...INTRODUCTION Thomas Aquinas held the view that human beings are born without any ideas in their minds, man only knows through the process of abstraction of the essences of particular things and forming them into universal ideas. Moreover, the problem of how we know things had been one of the major preoccupations of philosophers over the ages. The ostensive problem raised in an attempt to find out where human knowledge comes from has led to diverse views. Some believe that human knowledge comes from experience and that human beings are born tabula rasa. Others believe that human beings do not acquire knowledge from experience; rather human beings are born with knowledge which is called the innate ideas. In this essay, we intend to look into Thomas Aquinas’ views about abstraction. We shall do this as one should in philosophy by employing the tool of conceptual clarification. We will first attempt a definition of the meaning of the term abstraction and the types of abstraction. This will serve as a springboard for our exploration into the basic thought of Aquinas on the theory of abstraction. Second, we shall carry out a holistic examination of Aquinas theory of abstraction. Finally, we will conclude. 1. ABSTRACTION: A CONCEPTUAL ELUCIDATION. In ordinary language abstraction designates the attitude of someone who is detached from everyday life and does not account what is real. In Philosophy the term abstraction designates a specific operation of the...
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...In assessing the claim that a realist account of universals is indispensable to our ability to construct propositions, we draw upon three main positions. These are realism, nominalism and conceptualism. The realist school would claim that universals are real, and they are different from the particulars that instantiate them. The types of realism I will reference here are Aristotle’s ‘strong’ realism and Platonic realism. In contrast, the nominalist would assert that only particulars exist and deny that universals exist as real entities. Conceptualists urge that words that might seem to refer to universals actually refer to concepts. They are mind-dependent classificatory schemes. Realists tend to argue that universals must be distinct entities in order to account for various phenomena. For example, a common realist argument is that universals are required for certain general words to have meaning and for the sentences in which they occur to make sense. Words such as ‘to’, ‘on top of’, ‘honesty’, ‘rationality’ etc. cannot be labeled as particulars because there are no particular ‘things’ that they reference. The most famous of realists was Plato, who argued that for us to know something, that which we know must be unchanging. Since material individuals are subject to change, Plato argued, there must be things that don’t change, suitable as objects of genuine knowledge. Here fit universals. In terms of Platonic realism, he believes that in order to explain the qualitative identity...
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...CLASS ASSIGNMENT For PAPER 2, SECTION 2: WESTERN METAPHYSICS On WILLIAM OF OCKHAM SUBMITTED BY: HARISH S PEDPAROLU MA PART 1 WEEKDAY BATCH ABSTRACT This write-up seeks to take stock of the philosophy of William of Occam , in the context of his position in the history of medieval philosophy and with reference to not just his ‘razor ‘ but also of his views on ethics, politics and epistemology as well. It begins with an account of medieval philosophy and its chronology followed by a brief survey of the problems central to medieval musings. The problem of universals and particulars is then brought in and is discussed with reference to the raging conflict between the realists, on one hand , and the nominalists on the other . The views of Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus ,in reaction to whom , much of the philosophy of William of Occam took shape , are related . What follows is an account of Occam’s razor, its being rooted in Occam’s position on the problem of universals and the distinction he draws between the knowledge capable of being reasoned and the understanding based solely on faith. His ethical and political views are touched and a few comments are made about the impact and relevance of his views in the Middle Ages. The beginnings of what has come to be classified as the ‘Medieval period ‘ in the historical discourse...
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...In metaphysics, there have been countless arguments to prove the existence, or absence, of certain kinds of things, such as universals. There have been several attempts find a solution to the problem of universals, an unresolved issue which revolves around the question of whether or not universals actually exist, and if so, which particular form they take. Though there are many possible solutions to this question, in modern metaphysics one of the most popular stances on the issue is Realism, which can be further boiled down into two popular schools of thought, Aristotelian realism and Platonic realism. Although both forms of realism agree that universals are actual entities, they are distinguished by their contradictory views on the independence of universals. Aristotelian realism asserts that universals exist exclusively as properties instantiated by particulars, while Platonic realism suggests that universals can exist as entities separate of their particulars. However, with regards to the problem of universals, this distinction is negligible because both forms of realism use the same essential logic to attempt to prove the existence of universals. Realism hinges upon the idea that in order for certain phrases and ideas to be true, universals must be considered distinct entities. For example, consider the statement “the sky is blue.” There is a known entity, the sky, that, in all senses of the word, can be accurately described as being blue. This much is indisputably true. But...
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...QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM 1. What is control? 2. What is automatic control? 3. What is called as automatic control system? 4. What is the primary goal of automatic control? 5. What is called as object of management? 6. What is called as the operated size? 7. What is called as operating body? 8. What is called as a sensitive element? 9. What is the entrance and target sizes? 10. What is called as operating influence? 11. What is called as indignation? 12. What is called as a deviation from the set size? 13. What is called as the actuation device? 14. What is called as the setting device? 15. What is called as a function chart and of what it consists? 16. In what difference of a signal from physical size? 17. In what an essence of a principle of the opened management? 18. In what an essence of a principle of indemnification? 19. In what an essence of a principle of feedback? 20. List merits and demerits of principles of management? 21. What special case of management is called as regulation? 22. In what difference of systems of direct and indirect regulation? 23. List and give the short characteristic of principal views CS? 24. What is called as static mode CS? 25. What is called as static characteristics CS? 26. What is called as the equation of statics CS? 27. What difference from strengthening factor is called in transfer factor, in what? 28. In what difference...
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...Glossary of musical terminology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This is a list of musical terms that are likely to be encountered in printed scores, music reviews, and program notes. Most of the terms are Italian (see also Italian musical terms used in English), in accordance with the Italian origins of many European musical conventions. Sometimes, the special musical meanings of these phrases differ from the original or current Italian meanings. Most of the other terms are taken from French and German, indicated by "(Fr)" and "(Ger)", respectively. Others are from languages such as Portuguese, Latin, and Spanish. Unless specified, the terms are Italian or English. The list can never be complete: some terms are common, and others are used only occasionally, and new ones are coined from time to time. Some composers prefer terms from their own language rather than the standard terms here. Contents A· B· C· D· E· F· G· H· I· J· K· L· M· N· O· P· Q· R· S· T· U· V· W· Z See also· References· External links See also: Glossary of jazz and popular music A[edit] a, à (Fr): at, to, by, for, in, in the style of... a 2: see a due in this list a battuta: return to normal tempo after a deviation. Not recommended in string parts, due to possible confusion with battuto (qv.); use a tempo, which means the same thing. ab (Ger): Off, organ stops...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...give a clear picture of what they mean and the benefits that each stage has. She would better understand the stages and have a better understanding of how to get to each level if she knew more about them. Christine is being faced with some problems. The primary problem she is being faced with is that she is having difficulty getting the whole group to work together and understanding the importance of the group. The secondary problem is having Mike on the same page as the group and attending the meetings. Mike hasn’t attended the meetings and seems to be distant from the group. Christine needs to understand that she could have all the inputs in the world, but needs to have the proper outputs for the team to succeed. The team needs to be dynamic to succeed. The things of individual membership that Christine should of known are putting personal talents...
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...LAB - RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE Objectives: To measure volume flow rate, input head, hydraulic input power, torque, brake power & turbine efficiency when the brake force is increase Theoretical Background: Radial flow When a fluid flows radially inwards or outwards from a centre, between two parallel planes as in Fig. 6.21, the streamlines will be radial straight lines and the streamtubes will be in forms of sectors. The area of flow will therefore increase as the radius increases, causing the velocity to decrease. Since the flow pattern is symmetrical, the total energy per unit weight H will be the same for all streamlines and for all points along each streamlines if we assume that there is no loss of energy. [pic] Figure 6.21 If v is the radial velocity and p is the pressure at any radius r, H = p/ρg + v²/2g = constant …………………………(6.31) Applying the continuity of flow equation flow and assuming that the density of the fluid remains constant, as would be the case for the fluid, Volume rate of flow, Q = area x velocity = 2πrb x v where b is the distance between the planes. Thus, v = Q/2πrb and substituting in equation………(6.31) p/ρg + Q²/ 8π²r²b² = H p = ρg [ H – ( Q²/ 8π²b² ) x ( 1/r² )] …………………..(6.32) If the pressure p at any radius r is plotted in Fig. 6.21(c), the curve will be parabolic and is sometimes referred to as Barlow’s curve. If the flow discharges to the atmosphere at the...
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...Group Dynamics Most people within the organizations belong to some formal work group that establishes temporary or permanent groups to accomplish tasks and achievements. These groups consist of different people within the organization who work together to accomplish objectives of the company (Jex & Britt, 2008). It is important that there is an examination of the behavior of the groups so that a complete understanding of the behavior is obtained. There are many types of groups that people become a part of in their everyday life including family, community, church, and within their profession. Memberships to these groups are important because it plays an important role in their behaviors and attitudes. This paper will identify an organizational group of which I have been a part of and will give analysis of the group dynamics of my chosen group. As a part of the analysis the group will be described including the purpose, goals, and demographic nature such as gender, education, and so forth. The stages are development experienced by the group is described and the structure and effect of the structure on the effectiveness of the group is written to help readers understand the importance of the group. Explanation of the dynamics of group behavior within the group and analysis of the effect that group has on me concerning group polarization, conformity, and groupthink concepts. Counseling Department for Georgia Department of Corrections There are many reasons to why a...
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...The Most Important Characteristic of a Successful Group In my opinion the most important characteristic of a successful group is the Information seeker. It asks for clarification, facts and current information about the group. An information seeker is a very important person in a group because it has the ability to clarify any arguments, ideas and opinions with ease. A very good example of clarification would be that a person in the group will come up with many brainstorming ideas and opinions and is the job of the information seeker to organize and clear every theme so everyone in the group can understand what the topic is being discussed. One of the main problems in a group is that many of the group members sometimes don’t understand the material that is being discussed and more often feel very lost in the process, the information seeker does notice these problems and minimizes it’s stated in the paragraph before, the information seeker gathers facts and current information and it makes it easier for everyone in the group to understand everything that is being discussed. The information seeker also wants to stay current on the topic so it also incorporates a lot of current events regarding the information given. It is very important for an information seeker to keep every opinion and facts in order so the group can get a better understating and keep good moral in the group. In conclusion I do believe that information seeker is the most important characteristic of a successful...
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... TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Methodology • What is System Dynamics? • Stella Simulation Model 4. Background to the Problem 5. Nurse Scheduling Problem using LINDO 6. Data Analysis 7. Recommendations 8. Methodology limitation 9. Conclusion 10. Appendix & References ABSTRACT Purpose - To research on the possible operational problems that may lead to excessive patients’ waiting time. “Priority Operating” changes with time as a patient waits for service and resource gives due consideration to hierarchy present in the skill and selects next available patient for treatment. A patient’s experience in waiting time will radically influence his/her perceptions on quality of the service and to minimizing the cost of carrying excess capacity. Our project aimed at improving the patient experience in the critical care by looking into the problem of excessive wait times in the Critical care and we will identified variations in the critical care and how it is staffed and managed. Although these variations have the potential to sabotage efforts to reduce surgical wait times within the hospital, they also present significant opportunities for change and improvement. Method- This report describes how system dynamics using Stella model was used in the healthcare system in critical care units in Santa Clara Valley (SCV), California. Based on the data analysis...
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...How to Run a Focus Group * What is a focus group? A focus group is a small and structured meeting of approximately 8 – 10 people. Discussion revolves around a set of pre-determined topics to give you a set of rich qualitative information. Although focus groups take a while to set up and require a budget to run, once done, they can prove an efficient way of getting detailed information on a subject. Expect a focus group to give you a range of views from your target audience, and to find out why people hold these views. A focus group can take place either before or after your event, depending on what you want to find out. For example, if you want to know what motivates your audience to attend an event you might choose to run a focus group before they have seen an event. However, if the information you need is about their opinions of the event itself, then you will obviously need to take them to see something first. * Preparing for Session Invite around 6 to 8 people to participate for a session to last for about an hour. Then, prepare an agenda including a list of the top-level issues to be tackled (if appropriate). Prepare an introduction script explaining the purpose of the day and how the day will be run. This can include issues of consent and fire regulations (if relevant). Be sure to always use a quiet room with few distractions and arrange people in a circle (possibly around a table). * Developing Questions When you go into the group, go in prepared. Don't...
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...small groups of people may consist of diverse races, cultures, genders, ethics, religions, personality traits, and behaviors. Team members can successfully collaborate their skills to accomplish a common goal or task High-performance teams have core values; clear performance objectives; the right mix of skills; and diverse creativity (Hunt, J., Osborn, R., Schermerhorn, J., 2005). Open systems, group input factors, group dynamics, and inter-group dynamics are some sources that can help a group to become a high-performance team. These high-performance teams can achieve a more effective and efficient productivity when they collaborate in an open system. This system allows all members to add their creativity to the team. Creativity generates unique and novel responses to problems and opportunities (Hunt, J., Osborn, R., Schermerhorn, J., 2005). The group input factors are the brainstorming ideas of the team members to accomplish and perfect the task. The group dynamics are the successful ways the members interact to get the task completed. Inter-group dynamics is the energy...
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...Groups() - A group is defined as two or more individuals - Play an important roles in the lives. - Interacting and Interdependent, - Who have come together to achieve particular objectives. [pic] (Figure Shows Example of Groups, (Prof. Roger N. Nagel, Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, 2006)) - Members similar or dissimilar.(Huczynski, Buchanan, 2001) -Groups can be either formal or informal means: Formal: The deliberate and systematic grouping of people in an organization. What does an organization do? The total no. of people working in an organization is divided into smaller groups (teams or sections or departments)and each group is responsible for fulfilling a task which would ultimately contribute to fulfilling the organization’s goal. This increases the efficiency of the organization. Example :KCB: If we take KCB as an example, we all know that we have a larger goal of training students for the engineering profession. But within this larger goal, we want students to be trained for computer engg, electrical, mech, etc. So this larger goal is divided into departments (example computer department), which is a formal group in this larger organization. So, all the departments together achieve the goal of efficiently training the students for engineering purpose. Informal: The natural and spontaneous grouping of people whenever they work together over a period of time. Whenever people interact and work together over...
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