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HISTORIA, MANEJO Y APLICACIONES DE LOS CONTROLADORES DIGITALES DE SEÑALES dsPIC.

Cintya Carolina Pavón Castillo, Oscar Alejandro Cruz Arguello

Facultad de Electrotecnia y Computación,
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
Managua, Nicaragua.

ABSTRACT:
In this paper, we intend to present to the university community in particular and the professional world, a historical summary, key features, applications to and a comparison between families of the DSC (Digital Signal Controllers) easily. Although the marketing by the families of Microchip dsPIC devices is very recent forecasts are spectacular expansion and implementation by the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, by which is another reason for the study of these microcontrollers.

1. Introducción
La empresa Microchip Technology Inc.® ocupa el primer puesto en el ranking mundial de microcontroladores de 8 bits desde el aiio 2003; sus modelos son conocidos popularmente con el nombre genérico de PIC®. Tras el exitoso lanzamiento de las familias de microcontroladores de 16 bits PIC24FXXX y PIC24HXXX, los usuarios necesitan nuevos dispositivos que soporten funciones de procesamiento digital de señales para atender las nuevas tendencias del mercado orientadas al aumento de la conectividad por Internet, las mejoras relacionadas con la imagen y el sonido, el control de motores, etc. Las aplicaciones modernas mezclan las funciones típicas MCU con las de procesamiento digital de señales (DSP). Esta situación ha impulsado a Microchip a fabricar un circuito hibrido MCU/DSR cuyo manejo es similar a los clásicos microcontroladores pero que incluye las principales prestaciones de los DSR Así ha nacido el Controlador Digital de Señales, abreviadamente DSC® (Digital Signal Controller), que reúne las características de un microcontrolador PIC de I6 bits y las de un DSP de gama baja. En base a este controlador digital de seriales, Microchip consigue reunir lo mejor de ambos mundos, marcando el comienzo de una nueva era en el mercado de controladores. dsPIC es un nombre genérico que se utiliza para referirse a los controladores digitales de señales (DSC) que ha diseñado Microchip Technology Inc. para facilitar a los usuarios, la transición al campo de las aplicaciones de los procesos digitales de señales, que van a proporcionar en los próximos años un crecimiento espectacular en los próximos años en aéreas como las comunicaciones, los sensores, el procesamiento de las imágenes y el sonido, el tratamiento matemático de las señales, los sistemas de alimentación, el control de motores, la electromedicina, los sistemas multimedia, la automoción e internet.

Los dsPIC’s son el penúltimo lanzamiento de Microchip, comenzando a producirlos a gran escala a finales de 2004. Son los primeros PICs con bus de datos inherente de 16 bits. Incorporan todas las posibilidades de los anteriores PICs y añaden varias operaciones de DSP implementadas en hardware, como multiplicación con suma de acumulador (multiply-accumulate, o MAC), barrel shifting, bit reversion o multiplicación 16x16 bits.

El desarrollo de los microcontroladores clásicos (MCU) y sus ámbitos típicos de aplicación han comenzado a quedar saturados por la diversidad de la oferta del mercado mundial. Los campos previstos con crecimientos espectaculares están relacionados con las comunicaciones, el procesamiento de la imagen y el sonido, el control de motores y todo aquello que conlleva el procesamiento digital de las señales, los cuales requieren desarrollos matemáticos de complejidad y rapidez superior a los MCU, haciendo imprescindibles los DSP (Procesadores Digitales de Señal). En un intento de acercar a los actuales usuarios de MCU al procesamiento digital de las señales, Microchip, el líder mundial de los microcontroladores de 8 bits, ha desarrollado los DSC (Controladores Digitales de Señal), que son una combinación de microcontroladores MCU con los recursos básicos de los DSP. De esta forma los DSC ocupan el nivel intermedio entre los MCU y los DSP. En la actualidad ya se comercializan más de 50 modelos de este tipo de “microcontroladores especiales” reunidos en las familias dsPIC30F y dsPIC33F [1, 2, 5].

DSP. DEFINICION Y CARACTERISTICAS PRINCIPALES.
Recibe el nombre de DSP (Procesador Digital de Señales) un circuito integrado que contiene un procesador digital y un conjunto de recursos complementarios capaces de manejar digitalmente las señales analógicas del mundo real, como los sonidos y las imágenes. A principios de la década de los 80 del siglo pasado ya se comercializaban varios modelos de DSP, siendo pioneros los fabricantes Texas Instruments, NEC e Intel. En la actualidad Texas Instruments mantiene el liderazgo en el mercado de DSR fabricando modelos cada vez más potentes para acoplarse a las aplicaciones más complejas y cambiantes. Los DSP pueden asemejarse a los clásicos microcontroladores, pero incorporando arquitecturas y recursos especiales para poder controlar de forma óptima los requerimientos específicos y los algoritmos manejados en el procesamiento digital de señales analógicas. Se destacan las siguientes prestaciones de los DSP: Los microcontroladores clásicos, denominados de forma resumida MCU, son circuitos integrados que contienen un procesador digital completo junto a diversos periféricos auxiliares que facilitan el desarrollo del as aplicaciones a las que se dedican. Su parecido con los DSP es muy grande, pero las diferencias que los distinguen hacen que sus campos de aplicación sean diferentes.
De forma resumida puede decirse que los DSP son microcontroladores dotados de los recursos físicos y lógicos necesarios para poder soportar las aplicaciones específicas del procesamiento digital de señales. Las instrucciones aritméticas complejas de los MCU se ejecutan en varios ciclos, mientras que las de los DSP sólo precisan uno. En los DSP siempre se dispone de conversores AD rápidos y precisos. Dado el carácter marcadamente matemático de los programas para DSR éstos están preparados para ser programados con lenguajes de alto nivel, como el C. La velocidad y el rendimiento de los DSP son muy superiores a los habituales en los MCU.
En el momento que la expansión de las aplicaciones de los MCU ha alcanzado cotas extraordinarias y se fabrica un sin fin de productos y sistemas que llevan embebidos uno o varios, el nivel cientifico y los avances tecnológicos han logrado fabricar DSP que añaden al MCU los recursos necesarios para soportar el procesamiento de señales y cubrir asi todo el campo de posibilidades y aplicaciones que envuelve.[1, 2]

Microchip ha unido toda la potencia y posibilidades de sus microcontroladores de 16 bits (MCU) con las prestaciones más interesantes de los DSP para fabricar un nuevo circuito integrado denominado DSC, que intenta ser una respuesta eficaz a las necesidades de las modernas aplicaciones que combinan las funciones típicas de los microcontroladores con las del procesamiento digital de señales de los DSR.

Dada la similitud del DSC con los MCU en cuanto arquitectura y repertorio de instrucciones, los usuarios dé las familias de microcontroladores PIC no encuentran dificultades para introducirse en fabuloso campo del procesamiento digital de señales.

Los DSC se comercializan en diferentes dispositivos agrupados en dos grandes familias: * Familia dsPIC30F * Familia dsPIC33F
CARACTERISTICAS GENERALES DE LS DSPIC30F

El voltaje de alimentación admite un rango comprendido entre 2,5 y 5,5 VDC. Se tolera una temperatura interna entre -40° y 85° C y una externa entre -40° y 125° C. El rendimiento alcanza los 30 MLPS cuando el voltaje de alimentación tiene un valor entre 4,5 y 5,5 VDC.

En cuanto a la arquitectura dela CPU los dsPIC30F se sustentan en un núcleo RISC con arquitectura Harvard mejorada. Actuando como soporte central de información existe un banco de 16 registros de 16 bits cada uno; se dispone de un bus de datos de 16 líneas y otro de instrucciones de 24. Para potenciar la velocidad de las operaciones aritméticas complejas existe un “Motor DSP” que contiene un multiplicador hardware rápido de 17 X 17 bits, dos acumuladores de 40 bits y un robusto registro de desplazamiento. La memoria de programa, tipo FLASH, puede alcanzar un tamaño de 4 M instrucciones de 24 bits cada una, aunque actualmente sólo hay modelos con una capacidad máxima de 256 K bytes. La memoria de datos SRAM puede alcanzar 32K posiciones de 16 bits, aunque en los modelos actuales sólo se llega a la mitad. La memoria de datos se divide en dos espacios, X e Y, que pueden ser accedidos simultáneamente en las operaciones matemáticas DSP. Toda esta estructura admite operaciones MCU y operaciones DSP con un repertorio de 84 instrucciones.

Las secciones MCU y DSP cooperan en el fimcionamiento general y comparten el flujo de instrucciones de los DSC. Los recursos específicos del Motor DSR además de soportar las operaciones DSP permiten implementar nuevas y potentes instrucciones MCU. Para reducir el tiempo de ejecución de algunas instrucciones DSP la memoria de datos SRAM se divide en dos espacios X e Y que pueden ser accedidos a la vez.
Otra característica importante en los dsPIC30F es la de admitir hasta 45 fuentes distintas de petición de interrupción con 7 niveles de prioridad, de las cuales 5 son externas. Hay modelos de dsPIC30F que disponen de hasta 54 patitas de E/S programables y con otras funciones multiplexadas con un consumo de 25 mA cada una. Los dispositivos dsPIC33F como disponen de más periféricos también admiten más causas de interrupción.
Se puede encontrar una gran variedad de periféricos en la familia dsPIC30F como temporizadores, conversores AD, módulos de captura y comparación, módulos PWM para el control de motores, módulos de comunicación PC, SPI, CAN, UART, DCI, etc. [1, 2]
Los dsPIC33F además contienen un Controlador de DMA.
También disponen de potentes herramientas para la gestión del sistema (Perro Guardián, Monitor de fallo de reloj, temporizadores para la estabilización del voltaje de alimentación y la frecuencia, etc.), así como dispositivos para controlar el consumo de energía (modos de bajo consumo Idle y Sleep, detección de voltaje bajo, etc.).

ENCAPSULADOS Y DIAGRAMAS DE CONEXIONES
La finalidad de soportar todo tipo de diseños y necesidades los modelos dsPIC30F están encapsulados desde 18 hasta 80 patitas, algunos con doble hilera de patitas, tipo PDIP y SPDIP y SOIC. Otros están preparados para el montaje superficial como los tipos TQFP y QFN.
La nomenclatura de los dsPIC30F formada por números y letras expresan las especificaciones particulares y su significado se describe en la Figura 2.10.
El diagrama de conexiones para los miembros de esta familia lo ha diseñado Microchip para propiciar la migración hacia modelos superiores y con más patitas, para lo cual ha mantenido la máxima compatibilidad en su posición. Se ha favorecido la compatibilidad “pinout” o distribución del puntillaje de los PIC MCU con los PIC DSC, también la de las instrucciones, la de las herramientas de desarrollo y la de las patitas de E/S correspondientes a los periféricos de los dos tipos de PIC.
En la tabla se muestran los diagramas de conexiones de los modelos dsPIC30F50l3 y C301-76014, que coinciden, y el del dsPIC3OF60l3. Los dos primeros disponen de interfaz DEC y el otro no lo tiene.
La mayoría de las patitas de ambos diagramas de conexión soportan varias funciones, pero la compatibilidad en su posición es total y sólo las patitas 1, 78, 79 y 80 difieren.

LA FAMILIA DSPIC33F
El voltaje de alimentación admite un rango comprendido entre 2 y 3,6 VDC. El rango de temperatura idéntico a los dsPIC30F. El rendimiento máximo alcanza los 40 MIPS cuando el voltaje de alimentación tiene un valor de 3,3 VDC. Los aspectos más destacables que incorporan los dsPIC33F son la ampliación en el número de patas de E/S, la capacidad de la memoria FLASH que alcanza 256 KB, se mantienen los periféricos, la disponibilidad del doble de interrupciones, SRAM de hasta 30 KB. No disponen de memoria EEPROM. Tienen un nuevo modo de bajo consumo DOZE y un nuevo Controlador DMA de 8 canales, que para no utilizar a la CPU en la transferencia de datos entre periféricos y la memoria.

Dispositivos dsPIC33F de propósito general
Los dsPIC33F de propósito general son ideales para una amplia gama de avanzadas de MCU de 16 bits embebidos y en concreto, las variantes con interfaces CODEC son idóneas para aplicaciones de tratamiento de la voz y audio. Este grupo está formado por 15 modelos diferentes.

Dispositivos dsPIC33F de control de motores y sistemas de alimentación
La categoría de control de motores ofrece una gran variedad de aplicaciones relacionadas con el gobierno de motores, como los de inducción, de fase simple o trifásica y los de corriente continua.
También son muy apropiados para la gestión de los sistemas de alimentación ininterrurnpibles, conversores, módulos para la corrección del factor de potencia, telecomunicaciones u otro equipamiento industrial. Este grupo está formado por 12 modelos diferentes.

[Escriba una cita del documento o del resumen de un punto interesante. Puede situar el cuadro de texto en cualquier lugar del documento. Utilice la ficha Herramientas de cuadro de texto para cambiar el formato del cuadro de texto de la cita.]

Diferencias entre dsPIC30F y dsPIC33F
A pesar de ser muy similares, existen algunas diferencias apreciables entre ambos DSC. El rango de voltaje soportado por cada uno es diferente, así como el voltaje optimo para su mejor rendimiento.
Los dsPIC30F tienen como tensión nominal 5VDC y los dsPIC33F 3,3VDC. También difieren en las patas de E/S y la memoria FLASH que alcanza 144KB en los 30F y 256KB en los 33F. Los 33F carecen de EEPROM, pero su SRAM puede llegar a 30KB, mientras que los 30F no superan los 8KB. Finalmente, los dsPIC33F disponen del doble de interruptores y un controlador de DMA.

Tabla de diferencias entre dsPIC30F y dsPIC33F

Aplicaciones Recomendadas:
A) CONTROL DE MOTORES * Bombas industriales. * Lavadoras y aspiradoras. * Equipos de gimnasia. * Tensores de cinturones de seguridad. * Calefacción, ventilación y aire acondicionado * Refrigeración. * Herramientas eléctricas. * Apertura de puertas. * Control de estabilidad.
B) CONTROL DE SENSORES * Sensores de torsión. * De presión. * De vibraciones. * De golpes. * De lluvia. * De fallos en la red eléctrica. * De rotura de cristales. * Sensores químicos y de gases. * Detección PIR avanzada 2-D.
C) AUTOMOCIÓN * Control de potencia. * Control de estabilidad y balanceo. * Caja de cambios y embrague * Dirección hidráulica asistida * Airbag. * Control de ignición. * Sensor de presencia de ocupantes. * Control del combustible.
D) CONECTIVIDAD EN INTERNET * Monitorización remota. * Contadores automáticos de agua y gas. * Instrumentación médica remota. * Sistemas de seguridad. * Máquinas expendedoras. * Diagnóstico industrial remoto.
E) AUDIO * Reconocimiento de voz. * Altavoces telefónicos. * Redes distribuidas de megafonía. * Efectos especiales en instrumentos musicales. * Cancelación de ruidos. * Reproducción de sonido digital. * Auriculares para la eliminación de ruidos. * Puertos de comunicación para manos libres. * Micrófono activado por la voz.

Laboratorios experimentales para dsPIC:

* PIC School:
PIC’School es un laboratorio de carácter didáctico y una evolución lógica de los populares y conocidos entrenadores Micro’PIC Trainer y PIC’Laboratory. Permite trabajar con los dispositivos PIC mas representativos de las familias 12F, 16F y 18F, pudiéndose desarrollar aplicaciones tanto a nivel de software como de hardware. Dispone de un amplio y representativo número de periféricos muy utilizados en las aplicaciones reales y un módulo board para el montaje sin soldadura que permite implementar el hardware necesario en un determinado proyecto.

A diferencia de otros equipos similares, ninguno de los periféricos contenidos en el laboratorio PIC’School están conectados de forma predeterminada a las líneas de E/S del microcontrolador. Es el propio usuario quien, mediante un sencillo cableado sin soldadura, conecta y asocia los distintos periféricos a esas líneas de E/S según lo requiera la aplicación. Esto permite tener un contacto más directo con el hardware y un mayor control del mismo. [6]

Conclusiones:

A través de este trabajo de investigación científica, se dio a conocer el origen, las características más esenciales, las aplicaciones y las diferencias entre las familias comerciales de los dsPIC (30F y 33F), su importancia en los diferentes campos de la vida útil del ser humano y su diversificación de opciones y capacidades para su correcta implementación, ya que ha venido a simplificar dichos procesos de forma mas rápida y ergonómica, esto debido a su encapsulamiento y su multiplicidad de funciones.

El bajo costo de estos dispositivos es una ventaja más con respecto a otros dispositivos de más complejidad y altos costos.

Por lo que podemos decir que los dsPIC son una potente y poderosa herramienta para el diseño de implementaciones básicas y complejas de circuitos en diferentes áreas de trabajo y recreación.

Referencias:
[1] J. Mª Angulo, A. Etxebarría, I. Angulo e I. Trueba. dsPIC. Diseño Práctico de Aplicaciones. Editorial
Mc Graw-Hill (2006)
[2] J. Mª Angulo, B. García, I. Angulo y J. Vicente. Microcontroladores Avanzados dsPIC. Editorial Thomson (2006)
[3] A. Etxebarria e I. Angulo. Filtrando señales con dsPIC. Revista Española de Electrónica. Nº 614 pp42-43. Marzo 2006
[4]Ingeniería de Microsistemas Programados S.L. Tutorial de PICSchool. http://www.microcontroladores.com, 2006.
[5] Microchip, dsPIC30F y dsPIC33F, http://www.microchip.com, 2006.
[6]http://www.msebilbao.com/notas/downloads/Manual%20de%20usuario%20PIC%20School.pdf

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