...METHOD Ghassan. Atmeh1 and Zeaid, Hasan2 1 Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, email: atmehg@gmail.com 2 Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, email: zeadnws@hotmail.com CmδE Cn CY CYo CYβ CYδR CYδA c d D g J L L m q R = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Pitching moment coefficient due to elevator deflection Yawing moment coefficient Side-force coefficient Side-force coefficient for zero angle of attack Side-force coefficient contribution due to side-slip angle Side-force coefficient contribution due to rudder deflection Side-force coefficient contribution due to aileron deflection Wing cord (m) UAV displacement from glide path (m) Drag fore (N) Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) Inertia matrix Lift force (N) Applied moment vector (N.m) Mass (kg) Dynamic pressure Slant range (m) ABSTRACT An automatic landing system for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is presented in the following paper. The nonlinear aircraft model with elevator deflection and thrust as control inputs is established using the appropriate aerodynamic data, followed by the definition of the flight trajectory the airplane is expected to travel during landing, which is divided into glide path and flare. Nonlinear control using feedback linearization method is employed to develop the automatic landing controller for the UAV aircraft. Elevator deflection is used to control the pitch angle and throttle controls...
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...Question: “Theory: Drag for objects moving in a fluid (air is a fluid) has been determined to be D=1/2CpAv^2 where D is the drag force, C is the drag coefficient, p is the density of the fluid, and A is the surface of the body exposed to the fluid. Do your results support this relationship? Explain.” This equation does support the relationship of moving objects through a fluid, in this lab; air is the fluid being taken into account. The equation itself has many constants within it. The constants stay the same and isn’t what is varying. More or less they become less significant this would be, p, the density of air, C, the drag coefficient, due to the drag isn’t changing since the coffee filters keep their shape. Terminal velocity is when the falling object is no longer accelerating, due the balanced forces between an objects weight and its drag force. With coffee filters, one can easily add weight with out changing the objects shape since coffee filters fit nicely together. With a consistent shape, it doesn’t change the surface of the falling body, essentially A becomes another constant. With in the lab, through careful measurements and calculations the equation, shown in the graphs can be properly represented as D=1/2CpAv^2 or what the group found to be D=1/2v^2, which are both identical equations. Ratings & Evaluations Individual: I was personally “out of it” for the first couple of days of the lab. I couldn’t get started and felt zoned out and just not...
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...Communication and Navigation, Take off and Landing and some others. A question that sounds easy but in theory, it’s not simple at all, “How does a plane fly?” whether it is an Airbus, a glider and any other planes, the forces that acts on a plane are exactly the same. There are four main forces to make a plane fly and they are Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag. The Four Forces As I mention in the introduction, the four forces are Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag and I will be describing these forces with more details in the following passage. A plane’s weight, descending towards the ground is balanced by the lift force, which ascends upwards. This is created by a flow of air over the wings. When air travels through the wing of a plane, it is bounce off downwards and all the pressure under the wing is bring in to bounce off the air that makes an opposite force, which is ‘Up’. Drag is the air resistance of all planes as they meet the airflow, and its force acts in the opposite directions. Thrust is provided by many sources of power, such as a jet engine, or by the energy descend from being carried into the air. Thrust must always balance drag for the plane to fly. (Barnard, 2007). Communication and Navigation For many training pilots, radio communication and navigation is one of the most irritating factors of aviation. This is because it’s embarrassing to come across as awkward on the radio and it is also embarrassing if you were lost and you had to communicate even though you...
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...and understanding how physics is applied in sports improves the athlete’s performance and develops new techniques. With the time, new experiences, new records make people search and study harder in applied physic to reach best results in sports. Newton’s laws of motion help us to understand mechanics of rowing better. In this paper, some of the physics concepts will be studied in the process of rowing. The stroke A rowing stroke has four steps; catch, drive, finish and recovery. These are the most important elements for the efficient rowing. The catch is the beginning of the stroke; when the blade meets the water a stroke starts. Starting with the first catch, boat accelerates and starts moving forward. As the boat moves forward, the drag force is going to slow down the boat. When the acceleration reaches down to zero, rower should put the blade into water again with an angle through the direction toward movement to prevent sudden break effect that the blade could create. If the rower starts the second catch early and puts the blade into water, the intended speed cannot be reached. Second step, drive, occurs while the blades are inside the water. The blades that went into water with an angle...
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... HUB & BLADE Faculty Advisor Easir Arafat Papon Group Members Shoyon Panday Adib Belhaj Hasan Nafiz Ahmed Khan Borhan Uddin Manam Table Of Contents Executive Summary Conceptual Design Preliminary Design Detail Design Flow Simulation Of Whole Aircraft Manufacturing Process & Plan CG Location Reference * ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics | AR Aspect Ratio | Re Reynolds number | b Span | c Chord | s Wing area | t/c Thickness-to-chord ratio | MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord | Cd0 Airfoil minimum coefficient of drag | CDi Aircraft induced drag coefficient (vortex drag) | CD0 Aircraft parasite drag coefficient | CD Aircraft drag coefficient | | CL Lift Co-efficient | * a) Executive Summary This report encompasses the design and manufacturing processes, conducted by the MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHONOLOGY (MIST), DHAKA, where team ‘Hub & Blade’ is destined for their design report entry in the 1ST NATIONAL AERO-DESIGN COMPETITION & EXHIBITION . The theme of the competition is to design an aircraft. The goal of this competition is that the design will be in such a way that can fly with the highest advantageous materialistic body, having the lowest possible cost and weight. Team “Hub & Blade” is well on its way to bring a competitive fixed wing rc plane...
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...Hyperloop Alpha Intro The first several pages will attempt to describe the design in everyday language, keeping numbers to a minimum and avoiding formulas and jargon. I apologize in advance for my loose use of language and imperfect analogies. The second section is for those with a technical background. There are no doubt errors of various kinds and superior optimizations for elements of the system. Feedback would be most welcome – please send to hyperloop@spacex.com or hyperloop@teslamotors.com. I would like to thank my excellent compadres at both companies for their help in putting this together. Background When the California “high speed” rail was approved, I was quite disappointed, as I know many others were too. How could it be that the home of Silicon Valley and JPL – doing incredible things like indexing all the world’s knowledge and putting rovers on Mars – would build a bullet train that is both one of the most expensive per mile and one of the slowest in the world? Note, I am hedging my statement slightly by saying “one of”. The head of the California high speed rail project called me to complain that it wasn’t the very slowest bullet train nor the very most expensive per mile. The underlying motive for a statewide mass transit system is a good one. It would be great to have an alternative to flying or driving, but obviously only if it is actually better than flying or driving. The train in question would be both slower, more expensive to...
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...How Planes Stay Up In the Air I remember a picnic with Becky, my girlfriend, at Maidu Park five years ago. We lied on the lush green turf and held hands as we watched the clouds drift by. We were captivated and intrigued by the definitions in the clouds as we matched them to shapes of animals and other objects. She pointed towards a blanket of clouds on the right and said, “There! That one looks like a dragon.” Right at that moment, a plane flew right above us as it cut through clouds. She quickly sat up and followed the plane with her head. Her eyes widened and her eyebrows shot up as she burst out, “Wow! How do you think it stays up in the sky like that?” As any mischievous thirteen year old would, I simply the magic dust and invisible angels carried the plane on their backs. She laughed and called me stupid for not knowing the answer. However, now as a college student embarking towards my future, I made my personal goal to be a pilot and learn about planes. I got accepted to Embry Riddle, an aeronautical school in Arizona, straight out of high school. Although the fear of planes falling out of sky held me back; so I decided study at Sierra College until I’m ready. Sean palmer, a sophomore at Sierra College, flys planes for a hobby. He pointed out that, “Flying a plane is not like driving a car, it’s far more complicated, but at the same time fun… I fly almost every week, but it’s little expensive to rent planes. So, I’m saving up for my own Cessna 120 for almost two years...
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...dragonfly wing section as well as its comparison to a corresponding profiled airfoil and a flat plate were conducted at Re = 10,000. The main focus of the current investigation was to determine the primary flow features and mechanisms that are responsible for the enhanced performance of these biological wing sections at these relatively low Reynolds numbers. A time-accurate Cartesian grid based Navier-Stokes immersed boundary solver was utilized in the current study. The numerical results indicate that the pleated airfoil at a zero degree angle-of-attack generates the least drag despite its unconventional shape. Additionally, a higher transitory lift is produced by the pleated airfoil at a five degree angleof-attack when compared to the profiled airfoil. Nomenclature c CD CDs CDp CL CLs CLp P Re τ t t* ui = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = chord length drag coefficient shear drag coefficient pressure drag coefficient lift coefficient shear lift coefficient pressure lift coefficient Pressure Reynolds number thickness dimensionless time time xi component of velocity free stream velocity Cartesian coordinates angle of attack U∞ xi α I. Introduction A number of insect species including locusts, dragonflies, and damselflies employ wings that are pleated along the chord. These ultra-light membranous insect wings support a variety of aerodynamic and inertial forces during...
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...Abstract The objective of this project—AER722-Project 1—was to analyze a cantilever model of a tapered wing which was positioned in a wind tunnel. Under the rigid and elastic conditions of the modeled tapered wing, the lift characteristics were to be found. Strip theory aerodynamics and multiple assumed modes method was applied to find the wing twist and lift distribution along the span of the wing for the both conditions stated previously. The results were compared to find the percentage increase in total lift and wing root bending moment. The lift and moment under elastic conditions were higher than the lift and moment under rigid condition. The divergence speed was found to be fairly high. At last, the aileron efficiency was calculated. The design considerations were proposed to enhance the performance of the wing and its ailerons. Introduction The science of aeroelasticity combines the concept of aerodynamic, elastic and inertial forces. It can be divided into three major groups which are known as static aeroelasticity, aerothermalelasticity and aeroservoelasticity. The combination of aerodynamic and elastic forces is known as aeroelasticity, The study of mutual interaction between aerodynamic, elastic, thermal and inertial forces, with particular importance to high-speed flight conditions is known as aerothermalelasticity. Aeroservoelasticity involves the influence of hydraulics and electric servomotors and is a combination of aerodynamics, elastic, control and...
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...balance the forward momentum that he gives the ball, fighting gravity and air resistance that pulls and slows it down. Aerodynamics is involved during passing because of the spin that is applied. The better the spin the straighter and further the ball will travel. This is accomplished by the quarterback throwing the football over handed or a sidearm motion to giving it the spin required. The spin causes the ball’s angular momentum points in the direction of its long axis. At same time due to air drag, torque is pointing perpendicular to the angular momentum. The ball travels on a semi-parabolic curve and wind torque produces a small change in the ball’s angular momentum. This allows the ball to continue to turn around its trajectory. Therefore spinning stabilizes the football through angular momentum and torque. Throwing in this manner orientates the ball giving it the smallest possible cross sectional area against the oncoming air; this causes the least amount of aerodynamic drag. This is important for quarterbacks as while as managers to know, because if the ball does not spin properly, the wind will cause if tumble and lose its forward momentum (duck). Managers (coaches) want to make sure that there quarterback understands this basic principle. Not throwing a proper pass can be the difference between winning or losing. Reference:...
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...My research question is how super cars can improve their aerodynamics. I will talk about a specific brand of super car, Nissan GTR. The Nissan GTR is the only car which needs to pay the luxury tax in Nissan. Because Nissan GTR’s price is more than a hundred thousand dollars. It is a powerful super car and has a special name called god of war. The reason that makes the Nissan GTR runs so fast is it take full advantage of the air power. This technology is called aerodynamics. The new 2015 Nissan GTR changed its normal headlights to a Multi-LED Headlights. It has a system called Adaptive Front lighting System to control these four LED lights. The lights will turn together when the car is cornering. Between these two headlights there is a big spoiler. The spoiler is creating down force to keep the car on the ground. The vents behind the front fenders are not only creating more down force but also cooling the brakes. There is a big grille between two headlight can get more air to cool down the engine. The cooling system is very important for a powerful car. The new GTR has a 3.8-liter Twin-turbocharged V6 Engine. This engine is hand-assembled by a single technician in a dust-free, temperature-controlled clean room. The GTR has a 6-speed sequential dual-clutch transmission. It can shifts as quickly as 0.15 seconds. These two part are the most important things in the car, like the heart. Because of these two part, the GTR can speed up from 0km/h to 100km/h for about 3.8 second. A...
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...Abstract: The purpose of this lab will be to investigate air resistance and determine the exponent for a falling coffee filter. Therefore, we measured the mass of the coffee filters to determine their weight, so that we will be able to use the values to determine the amount of air resistance encountered by the coffee filters. The results of the trials are shown in the table analysis that will be attached. There will also be graphs attached that will correspond to the data collected. Introduction: As any type of object falls, they increase their speed due to the downward pull of gravity. Air resistance counteracts gravity's pull by resisting the downward motion of the object. Even the coffee filters have shown an increase of speed with their downward pull of gravity. The amount of air resistance depends upon a variety of factors, most noticeably, the object's speed. As objects move faster, they encounter more air resistance which was shown in this lab experiment. That is, when the amount of upward air resistance force is equal to the downward gravity force, the object will have a balance of forces and is said to have reached a terminal velocity. The terminal velocity value is the final, constant velocity number reached by the falling object. Methods: For this lab we used coffee filters and the science building atrium which we will be using to drop the coffee filters from the third floor. A computer in order to compute the information into excel for...
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...ENGINEERING) Thesis for degree of Bachelor of Science Electric City Car – Energy consumption analysis Supervisor: Prof. Giuliano Cozzari, Prof. Andrea Festini Applicant: Zheng Hang 1. Introduction 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. General introduction about EV and the team project Speed and acceleration, all about an EV Basic concept in calculation 2. Energy consumption calculation in design phase 2.1. Weight and distribution effect 2.1.1. Weight and climbing 2.1.2. Weight and speed 2.1.3. Weight affect range, Balance and other important facts 2.2. Aerodynamic effect 2.2.1. Define of aerodynamic drag force 2.2.2. Other aerodynamic contributes 2.2.3. Effective of frontal area and coefficient of drag 2.3. Rolling resistance 2.3.1. Definition of rolling resistance 2.3.2. Combined analysis of aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance 2.3.3. Maximum power that can be transferred by the tires to the road 2.4. Transmission efficiency analysis 2.4.1. Structures about the transmission system available 2.4.2. Efficiency of the transmission system 3. Energy consumption calculation of EV 1 3.1. Calculation methodology overview and Target specification of our EV 3.2. Calculation and evaluation of the energy consumption 3.2.1. Required and available power 3.2.2. Motor output and acceleration 3.2.3. Acceleration time evaluation of our EV 3.3. Conclusion 4. Influence on energy output 4.1. Mileage capability analysis 4...
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...Objectives This lab helps students to understand the drag on objects in a fluid with the same Reynolds number. We select spheres of different masses and diameters to get a wide range for Reynolds number. We also compare the values found in literature to the values calculated through experiment to determine experimental uncertainty. Keeping all in mind our main objective is to design an experiment to reduce uncertainty. Background and Theory When a dense particle falls through a fluid of lesser density, the gravitational force F_g causing the particle to fall is opposed by a buoyancy force F_b and a drag force F_d as shown in figure 1. If the particle falls at a constant velocity the forces can be expressed as- F_g= F_d+F_b………(1) We know that gravitational force F_g is given by F_g=mg= ρ_s Vg =(1/6)nD^3 ρ_p g………(2) The buoyance force can be derived as the following with the Archimedes Principle taken onto account F_b=(1/6)nD^3 ρ_L g………(3) We can solve for drag force F_d by combining the values of F_(b )& F_g in equation (1), which gives us F_d=(1/6) nD^3 g(ρ_p- ρ_L )………(4) The drag force is a function of 4 independent variables F_d=f (D,V,ρ,μ) where V is the velocity and μ is dynamic Viscosity of the fluid. From Buckingham Pi Theorem we get the value of C_d, which is a dimensionless quantity known as drag coefficient. Drag coefficient is a function of Reynolds number and is given by C_d= F_d/(1/2 ρ_L V^2 π D^2/4)………(5) The Reynolds number is defined as ...
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...I. Abstract INTRODUCTION: Air resistance (Drag) affects vehicle acceleration and its ability to handle and achieve good fuel efficiency. A car designed with better airflow has less difficulty accelerating and requires less engine power to push the car through the air. This results in better fuel consumption. There are several ways to improve the quality of the vehicle shape to reduce drag. Rounded designs and shapes on the exterior of the vehicle as well as components on the underside of the body channel the air to flow with the least possible resistance. Our purpose during this experiment was to evaluate and compare the effect of vehicle shape on the fuel efficiency. METHOD: This experiment was performed using three different car models of variable shape and size that are present in today’s industry; an SUV, a sedan and a sports car were used. Each vehicle was placed individually inside the wind tunnel and the drag force was measured at 5 different wind speeds for each respective vehicle. Measurements were also performed in increasing and decreasing order for each vehicle for a total of 10 measurements per vehicle. RESULTS: The SUV was observed to have the largest drag force over the variable wind speeds, while the Sports car was observed to have the smallest drag force compared to the other two vehicles. A linear relationship between the drag force and the wind speed is observed for the 3 different vehicles. CONCLUSION: Our data indicates that larger vehicles...
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