...Geralyn Caplan Pathology 3 November 2014 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common disorder affecting the muscular system. This form of muscular dystrophy is inherited and is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the dystrophin proteins of the muscles. Dystrophin is the largest gene known to man. (Tennyson, Klamut, Warton 1995). Hundreds of genes are responsible for producing the proteins that protect these muscle fibers from damage. In DMD, the dystrophin gene is defective. Where most forms of muscular dystrophy worsen slowly over time, Duchenne grows worse quite rapidly. Duchenne muscular is linked to the X-chromosome so the mother carries the disease and the defective gene but will likely never show symptoms. Their sons will each have a 50% chance of getting the disease and their daughters will each have a 50% chance of being carriers of the disease (Bushby, Finkel, Birnkrant, Case, Clemens, Cripe, Kaul, Kinnett, McDonald, Pandya, Poysky, Shapiro, Tomezsko, Constantin, 2010). The women who are carriers will pass the gene onto their children. One in every 3,500 live male births are diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chen, Ma, Zhang, Chen, Xing, Wang, Zhang, Luo, 2014). Most of these diagnoses have a line of family history with Duchenne muscular dystrophy that they were unaware of because it had not shown up in several generations. Females who are diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and show symptoms tend to have very mild...
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...Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Duchene Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic disorder that is distinguished by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. This genetic disorder is cause by an absence of Dystrophin . The onset of symptoms begin early in childhood between the age of three and five. This disease primarily affects males, but in some rare cases it has also affected females. What are the symptoms? As early as three the signs of muscle weakness begin to appear. The first muscles to be affected are the hips, pelvic area, thighs, and shoulders. Later on the voluntary skeletal muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk areas are affected. The calves of those affected are usually enlarged. The heart and respiratory system are affected beginning...
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...Introduction Duchenne muscular dystrophy, named after the neurologist who first described it, Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne in the 1800, is a common type of muscular dystrophy among children, in which the muscle becomes weak and degenerates progressively. Prior to 1986, there was very little information before MDA-supported researchers succeeded in the identification of the particular gene on the X-chromosome that after mutation led to the disease (MDA, 2016). The gene was identified and named as dystrophin. Dystrophin is a protein that aids in keeping the muscles together. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is heritable as an X-linked recessive gene and is passed by the mother who is often referred to as a carrier. The disease majorly affects...
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...May 6, 2009 — Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked disorder, is the most common muscular dystrophy in children, presenting in early childhood and characterized by proximal muscle weakness and calf hypertrophy in affected boys. Patients usually become wheelchair-bound by the age of 12 years, and die of cardiorespiratory complications in their late teens to early twenties. Advances in the management of DMD, including treatment with corticosteroids and the use of intermittent positive pressure ventilation have provided improvements in function, ambulation, quality of life and life expectancy, although novel therapies still aim to provide a cure for this devastating disorder. The clinical features, investigations, and management of DMD...
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...to provide mechanical reinforcement to the structure of the sarcolemma and protect the membrane from stress or tearing during contraction. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an inherited neuromuscular disorder that affects the musculoskeletal system, and is caused by a genetic mutation which disrupts the production of dystrophin. It causes progressive loss of muscle mass and eventually leads to death of the muscle tissue. The main symptom of muscular dystrophy is progressive muscle weakness. However, different signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups depending on the specific type of muscular...
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...Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is one of the most common forms of muscular dystrophy, it can be detected genetic studies during pregnancy. Even though the disease may be identified, there is still no way to prevent it. One in every 3,000 children are born with this condition.(Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Facts and Information (2009-03-01)) Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic degenerative diseases that affects voluntary muscles and causes intense muscle pain. Other areas such as the brain, throat, heart, diaphragm, stomach, intestines, and spine can also be affected by this disease. Symptoms usually appear in male children before age 6 and may be visible in early infancy. To diagnose DMD, a muscle biopsy can be done to look for abnormal...
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...Ever seen someone struggle with a rare disease? Frank Dinucci is a common person, who was shattered when he saw his 3-year-old son diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. A rare degenerative genetic muscle disease, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy leaves a sufferer with a life expectancy of 30 years. Earlier the disease had the life expectancy till teenage; Frank’s efforts and dedication have helped the researchers to find an ultimate cure for it. This disease is a sex-linked disease and only affects the boys at a young age. It encumbers the production of muscles cells in the body that holds the cellular membrane together. Young boys bound to a wheelchair in most cases, as they lose the ability to create that protein entirely. They experience...
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...With Duchenne muscular dystrophy, individuals experience a decline in dexterity and gross motor skills as the condition progresses. As muscles atrophy, compensation for lack of strength and dexterity may include modified handles or grips and adapted utensils and the use of a motorized wheelchair. (Heller, Forney, Alberto, Best, & Schwartzman, 2009.) The individual and instructor will work with the special education team and therapists for compensatory positioning that allows access to various classroom materials and accessibility within the classroom. Compensatory positioning may include assisting the student with positioning within the wheelchair, classroom arrangement that allows wheelchair access, the use of wheelchair accessible desks, and the position of the wheelchair accessible desk within the classroom as the student may need to have a unobstructed view of the board at all times due to an inability to reposition his or her own body. (Heller, et. al., 2009.) Adapted physical education and range of motion exercises can assist the student with preventing contractures, when the muscles deteriorates joints may become fixed, which limits mobility. (Muscular Dystrophy Association, n.d.) The student should only exercise as recommended by a physician and not exercise to the point of exhaustion because this may harm muscle tissues. (Muscular Dystrophy Association, n.d.) The student may also attend physical and occupational therapy regularly to assist with keeping the body ambulatory...
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...Muscular Dystrophy Disease diary #2 Today I will be explaining Muscular Dystrophy and all of the types. So let’s start off with what it is. Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited disease that causes muscles to progressively become weaker. In some forms it causes the heart and organs to weaken. Some forms only appear in men but many are in both men and women. There are eight major types of Muscular Dystrophy that I will be explaining next. So let’s move on to see what kind of Dystrophy there is. The first type is called Myotonic. This form appears most common in adults but can appear mainly from childhood to adults. This can appear in newborns but it is very rare. The next type is Duchenne. This is one of the types that only appear in men. It affects 1 in 3500 people. Most people affected in this form usually die before age 20....
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...linked inheritance. Masanori Funakoshi, Yuichi Tsuchiya, Kiichi Arahata Introduction: The Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy that frequently presents early contractures and cardiac conduction defects, caused by emerin deficiency in the inner nuclear membrane of the muscular fibres. Case presentation: X- linked Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy: The Propositus, 54 years old man , was one of the monozygotic twins .Admitted to hospital because of the chest pain and was found to have atrial arrest , for which a pace maker was inserted . Elbow contractures had been noted and had been toe walking since early childhood. Mild weakness has been noticed around 10 years of age. He had had a cerebral accident with left hemi paresis at age of 31, slows heart rate and had been on anticoagulant since...
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...Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic disorder that causes one muscle weakness. This genetic disorder prevents the body from a protein that is integral for the body to build muscles and to build strength in the muscles, as well. There are several different types of muscular dystrophy and the symptoms of each may vary. The most commonly known muscular dystrophy is known as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. This genetic disorder prevents one from all types of muscle movement at such a young age in life. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a genetic disorder that progressively degenerates the muscles and causes weakness. This genetic disorder is caused by the missing protein, dystrophin, which aids in keeping the muscles intact. Without...
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...Proposal: “The effects of taking a break during physical therapy for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy” HSC 4730 Background: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) or medically known as pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a genetic, degenerative disorder found predominantly in males. It is a recessive X-linked chromosome that affects approximately 1 in 3,500 male’s worldwide.3 The boys found with Duchenne’s have an absence of the protein, dystrophin, leaving them with continuing loss of muscular function.7 Regardless of current efforts, by the age of twelve, most who suffer from DMD depend upon a wheelchair for mobility.13 The purpose of the study is to delay the progression of DMD in boys between five to ten years of age. The intervention for the study is to apply a period of rest in their physical therapy to allow for their central nervous system to process the information. The central nervous system can take between seven to fourteen days to process information in order for the body to recover.2 With the recovery time given to these patients, we can determine a successful intervention or one that further deteriorates muscle mass. The time breaks allow the central nervous system (CNS) a set period of recovery in order to determine a change in the muscular degeneration rate. Corticosteroids are a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. It can also be synthetically made and regularly prescribed to patients with DMD. Corticoid steroids, along with physical...
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...Muscular Dystrophy, or MD, is a mutation that obstructs the production of proteins that is necessary to create healthy muscles. This generates weakness in the body and limits it from functioning properly. The disease can become so terrible that a person with it can no longer do simple tasks with their arms, legs, and extremities such as hands and feet. The cause of MD is due to the lack of dystrophin, a protein found on the X chromosome, which keeps the muscles together. Symptoms of this disorder usually manifest themselves as early as the age of two and three years of age. These signs typically are muscle weakness, the difficulty or inability to stand properly, trouble learning or behavioral problems, not being able to sit or walk without assistance, waddling gait, walking on only the front (toes and balls) of the feet, clumsiness, trouble climbing stairs, not being able to rise from a downward position such as sitting or lying, calves that are larger than usual and sometimes painful, scoliosis (curved spine), and difficulty breathing....
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...that the cells are dying and bursting. The contents of the cells are being released into the bloodstream leading to the symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis. There are many different causes leading to Rhabdomyolysis and they can be classified into two categories known as environmental causes and internal causes. Two environmental causes are: The use of alcohol or illegal drugs such as heroin, cocaine or amphetamines and a crush injury such as from an auto accident, fall, or building collapse. Two internal causes are: Extreme muscle strain, especially in someone who is an untrained athlete and also blocked blood vessels can cause this along with diseases of the muscles (myopathy) such as congenital muscle enzyme deficiency or Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Rhabdomyolysis is treatable and patients may recover quickly if the disease is caught in its early stages. Treatment with intravenous (IV) fluids helps maintain urine production and prevent kidney failure. Rarely, dialysis treatment may be needed to help your kidneys filter waste products while they are recovering. Management of electrolyte abnormalities (potassium, calcium and phosphorus) helps protect your heart and other organs. You may also need a surgical procedure (fasciotomy) to relieve tension or pressure and loss of circulation if compartment syndrome threatens muscle death or nerve damage. In some cases, you may...
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...Muscular I. Introduction of the disease A. Muscular dystrophy B. Muscular dystrophy-is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal and hamper C. I pick this disease because it sounded interesting II. Causes A. How can a human being contract (get) this disease? 1. the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children is Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD). Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is also relatively common. They are similar and are caused by mutations in the same gene, but BMD is less severe than DMD. 2. You can be born with this disorder 3. And it’s a genetic disorder B. Is this disease contagious? no III. Symptoms A. Poor balancing B. Frequent falls C. Limited range movements D. Inability to walk IV. Treatment A. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, may help improve muscle strength and delay the progression of certain types of muscular dystrophy. But prolonged use of these types of drugs can weaken bones and increase fracture risk. B. Several different types of therapy and assistive devices can improve quality and sometimes length of life in people who have muscular dystrophy. C. Surgical remedies are an option for several of the problems common to muscular dystrophy, such as: Contractures. Tendon surgery can loosen joints drawn inward by contractures. Scoliosis. Surgery may also be needed to correct a sideways curvature of the spine that can make breathing more difficult. C. V. Cures-doesn’t have any cures-doesn’t...
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