...All empty space does not consist of stones. 6. Therefore, stones do not exist. To go even further, I can add another step in order to conclude that ordinary objects do not exist. The additional step would be that if ordinary objects exist, then stones must also exist. Therefore, ordinary objects do not exist. First we must see what objects exists and what objects occupy a position in space and time. Objects in the universe include planets, people, atoms, chairs, and the sun. They are all made out of parts and they are all composite objects. In order to explain the idea of composition we can say that the x’s compose a composite object if and only if the x’s, taken together have a function that none of them have separately, the x’s are physically bonded, and the x’s are inseparable. Nihilism supports Unger’s idea that stones do not exist because nihilism supports the idea that composition never occurs and therefore,...
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...INTD 103 Freehand Drawing | Elements and principles of art and design | The elements and principles of design are the building blocks used to create a work of art. The elements of design can be thought of as the things that make up a painting, drawing, design etc. Good or bad - all paintings will contain most of if not all, the seven elements of design.The Principles of design can be thought of as what we do to the elements of design. How we apply the Principles of design determines how successful we are in creating a work of art. THE ELEMENTS OF DESIGNLINE Line can be considered in two ways. The linear marks made with a pen or brush or the edge created when two shapes meet.SHAPE A shape is a self contained defined area of geometric or organic form. A positive shape in a painting automatically creates a negative shape.DIRECTION All lines have direction - Horizontal, Vertical or Oblique. Horizontal suggests calmness, stability and tranquillity. Vertical gives a feeling of balance, formality and alertness. Oblique suggests movement and action see notes on directionSIZE Size is simply the relationship of the area occupied by one shape to that of another.TEXTURE Texture is the surface quality of a shape - rough, smooth, soft hard glossy etc. Texture can be physical (tactile) or visual. see notes on textureCOLOUR Also called Hue see notes on colourVALUE Value is the lightness or darkness of a colour. Value is also called Tone see notes on tonal contrastTHE...
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...Visual Art Critique MUS 2313.003 Event: Gallery I & II of the Department of Art and Design Where: JCM Building at Texas State University Craven Image- Bill Komodore The Craven Painting was the first to catch my eye. Perhaps this was because the texture made the image seem blurry or maybe it was because it was the biggest, colorful painting you see when you walk in the door. Whatever the reason, I just had to stop and stare. At first glance it look like a soda can, and when you squinted your eyes, it even looked like the word ‘Craven’ that was in the middle said Coke. But maybe this was just what I saw especially because I was thirsty at the time. As for what is being said, I can honestly say I do not know. I am not an imaginative person so art is a weak point for me. I know craven means cowardly, which makes me think that he uses the background to abject fear to the audience. He then contrasts the background blacks and greys with a sudden orange in the middle, which draws the attention viewer’s attention to the center. The object in the middle looks like a jar that could be characterized with feeling entrapped which could continue to evoke fear. Last but not least, the lines in this painting are running in many different directions. As Dennis Spore says, “Artists use line to control our vision, to create unity” (Sporre, 15). In this artwork the artist actually does the opposite, with “non traditional brushstrokes”, to create chaos that continues the feeling of trepidation...
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...the cards for Manet. Ironically, his art career is still being appreciated over a century later. Manet's uncle, Edmond Fournier, supported Manet is his early art interests, arranging frequent trips to the Louvre. Eventually, Manet and his parents were on the same page and they supported his calling for art. The artist’s use of color, space and composition: The lemon by Manet is a unique piece of art. Manet utilizes realism to capture the simplistic form of the fruit. However, this painting is nothing less than sophisticated demonstrating Manet’s true command of color and touch with his brush. The painting is encompassed by dull, dark colors with sporadic brightness. Manet uses different forms of yellow to capture the color, shape, and texture of the lemon. The sudden brightness in the painting can be seen as the natural reflection that the lemon and the plate give off. He also utilizes dark browns mixed with green to reflect the depth and texture of the plate. His brush strokes are different throughout the painting. At times the brush strokes are hard and streaky, and at other times very clean. The painting is open composition, with the plate that the lemon is resting on going off the canvas. The lemon is horizontally depicted, with a strong shallow sense of...
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...compose, within strict boundaries, while playing. There are actually fully written ensemble compositions out there without improvisation. The compositions are still considered modal improvisation because the compositions still follow the conventions of maqam. 2. Islamic Call to Prayer and Jewish biblical cantillation are not considered “music” of “singing,” because of sensuality. Islam believes music is overly sensual. Islamic Call to Prayer does have definite pitch, rhythm, and contour. However, Islam does not think of Call to Prayer as sensual, but “as heightened speed or ‘holy’ speech, delivered in a style requiring both declamation and the spinning out of syllables”(248). Full-fledged singing is often forbidden for Judaism because of sensuality. To get around full-fledged singing, Judaism uses the term cantillation. Cantillation is thought of as a heightened speech that is between speaking and singing. Even if a cantillation has a melody, it is still not referred to as “singing.” 3. There are many factors that make Persian classical music different from Arabic music. One of the differences is the difference between the Arabic maqam and Persian dastgah. While Persian musicians have created “composed” melodic phrases, Arab musicians rely on oral tradition of melodic phrases. The “composed” melodic phrases created by the Persian musicians make short compositions, and are called gusheh....
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...レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ 『絵画論』 ▪ レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ(1452 -1519) o イタリアのルネサンス期を代表する芸術家 o 本名はレオナルド・ディ・セル・ピエーロ・ダ・ヴィンチ (Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ) o 絵画、彫刻、建築、音楽、科学、数学、工学、発明、解剖学、地学、地誌学、植物学など o 万能人(uomo universale )、「飽くなき探究心」と「尽きることのない独創性」 o 肖像画『モナ・リザ』と宗教画『最後の晩餐』 o 絵画作品、レオナルドが残したドローイングや科学に関するイラストが描かれた手稿、絵画に対する信念 ▪ 手稿 o ルネサンス人文主義 o 13,000ページ、手稿にドローイング o 芸術と自然哲学が融合したもの o レオナルドが興味と関心を持ったあらゆる分野の事象が書かれている。 ▪ 「絵の本」から 絵画とほかの芸術との • 絵画と詩人との相違 • 絵画と音楽との相違 • 絵画と彫刻との相違 遠近法 Perspective • 線的遠近法 • 色彩遠近法 • 消失遠近法 • 空気遠近法 光、影、色 ▪ 参考文献 杉浦明平訳 岩波文庫 レオナルドダビンチの手記 （上） The Notebooks of Leonardo, Da Vinch Irma A. Richter, Oxford University Press －絵画とほかの芸術との 画家は、自分をする美を見たいと思えば、 肝をつぶす：to be amazed 実際この宇宙の中に本質として、現在としてあるいは想像としてあるものを、かれはまず頭の中に、次は手の中に所有する。そしてそれは非常に優秀なので、それらがいかなるものであろうとも、同時に一眸の中に均衡のとれた調和を生じる。these are of such excellence that they can present a proportioned and harmonious view of the whole, that can be seen simultaneously, at one glance, just as things in nature. 絵画は自然から生まれる、自然の孫。 絵画を軽蔑するものは哲学をも、また自然を愛していない． he who despises painting loves neither philosophy nor nature. 絵と詩の 絵と音楽 音楽は絵画の姉妹という以外に呼びようがない。 眼に比べて第二次的な感官たる聴覚に従い、 for she is depending on hearing, the sense which comes second[1],and her harmony is composed of the union of its proportional parts sounded simultaneously, rising and falling in one or more harmonic...
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...In this essay I will attempt to analyze the artwork named “Beguiling Lure “ by Isaac Talley made in 2009. The medium of this artwork is acrylic and oil on canvas. The composition is simple with the main focus being a dangling object and a portrait of a single bird. The multi coloring of the background is bright and soft with dark and light hues. The artist was able to deliver the paint onto the canvas in different directions and angles which gives the appearance of overlapping colors,roughness and a uneven texture. There is a small horizontal space that has been left blank and untouched in the middle of the canvas that provides a dividing line separating the upper portion of the painting from the lower portion. Even though there is no similarities in the main two subjects in the painting the artist brings balance, proportion and unity to his work by using the same background colors and patterns from top to bottom. The eye is automatically drawn towards two specific areas on the canvas and directly to the middle upper portion of the painting where a circular white object is attached to a dark blue string of yarn that hangs from a peg at the top of the canvas. In the bottom right corner a is a painting of a black bird standing with its back to the viewer as it looks towards the hanging object. I think the painting is a form of expression in which the intention is to give the viewer an increased awareness of how we have become a materialistic society. Because of our increased...
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...Noticeable from the distance is the installation called For Lots of Lost Windows by Akiko Utsumi. It is conceptual art combining nature and man-made materials that invites its viewers to look beyond what is present in time and grasp the spiritual connection that the evolving nature presents. The scale of the installation is evidently intended to be large and visible from distance that it is too large compared to the common windows in our houses. The composition is divided from the foreground, the middle ground, and the background. The idea and purpose of the artist is for the viewer to rediscover the beautiful scenery through her “own view” - her window. The window is a standalone structure that stands as a foreground in an open space covered...
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...introduced to music when he was five years old when his father taught him the solfeggio and the banduria. Abelardo completed his first composition, a waltz entitled "Ang Unang Buko" dedicated to his grandmother, at the age of eight. By the age of thirteen, he was playing at saloons and cabarets in Manila, and by fifteen, he was teaching at barrio schools in San Ildefonso and San Miguel in Bulacan. In 1916, Abelardo entered the University of the Philippines Coservatory of Music, taking courses under Guy F. Harrison and Robert Scholfield. During his studies, he composed the melody of the university's official anthem, U.P. Naming Mahal. After earning a teacher's certificate in science and composition in 1921, he was appointed head of the composition department at the Conservatory in 1924. Years later, he ran a boarding school for young musicians, among which were Antonino Vuenaventura, Alfredo Lozano, and Lucino Sacramento. Abelardo died in 1934 at the age of 41, leaving behind a collection of roughly 140 compositions. He is known for redefining the kundiman, bringing the form to art-song status. Notable among his works are 'Nasaan Ka Irog," "Magbalik Ka Hirang," and "Himutok." The main theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the building housing the College of Music in UP Diliman(Abelardo Hall) were named in his honor and memory. Compositions: Nasaan Ka Irog Magbalik Ka Hirang...
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...music and have significantly aided the progression of music composition in the twentieth-century. These three composers are Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg and Claude Debussy. I will assess their compositional styles by investigating in to some of the structures they used and the meaning and thinking behind their movements and symphonies. Gustav Mahler (July, 1860) was a late-Romantic composer and was a huge influence on modern music both with his music and his conducting. One piece of music that he is forever recognised by is his Song of the Earth (Das Lied von der Erde) composed in 1907-1908. This was first performed later on, unfortunately not conducted by Mahler himself as it was performed after his death. It was a huge piece of work written for two soloists, which was very rarely done, and an almighty orchestra. This would have been his ninth symphony but ‘Mahler refused to call it No.9 out of superstitions dread: Beethoven and Bruckner had got no further than nine, and he half seriously hoped to cheat death by stopping his numbering at eight’. (Cooke 1980, p.104) However others say this isn't the whole truth and that it wasn't named No.9 because this song meant a lot more to him. The song was separated into six separate movements, each of these became their own individual song. However it is the first movement - Drinking song of the Earths Wretchedness, I will be analysing. Throughout Mahler’s song of the earth there was completely full of a range of colour and different...
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...482 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS—PART B: CYBERNETICS, VOL. 42, NO. 2, APRIL 2012 An Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm With Novel Mutation and Crossover Strategies for Global Numerical Optimization Sk. Minhazul Islam, Swagatam Das, Member, IEEE, Saurav Ghosh, Subhrajit Roy, and Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—Differential evolution (DE) is one of the most powerful stochastic real parameter optimizers of current interest. In this paper, we propose a new mutation strategy, a fitnessinduced parent selection scheme for the binomial crossover of DE, and a simple but effective scheme of adapting two of its most important control parameters with an objective of achieving improved performance. The new mutation operator, which we call DE/current-to-gr_best/1, is a variant of the classical DE/current-to-best/1 scheme. It uses the best of a group (whose size is q% of the population size) of randomly selected solutions from current generation to perturb the parent (target) vector, unlike DE/current-to-best/1 that always picks the best vector of the entire population to perturb the target vector. In our modified framework of recombination, a biased parent selection scheme has been incorporated by letting each mutant undergo the usual binomial crossover with one of the p top-ranked individuals from the current population and not with the target vector with the same index as used in all variants of DE. A DE variant obtained...
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...Science has come a long way, especially in the field of astronomy. What early civilizations could only speculate, mankind can now know for certain thanks to modern advancements. Science has given precise measurements of unimaginable distances, images of objects billions of kilometers away, and detailed information about planets and moons humans have never visited. Astronomers use various methods to determine the composition and atmosphere of a planet. One method to determine the composition is sending probes or astronauts to the surface. Astronauts brought rocks from the moon, which were studied to determine that the moon's composition is similar to Earth's. A more recent mission to find information about extra-terrestrial bodies is the Cassini-Huygens...
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...The Origin of the Moon: discussion on the gradual perfection of proposed hypotheses Introduction The Moon is the easiest and most familiar object that human can catch in the clear night. The Moon as known as our Earth’s only natural satellite is indicated by Rick Carlson in recent research to have an age of between 4.40 and 4.45 billion years, which is not long after the origin of the Earth. However, the origin of the Moon is still not defined and further research on this topic is continuous. The exploration of formation of the Moon is gradually per fected by the various proposed theories started from 1878 to nowadays. This research essay will discuss both the past and present hypotheses of origin of the Moon. The past hypotheses also known as “The Big Three” referring to Fission, Capture and Accretion hypotheses are popular in different times and centuries before the Apollo mission flew in 1972 (Tyson, 2000). However, the study on the moon rock brought by Apollo’s program gives unavailable clues for “The Big Three”(Tyson, 2000). Nowadays, the Giant Impact Hypothesis is regarded as the most leading theory that is most accepted in present. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted, some studies supported this theory; others may create new theory to challenge this Giant Impact Hypothesis, which make this hypothesis still arguable. However, whatever these hypotheses failed or will achieve, they bring a better understanding on the formation of planet’s satellites in our Solar System (Zhong...
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...deep space. b Humans mine coal. h Continents deflect ocean currents. k Winds generate waves. c Plants release oxygen. n A stream carves a canyon. l Fish live in oceans. e Asteroid impacts Earth. a 2. Describe how the intensity of sunlight (insolation) varies as a function of latitude. Insolation decreases with increased latitude. 3. How does insolation explain why the equator hotter than the poles? The sun shines on the equator 100% of the time. 4. What effect does tilting the Earth’s rotational axis have on the distribution of solar radiation (insolation)? It causes seasons. 5. Why it can be winter in the U.S. when it is summer in Australia? Because of the way the Earth tilts toward the sun. When it is summer in the US, it is winter in Australia. 6. At what latitude are direct rays hitting during each season in the U.S.? Spring Summer Fall Winter 0-23.5N 23.5N-0 0-23.5S 23.5S-0 7. What would happen to temperatures in Australia if Earth’s tilt angle increased during summer in the northern hemisphere and why? It would become much colder in Australia. 8. Compare and contrast compositional and mechanical boundaries in the Earth. The Earth has 3 compositional layers: 1. Crust-composed of silicate rock. There are 2 separate types: continental and oceanic. 2. The mantle: consisting of ultramafic silicate rock which can flow when subjected to long duration...
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...Questions GLG/220 10/02/2013 Critical and Creative Thinking Questions Chapter 1 3. How do you think the principle of uniformitarianism accounts for occasional catastrophic events such as meteorite impacts, huge volcanic eruptions, or great earthquakes? The principle of uniformitarianism states the processes occurring on Earth today are very similar in manner as those throughout much of geologic times. In other words “the present is the key to the past.”(Murck, B. W., Skinner, B. J., & Mackenzie, D. (2010)). When looking at past geological events and occurrences that happened in the past with additions of new testing and technology they can predict when and if volcanic eruptions may occur, meteorite impacts and their damages, and if plate shifts will occur resulting in earthquakes. Scientists rate the earthquakes on a scale based on how damaging they are. 5. In what ways do geologic processes affect your daily life? Daily activities including the water we drink or the tress we plant to help prevent and control soil erosion are a part of geologic processes. Earth materials and processes affect our lives through our dependence on Earth resources; through geologic hazards such as volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes; and through the physical properties of the natural environment (Murck, B. W., Skinner, B. J., & Mackenzie, D. (2010)). Understanding Earth’s materials is important because we depend on its resources for building, soil for agricultural needs...
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