...Joe Jones The Impact of the Philosophes The philosophes believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life, just as Isaac Newton had applied reason to science. Five important concepts eventually formed the core of their philosophy: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty One of the most brilliant and influential of the philosophes was Voltaire. He published more than 70 books on politics, essays, philosophy, history, fiction, and drama. Voltaire never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. Many of his beliefs were adopted into the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights. Another influential philosophe was the Baron de Montesquieu. He devoted himself to the study of political liberty. Montesquieu studied the history of ancient Rome, and concluded that Rome’s collapse was directly related to its loss of political liberties. Because of its balance of power between three groups of officials, he believed Britain was the best-governed country of his day. The British king and his ministers held executive power, they carried out the laws of the state. The members of Parliament held legislative, or law making power. The Judges of each applied to a specific case. Montesquieu called this the separation of powers. Even though he oversimplified how exactly it all worked, his book, On the Spirit of Laws, greatly influenced how America’s government would work. So much so that checks...
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...Dylan Mains Philosophy 100-14 Prof. Dunch 24 October 2013 The Magnificent Philosopher King Education is a vital component of contemporary society in the pursuit of peace, harmony and ultimately justice. One must be wise enough to understand the principles of justice. In the Republic, Plato portrays the importance of education for being just through his justification for what the Philosopher King knows. The definition of justice is based on the people’s education, experience, and going through the process of shaping a just soul. In order to reach justice, one must experience and learn from the best moments of life to really appreciate it as well as have the wisdom to recognize it. The Philosopher Kings exemplify all of these traits and have an understanding of the world as it is, giving them the strongest foundation for understanding justice. Plato argues for the importance of education for justice in the Republic, emphasizing education in the forms for reaching justice; justice is the harmony between the three parts of the soul. As a result of having a harmonious balance between the three parts of the soul, one is able to achieve Plato’s view of justice. The main focus of education, from an individual’s perspective, is to gain knowledge. Reason is the most important aspect needed for a person who is seeking to understand justice and know how to achieve it. Plato points out that every soul contains three parts: appetite, spirit, and reason. In addition, Plato...
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...the area that deals with what science is, such as morals and the laws of the land that develop how one should live and ethics. An intrinsic good is not a means to something else, as cash can be a means to valuable pleasure. Instrumental good is something considered as a beneficial to some other good, an instrumental good leads to something else that is worthy. Science is a logical approach to studying the natural world. It is a determination of what is most likely to be accurate at the current time with the evidence at our view to determine the facts. The philosophy of science is the area that deals with what science is, how it and other things work, and the logic through which we develop scientific knowledge. Enlightenment philosophers have had a deep influence on the develop of society, they basically have given the structure to government today. European masterminds, for example, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are a portion of the European political scholars who have changed the course of history. John Locke was a 1600s English scholar that delivered thoughts which turned into the way to the Enlightenment. He trusted that individuals have a characteristic right to life, freedom, and property. These rights had a place with all people from the season of birth. Locke contended that rulers have an obligation to ensure its subjects, yet in the event that the administration comes up short in doing as such the general population have...
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...MAWLANA JALAL-UL-DIN BALKHI “RUMI” Jalal-Ul-Din Muhammad Balkhi also known as Rumi is one of the world’s most well-known philosophers. He was born in the city of Balkh, 30th of September, 1207, but spent most of his time abroad and died in Konya, Turkey 17th of December 1275. Rumi studied Islamic Law in Syria and had sustainable knowledge in fields of public speaking, Sufism, and poetry (Qemar). He was thought by the best scholars of his time, he learned poetry and Sufism from his father Bahudin Balkhi and his mentor Burhanudin Termizi. Rumi adopted a significant interest in literature and philosophy. He wrote two famous poems, Masnavi and Divan-I Kabir (The Great Collection of Poems). The first poem, Masnavi adopts its name from music where it is flowing in rhythm. Rumi wrote 18 couplets and dictated the rest.He told many stories of his own, but also borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Jewish sources, Quran and Hadith. Masnavi was completed in 14 years and arranged in 6 chapters which was written by Rumi himself. The writings was naturally and unplanned, it was like a theater, a play show involving many characteristics (Whinfield). The second famous poem Rumi wrote was Divan-I Kabir (The Great Collection of Poems), it is also called Divan-I Shams due to its last couplets. Divan-I Kabir contained 35,000 couplets about love and spiritual joy and was dictated in ecstasy and whirling. Rumi had several writings, he wrote Fifi Ma Fih (What is in it is in it) it contained 71 talks and lectures...
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...rarely the sole focus of extended philosophical treatment, it's difficult to find an important commentator in the history of ethical theory that hasn't given them some at least some attention. From Plato to Kant, from Hume to Rawls, everyone has something to say about the nature of promissory obligation. The past quarter century or so has seen something of a vogue in work on promising. Since the early 1990s we have seen significant contributions by Joseph Raz, Judith Thomson, Margaret Gilbert, Tim Scanlon, Stephen Darwall and many others. This makes Promises and Agreements: Philosophical Essays quite timely. And despite the traditional attention and the current popularity, this is the only collection of original essays on the nature of promising in print today. As such, it will be the obvious choice for those looking for a roundup of contemporary work in the field, whether for pedagogical or research purposes. Luckily, the volume is up to the task of standard bearing, containing as it does an excellent sample of the best and most innovative contemporary authors, and contributing to many of the traditional and recent debates in the field, as well as breaking some new paths. The collection contains fifteen original pieces, along with a substantial introduction by the editor. Included are many of the more prominent voices in the field today: Darwall, David Owens, Gilbert, Julia Driver, Michael Smith, Alastair Norcross, Daniel Friedrich and Nicholas Southwood. There is a lack of...
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...Famous Thinkers While scanning the articles of the all of the famous thinkers in the electronic reserve, I picked the two that I felt were most similar. Once I started looking at the choices we had to choose from, I told myself that I was not going to do the stereotypical thing and go with Dr. Martin Luther King. Even though I knew he was a famous thinker even before looking at the list, I chose not use his articles. On the other hand, I was disappointed that there were no articles pertaining to President Barack Obama. Knowing that he won a Nobel Peace Prize just for his ideas alone, I thought that he would be among this list. The first article that caught my attention was, “Why I am Not a Christian”, by B. Russell. The next article I chose was, “Not a Minute to Hate”, by Cornell West. Bertrand Arthur William Russell was born in 1872. He was not brought up in the traditional education forum, instead, Bertrand Russell was taught by tutors and governesses. Being taught by tutors and governesses allowed him to gain knowledge of French and German, perfectly. Bertrand Russell was very well versed in politics and philosophy. He had a very outspoken set of morals and during the years, these morals landed him in prison as he gave lectures around the country. In 1927, Russell opened a school for children, as he continued to give lectures around the country. He had over 25 principal publications published beginning in 1896. Russell also received the Nobel Peace...
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...Evangelism in the Early Church [Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary, November 14, 1985] by Joel L. Pless The primary mission of the Christian Church is to preach the gospel to all nations, it is to win souls for Christ. The fact that there are approximately one billion at least nominal Christians in the world indicates that Christ’s Great Commission has been at least partially carried out. This monograph will research how and by whom was the Great Commission enacted in the “early days” of the Christian church, during its first four centuries (100-500 A.D.) This research paper will not contribute creatively to the study of theology or methods of evangelism, but it will rather compile from a representative bibliography facts concerning evangelism in the early Church. Granted, research on this topic has been undertaken before by individuals with far greater academic credentials than the writer of these lines. But this monograph will attempt to condense the vast amount of material written on this topic into a monograph on evangelism in the early Church which is long enough to adequately cover the subject but still short enough to be interesting. This essay will approach the topic by asking the basic questions, why?, what?, who?, to whom?, and how?( William C. Weinrich, “Evangelism in the Early Church,” in Concordia Theological Quarterly, vol. XLV, (January-April 1981), pp. 61-74.) When possible, primary sources from the early Church fathers will be quoted in translation. The ultimate...
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...Henry Chadwick’s The Early Church is the first of a remarkable seven volume series of the story of Christianity published by Penguin Press in England. This volume, first published in 1967 and revised in 1993, maintains present day relevance. Because of its broad sweep, the text is not drastically altered by recent discoveries or interpretations. Constantine’s “Donation” remain the fraud we studied generations ago. Because the author has focused heavily upon the developing theology and creedal development of Christian identity, and drawn extensively on Christian Fathers and congenial classical authors and philosophers, there is an element of timelessness to the text. Chadwick begins with a survey of first century Christian relations with brother...
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...Book Review on Augustine as Mentor CHHI 520D18 LUO (Fall 2013) Church History I Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Reed E. Harvey (ID# 24867788) December 16, 2013 THESIS STATEMENT Determine whether the mentoring approach used by Augustine, an Early Church Father is yet relevant for today’s church. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction …………….……………………….………………………………….…4 II. Brief Summary ……….…………………………………………….………………...4 III. Critical Interaction ………………………………………………………………….6 IV. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………7 Working Bibliography …………………………………………………………………...9 I. Introduction This review will provide a summarization and critical interaction with the text: Augustine as Mentor authored by Edward L. Smither. Smither is associate professor of Church History and Intercultural Studies at Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary. Other areas of scholarly interest include the Early Church, evangelical missions among Arabs and the history of missions. The thesis of this text is, “that Augustine effectively mentored spiritual leaders and set them apart for needed ministries in the church.” II. Brief Summary Smither sets the table for this text through an in-depth analysis and look at mentoring in the first century. Special emphasis centered on mentoring done by Jesus with the Disciples as found in the Gospels and with the Apostle Paul from the book of Acts and Paul’s epistles. Smither’s...
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...The Canonization of the New Testament When we think about the New Testament in our Bibles today most of us pay little attention to, or have little regard for the history that surrounds how it came to be. This is partly because of the high position we as Evangelicals have for our Bibles. We are taught that the Bible is infallible and never contradicts itself. I agree whole heartedly that the Bible is God's Holy Word and infallible non contradictory. But two weeks ago if you were to ask me how the Bible was put together or "canonized", I would have told you that there was some sort of council that decided which books should be in there, but ultimately it was God's sovereign will. Now the last part would be correct, but the rest is at best debatable. So how was the Bible put together? Since the argument is extremely complex and much of the details are lost or were never recorded, we will be exploring the different events that drove the movement, along with several different opinions of when the Bible was Complete or Canonized. There were two particular movements during the second century that made the Church realize a need to have a compilation of books that were universally accepted. The first movement, although not as well know, was Marcionism. This heretical sect was started by Marcion who was born into Christianity but had a deep dislike for Judaism and the material world. He believed that the God and Father of Jesus are not the same as the creator Yahweh, and it was...
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...REL 312 Early Christianity “In the years after Jesus ‘death, how did the first Christians survive and build strong communities?” The first Christians were all Jews either by birth or conversion. The early Christians used the Jewish bible (the torah) generally in the Greek or Aramaic translations. The early Christians practiced still in the Jewish synagogs. Tension raised inside the synagogue. The Jewish leaders and Pharisees persecuted the early Christians. Especially Saul of tarsus, who converted and changed his name to Paul. This led to the Christ believers to escape to Jerusalem. The Christians needed to separate themselves from the Jewish synagogue and form their own church. They still practiced the Jewish faith intertwined with Christ’ teachings and parables. The early Christians have believed that Christ would return to them in their life time. When it became clear to them that they needed to pass down the teachings to future generations, they started writing the teachings and accounts down. They had to create their own church structure. Where baptism and the lords supper were essential. The first gospel written was the book of mark. Mark depended on written documents in Greek and oral history in his community. Later Mathew and Luke where written. Where scholars see that Mathew and Luke’s teachings were cummunative of mark and the source “Q”. “Q” being an oral community. The early church taught how Jesus was a radical reformer of the Jewish faith...
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...gospel was written before AD62 is that there is no mention of the fall of Jerusalem in the book of acts which happened in the AD70’s this was quite a big event that took place and was still not mentioned. The book of acts only seems to focus on the events that were relevant before the fall of Jerusalem. If the book of acts was written before AD62 then the gospel of Luke was written a short time before this. Luke’s purpose was to present the progression of the gospel from Jerusalem and Rome. Another possible date that is argued is the AD80’s as Luke’s knowledge of the great fall of Jerusalem as an event of the past is more apparent compared to Matthew and mark. Luke depended on marks gospel which is usually dated in the late AD70’s and the early AD80’s, but however the timing of mark and Luke’s use of it would have to require a date for Luke in the AD80’s. Luke refers to previous events or accounts he has investigated before composing them on his own behalf; this would therefore suggest a later rather than earlier date for Luke. In the book of acts Paul is made out to be an heroic and...
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...Is it appropriate to attempt to be an "Acts Church" today - that is, is it appropriate to use the book of Acts as a guide to establishing and operating a Church today? Why or why not? I would be absolutely thrilled to either be a member of or a minister in a church that is as dedicated to Jesus and spreading the word of God as the early church described on page 416 of our text book by Darrell Bock. It was difficult overcoming their life long teachings and laws but once they were enlightened they were just as stubborn holding to the word of the Messiah as they were to the laws of Moses. Acts 19:8 tells us that Paul taught in the synagogue for three months but the Jews rejected bitterly and tried to teach against Jesus and his doctrine; so they left and taught at the school of Tyrannus and some of the Jews that could not worship Jesus in the synagogue went to listen to Paul and believed. They had a hard time moving from the law to grace but now we are taught many things that just is not Bible based and has turned many away. However, I don’t believe that we can stand at the entrance and ask all who enter if they have sinned today. We don’t have to allow them to join the church without being examined to know that they are living a Christian life. There are many false doctrines, false teachings in the church today. Most are probably only a misinterpretation of the Bible by those that have little to no training. An article on the web talks about how false doctrine is introduced and...
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...For Entrance in Fall 2013 Application Supplement Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 86 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Please indicate under which timetable you are applying: Restrictive Early Action Please return this form to us as soon as possible, and by October 15, if possible. Final deadline is November 1. Valid for entrance in September 2013 only. Please submit this form as well as the Common Application or the Universal College Application as soon as possible. Regular Decision Please return this form to us as soon as possible, and by December 15 if at all possible. Final deadline is January 1. A completed application includes all portions of the Common Application or the Universal College Application, as well as the Harvard Application Supplement, required official testing results, a Secondary School Report, two Teacher Evaluations and a $75 application fee or fee waiver request. Full legal name Goswami Last/Family IE Arunesh First Apt./Unit W Middle Jr., etc. Prefer to be called Date of Birth 02/02/1994 (MM/DD/YYYY) Address 324-D TYPE-2 BLOCK-6 NEYVELI No. and Street CUDDALORE DISTRICT PR EV NEYVELI City State/Province India Country 607803 Zip/Postal Code Telephone Number (home) 091041422683 (cell) 091809813561 Secondary School JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL CEEB/ACT code 000004 If you can be reached by fax or e-mail, please provide a fax number or e-mail address and name of the contact person...
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...The question is traditionally referred to as the formation of the canon. To begin our investigation we will need to have a sound understanding of the terminology. Our English word "canon" is a loan-word from the Latin canon, which in turn was derived from the Greek kanon. For our purposes it is important to trace the linguistic development of the term. While the Greek word kanon does occur in the New Testament it cannot be translated by "canon" in English. In each case it is more suitably translated "rule" or "standard" (2 Cor.10:13,15,16; Gal.6:16; Phil.3:16). It will be noted that all the occurrences of the word are in Paul's writings, and in none of these instances is he referring to the canon of Scripture. That was to be a much later development. Movement in this direction occurred when "in the second century in the Christian church kanon came to stand for revealed truth, rule of faith." 1 Here we are distinguishing the redemptive-historical idea of the Canon, in which we may take note of three main elements: 1. That of exclusive authority, according to the authorization of the apostles by Christ himself; 2. That of a qualitatively closed unity, according to the unrepeatable and unique character of the apostolic witness; 3. That of fixation and stabilization, according to its destination as foundation and depositum custodi of the Church. At the same time, it should be stated that this concept of the Canon cannot be harmonized with the idea that the Canon...
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