...Reaction Paper By Jorge Paniagua Vargas Education should be a part of everyone's life. A high-quality education offers opportunities for all and sundry. Therefore, education is the most outstanding resource citizens have in order to improve and strengthen their lives and humankind as a whole. I do deem that the overall purpose of education is to prepare people for both present and future generations. The world is becoming more technologically advanced each day. Notwithstanding, education is a paramount tool to understand these new conceptions completely. Thus, education is the key to a successful and fulfilling life. Accordingly, educational systems play a preeminent role all over the world. Educational systems define society and the way citizens perceive reality. Nevertheless, educational systems should provide pupils with opportunities to ascertain a sturdy sense of confidence in them and develop a strong sense of creativity, high self-esteem, and a life-long respect for learning. An educator is a professional who helps students learn and progress along their way through life. Educators practice our profession eagerly to be able to give a first-rate education to our students. As a matter of fact, educational systems doubtless have a preeminent role in the development of society, but educators and students have to deal with a lot of problems and there are urgent changes to be made on the way in order to strengthen the teaching-learning process. Educators, around the whole...
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...Interregional Slave Trade Introduction Slave trade refers to the commercial purchase and sale of slaves; whereby, a slave is a person considered as a property of another person. The social practice of owning other people as property is referred as slavery. The institution of slavery and slave trade in the United States of America, encompassed the shipping of slaves from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, where they were required to provide labor. Notably, the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade is approximated to have lasted from the year 1526 to 1867 (Muhammad, 2003). However, the importation of slaves in the United States of America was abolished by Congress in 1808 , hence paving way to the Second Middle Passage, also called as Interregional...
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...THE SLAVE TRADE Portugal and Spain were the first to take advantage of the Age of Exploration. The two countries began their colonial activities in the fifteenth century and became great colonial powers. Later, in the seventeenth century, the Dutch, followed by the French and then the British joined in the colonization activities. The Portuguese sailed around Africa as part of their exploration activities, and their main objective was to find a route to the Spice Islands. The Spice Islands are a group of islands in eastern Indonesia. Although the initial objective of the Portuguese sailing around Africa was to find a route to the Spice Islands, they later realized that they could make some gains or profits from Africa itself. Due to this new idea, the Portuguese constructed forts on both the western and eastern coasts of Africa. One of the economic interests of the Portuguese after they had settled on the coasts of Africa was to dominate and control the trade in gold, which was an important natural resource in Africa. Later in the seventeenth century, the Dutch took control of a number of the Portuguese forts as well as much of the Portuguese trade across the Indian Ocean. The Origins of the Slave Trade Slavery was being practised in the world long before the colonisation of Africa by Europe. You would recall that in our study of the First Civilisations, we came across slaves. Before the Europeans came to Africa in the fifteenth century, most of the slaves that existed were prisoners...
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...almost everywhere. The main areas that affected the African Diaspora were Africa itself, the New World, and the Indian Ocean. Slavery in Africa started in approximately the 7th century and it was over religious reasons. Arab Muslims and Europeans traded in West, Central, and East Africa. Slavery existed in some of Africa’s earliest organized societies. The buying and selling of slaves were regular activities in cities along the Nile River. In Africa, early slavery resulted from warring groups taking captives. The treatment of slavery in Africa was variable. Many societies recognized slaves as merely property and some saw them as dependants who eventually might be integrated into the families of slave owners, because of this slavery was not heritable. Some societies allowed slaves to attain positions of military or administrative power. Slave owners and slaves were usually Black Africans. There were several different jobs for slaves that varied extremely in labor. Women were the majority of early African slaves, their labor included: agricultural work, trade, cotton spinning and dyeing, domestic chores (preparing food,...
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...largest market for American fish, oat, corn, flour, lumber peas, beans, and horses. New Englanders did not drag behind as they distilled molasses produced by slaves in the French and Dutch West Indies into rum. Most Africans were captured and sold to America to work as slaves. The trans-Saharan trade provided enslaved African labor work on sugar plantations in the Mediterranean (Pattison p.1). These slaves were very competent in their work, and this led to Brazil dominating in the production of sugarcane in 16th and 17th centuries. This led to the establishment of the earliest large-scale manufacturing industries to enhance conversion of sugarcane juice into sugar, molasses, rum as well as alcoholic beverages for the triangular trade. Slavery led to the success of many economic activities in the United States. For instance, the cotton plantation was part of the regional economy of the American South. In 1830, cotton was the most produced crop in the United States. U.S was competing for economic...
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...It is shocking that there are more slaves today than at any other time in history. That’s the reaction one gets after realizing that there are added slaves today, approximately 27 million, ( according to the U.S State Department) double the total number believed to have been taken from Africa at the helm of the trans-Atlantic trade. Many people still perceive slave trade as a thing of the past, but it exists within different forms on different continents, ranging from labor and sex trade to debt enslavement, where one is forced to work to offset small loans. From Niger within central Africa where females are bought and sold off as unauthorized wives thus exploited for sexual gratification, to quarry slave within northern India, and Ghana where...
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...was the same for the 19th century, with the utilization of the slaves. We are going to talk about the slave trade at the Docklands and the abolition of slavery in Great Britain. Issues: How was the Great Britain Empire working during the 18th century ? What was the role of London in the trade and commerce during the 18th and 19th century ? How was the slaves use in Great Britain ? How did the slave trade end in Great Britain ? Subjects: The British Empire during the 18th century (Aymeric) London’s role in the trade and commerce during the 18th (Paul) London’s role in the trade and commerce during the 19th (Esther) The slave trade at the Docklands (Freya) London was at the heart of the ‘trade triangle’ that fuelled the slave trade. Traders left here with manufactured goods, such as guns, and exchanged them for slaves in Africa. The slaves were then taken across the Atlantic (the ‘middle passage’) and sold to plantation owners in America and the Caribbean for sugar, tobacco, rum, rice, cotton and tea, all of which were shipped back to London. It’s estimated that 11-12 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic for slavery. During the 1720s alone, nearly 200,000 Africans were transported in British ships. Packed into tight spaces with little food and water, thousands died en route. Built in 1803, Warehouse 1 was the first docklands warehouse built to hold the fruits of this trade: sugar, coffee and rum. The building, now the Museum in Docklands...
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...its historical struggle with slave trade and colonisation; and its resultant internecine warfare and exploitation of resources. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SLAVE TRADE Slavery is one of the most emotive issues in history. According to Black (2015), slavery is similar to war: in one light, enforced servitude, like large-scale, violent conflict, is easy to define. But, what the slave trade means for the history of East Africa or the Mediterranean lands is different from what it means for the Atlantic world. By the middle of the eighteenth...
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...Emancipation and Apprenticeship Pre-18th Century Attitudes to Slavery Like other people of the time, Europeans believed that the enslavement of another person was justifiable as long as a reasonable explanation could have being given for the enslavement. In Africa itself, slavery was acceptable and people were taken as slaves in three ways: as prisoners in war, as a punishment for a crime and as a payment for debt. An English philosopher, John Locke stated that slavery is only justifiable when a person was then taken captive as a prisoner of war e.g.: in crusades. The Spanish questioned whether slavery was right but they still practiced it. They argued that slavery although wrong was necessary in order to develop their empire and to convert heathens to Christians. The Bible itself was ambiguous enough for Europeans to use it as the foundation for supporting slavery e.g.: the story about the curse on Ham and his posterity and their ‘blackness’ giving them inferiority and making them slaves forever. 18th Century Attitudes to Slavery In the 18th century, there was a changing attitude towards slavery, ideas about Christian brotherhood and that Christians could not be enslaved became popular for e.g.: the Quakers believed that blacks have immortal souls just like whites and can be saved as well. In France, the anti-slavery group was more of secular than a religious group. They were humanitiarrtians who believed that all men were created equal and that all men...
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...Methods of producing sugar – The English and French began inventing new and better ways of processing sugar cane. b) The Labour Force – Planting and processing sugar cane required extensive labour force. The planters wanted work to be done using the cheapest labour force, which in the end, would mean greater profits for them when the sugar was sold. Thus, an increasing number of African slaves were used. c) Increase in the price of Land: Great sugar plantations developed by buying the small plots of land that were used to cultivate tobacco. As sugar became more profitable, the demand for land increased, which caused the price of land to increase. d) Change in governance – As the English French and Dutch colonies became more important, there was a need for systems of government and control. At 1st, the government in Europe did not want to spend money on their colonies, leaving all responsibilities on the proprietors (owners of the plantation). However, when they realized how profitable their colonies were becoming, they stepped in to claim ownership. e) Trade: When Europeans realized the value...
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...slavery was very much present before the union of the states; and in this paper I intend to show the different slave systems and how they play a part in what we as Americans know to be slavery. According to (Scaruffi, n.d.) The Dutch were the first, apparently, to import black slaves into North America, but black slaves had already been employed all over the world, including South and Central America. For example Britain’s earliest known involvement in the western slave trade dates back over two thousand years ago. The British following the lead of the Portuguese in enslaving Africans actually began to get a strong hold on the slave trade and thus became known as the primary facilitator of slaves. With Britain now the primary facilitator of slaves, Special ships were built to accommodate the lucrative business. Under the rule of the British plantation and mine owners bought the Africans and more died in the process called 'seasoning'. In the British colonies the slaves were treated as non-human: they were 'chattels', to be worked to death as it was cheaper to purchase another slave than to keep one alive according to (Sherwood, 2007) Although Britain did not see African slaves as human, the women slaves were raped as there was no recourse for the harsh treatment of slaves no matter how heinous (including beating the slave to death) the treatment. African slaves under the rule of the British colonies were always viewed as less than human, were not allowed to...
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...Slave, after slave, after slave, were being forced out of Africa to be shipped across the Atlantic to the New world. Commonly known as the African Slave Trade. Little did they know they would involuntarily be living a life of servitude and apprenticing. Although the action of slave trade had existed once before throughout Africa, it had never been this large of an epidemic in the Atlantic World - beginning in the 16th century, and effecting more people and places than expected. Colonizers who had discovered land in North and South America, and in the Caribbean Islands were in need for cheap labor. The founders of the land needed slaves to work in the tobacco, sugar, and cotton plantations, gold and silver mines, as well as domestic servants....
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...History books mainly reflect the involvement of men. The abolitionists (Clarkson and Wilberforce), the Slave traders (Canot) and the enslaved (Equaino). In portrayal of enslaved people, men appear more frequently. In the movie Amistad it is told from the point of view of Cinque; in the TV series Roots it follows Kunta Kinte. This male dominated history fails to acknowledge, belittles and devalues the role of women at all levels of slavery. What about the female slave traders, slave owners, enslaved females, female rebels and abolitionists? Are they really invisible? Verene Shepherd, in Women in Caribbean History states that up until the 1970s Caribbean books neglected women because early historians looked at colonisation, government, religion, trade and war fare, activities men were more involved in. Also some historians felt that women’s issues did not merit inclusion and where women could have been included, such as slave uprisings, their contributions were ignored. Shepherd believes changes occurred with the influence of women’s groups who tried to correct the gender neutral or male biased history. There was also a shift into social history, looking at the non elite and into topics such as family life. Books started to look at women’s social and political activities. Unfortunately there was a lack of first hand accounts from the period of the transatlantic slave trade – accounts written by men at the time either ignored women or perpetuated the myth of female inferiority...
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...Influences on the Middle East and trans-Atlantic slave trade In Race and Slavery in the Middle East An Historical Enquiry, the author, Bernard Lewis, tackles difficult subjects such as slavery and racism without prejudice and manages to explain the slave trade development in the Middle East along with the great influence and contribution it had on the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Whether it was by enforcing institutions, networks, commercial patterns or Middle Eastern concepts or by following different ways of the slave trade. With his impartial academic analysis, the reader is able to comprehend the history behind the region where slavery lasted the longest. His twenty-four colorful illustrations where the reader can appreciate the culture of slavery are a great example of local perceptions in the Middle East. Slavery in the Middle East was a tolerable institution. From the very beginning the reader can appreciate that “the institution of slavery indeed had been practiced from time immemorial” and thus establishing the slave trade in the Middle East as something passed down from ancient civilizations. Although the methods for obtaining slaves changed throughout the time something that stay in consistency about the slave trade in the Middle East was tolerance. Tolerance, for the Middle Eastern, not only meant acceptance but compassion. All communities were united in order to urge slave owners to treat their slaves as humanely as possible and to ensure this policy was followed...
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...America began when the first African slaves were transported on a Dutch boat toward the North American settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. After the slaves were transported to Virginia, slavery spread all through the American countryside. The first African Americans that arrived in Jamestown in 1619 on a Dutch trading ship were not slaves. They served time as indentured servants until they completed all of their duties. Indentured servants were the first to meet needs for labor. The servant worked for four to five years in the fields before being granted freedom. The Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of land for every person they brought to the New World. Africans were the immigrants to the British New World that had no choice on where they were sent. Despite the lack of a slavery in England, slavery gradually replaced indentured slaves as the main income for plantation labor...
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