmental effects H. Bio Ethics m. What if we make something we can’t control n. Is it possible the technology may be used to create slaves? o. When does...
Words: 267 - Pages: 2
...Darwin characterized the result as endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful. It has always been debated if there is any evidence of evolution and in what fields, in this report we will give a brief summary concerning: • DNA Evidence of Evolution • Biological Evidence of Evolution DNA Evidence of Evolution: DNA molecules are complex molecules which contain the assembly instructions for every living creature. Certain aspects of DNA have been interpreted as evidence for Darwinian evolution. DNA evidence for evolution includes mutations, genetic similarities among species, so-called “Junk DNA” and “Pseudogenes.” The fact that mutations can corrupt DNA is important for the Darwinian paradigm because in order for an organism to eventually evolve into an entirely different organism, changes must be made to the creature’s genome over time. But Darwinian evolution needs more than just change. It needs an increase in genetic information. Critics point out that genetic mutation does not appear to provide a mechanism for that increase. In fact, there appear to be genetic limitations to the potential for biological change. Genetic similarities between species are also interpreted as DNA evidence for evolution. The fact that human and chimp DNA are more than 96% the same is taken to mean that humans are genetically related to chimps and therefore descended from a common ancestor. Opponents of...
Words: 1011 - Pages: 5
...Comparison chart | DNA | RNA | Definition: | A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms | RNA, single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information. | Job/Role: | Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information | The main job of RNA is to transfer the genetic code need for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. this process prevents the DNA from having to leave the nucleus, so it stays safe. Without RNA, proteins could never be made. | Stands for: | DeoxyriboNucleicAcid | RiboNucleicAcid | Predominant Structure: | Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides | A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides | Pairing of Bases: | A-T(Adenine-Thymine), G-C(Guanine-Cytosine) | A-U(Adenine-Uracil), G-C(Guanine-Cytosine) | Stability: | Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less reactive because of C-H bonds. Stable in alkaline conditions. DNA has smaller grooves where the damaging enzyme can attach which makes it harder for the enzyme to attack DNA. | Ribose sugar is more reactive because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds. Not stable in alkaline conditions. RNA on the other hand has larger grooves which...
Words: 783 - Pages: 4
...Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Biotechnology A) is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. B) is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. C) has only been used successfully in the area of forensic science. D) has been around since the dawn of civilization. E) is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society. Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A) cloned DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) a vector. D) a plasmid. E) a DNA library. Answer: B Topic: 12.1 ...
Words: 3377 - Pages: 14
...Running head: GENETIC ENGINEERING Building a Utopian Society Society, Ethics and Technology HUMN432 ACC_U January 20, 2012 How does Genetic Engineering affect society? This is a hard question, and I’m not sure that there is any one correct answer. The selection of individual traits and the enhancements in embryos has raised several moral issues that involve both individuals and society as a whole. The first thing to consider is that when selecting a particular trait does it actually pose any health issues that may not have been that may not have been of concern before? There isn’t any concrete data that could be utilized as an acceptable form of preclinical stats for human studies. Human data may present significant practical and ethical problems. Since the safety of these procedures is fairly new and is currently under investigation, there are no long-term clinical and accurate numbers of research subjects. Even with all these unanswered questions, there are still questions regarding the safety concern involving the results that the majority of genes may have multiple effects. For example, “In the late 1990s, scientists discovered a gene that is linked to memory.” (Tang et al., 1999). “Modifying this gene in mice greatly improved learning and memory, but it also caused increased sensitivity to pain.”(Wei et al., 2001) By altering genes we can’t assume that it will only affect one function, when in actuality it may turn out to disrupt other functions. Individual’s...
Words: 755 - Pages: 4
...Describe how inhibitors affect the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction Describe the advantages of using immobilised enzymes in industrial processes * Two types of inhibitors – Competitive and non-competitive * Both types of inhibitors reduce the rate of reaction * Competitive inhibitor is structurally similar and competes with substrate for active site of enzyme * This prevents substrate from binding to the active site * Fewer/ no enzyme-substrate complexes formed * If substrate concentration is increased in reduces the effect of the inhibitor. * Non-Competitive inhibitor binds away from the active site * This alters the overall shape of the enzyme, including active site * Substrate and inhibitor are not competing for the same active site * Therefore increasing substrate concentration will have no effect of rate of reaction * Enzymes tolerate wider range of conditions such as temperature/ph * Enzymes are easily reused thus reducing costs * Several enzymes can be used together * Product is not contaminated * Enzymes are easily added or removed Describe the functions and importance of mitosis to living organism using example where appropriate Describe how meiosis differs from mitosis and explain the significance of these differences * Mitosis results in daughter cells that are genetically identical * That have the same...
Words: 951 - Pages: 4
...Problem Set 5: 1) Advantages include the fact that polyclonal is cheaper, a mixture of different antibodies are made while monoclonal is only one specific antibody (this might depend on the experiment as some might prefer different antibodies), and large quantities are made. Disadvantages are that the affinities of the antibodies differ, a good amount of a specific antibody can’t be made alone unlike monoclonal, it is less reliable, and the same sample can’t be guaranteed each time unlike the monoclonal which can bring similar clones months later. 3) The GFP-HDAC3 overlaps the DAPI where the nucleus is. This shows that HDAC3 is a nuclear protein. However, some deletions show that the nucleus has gone smaller while others show that the nucleus has gone larger. The goal of this experiment was to find out how the different portions of the protein affected localization in the cell. The experiment does show that there was a significant effect. 4) Sense: 5’ aagccccatcgcctggcattg 3’ Linker Loop: 5’ uucaagaga 3’ Antisense: 5’ caatgccaggcgatggggctt 3’ Poly U: UUUUU The goal of the knockout would be to see if the removed proteins had any effect on the function of the cell. The siRNA should be 30%-50% GC content, 21 bp in length, have a AA on the 5’ end, a linker, around 75 bp ds of the gene, and have a poly U tail. These conditions are satisfied but the GC content is slightly high. 5) Fold increase in HDAC3 mRNA gene in control vs experiment = 1488/151= 9.85 fold increase...
Words: 364 - Pages: 2