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Earthquake Danger in Midwest

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Submitted By bonynge
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“Earthquake Danger in the Midwest”

Kaplan University
SC300-13
July 1, 2011

The United States Geological Society (2011) states “The world’s earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the earth’s surface, and tend to be concentrated in narrow zones”. This statement seems to hold true when it comes to the distribution of earthquakes in the United States as they happen primarily in those narrow fault zones. These fault zones are located in Alaska (Prince William Sound), on our West Coast ( San Andreas Fault), on our East Coast (Rambo Fault Line) and in the Midwest (New Madrid Fault) which all lying on the North American Tectonic Plate, a massive irregularly shaped slab of solid rock which is approximately 8000 kilometers or almost 5000 miles wide (Trefil and Hazen, 2011). Tectonic plates are in constant motion as they interact along their margins to form mountain belts, earthquakes and volcanoes. Plate size can vary greatly, from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across; the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest. Living in Cincinnati, Ohio carries a relatively high risk of a major earthquake because it lies on the border of the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) and the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone (WVSZ) which have the most active geological areas in the eastern United States. The smaller of the two areas is the Wabash Valley area which lies in the Southeastern part of Illinois and Southwestern part of Indiana and came to fame most recently after a 5.4 magnitude earthquake struck Mt. Carmel Illinois on April 18, 2008 (WVSZ, 2011). The New Madrid Seismic Zone as shown in the drawing below shows the highest risk in and around the Tennessee/Arkansas borders and a level VII whereas my hometown of Cincinnati is not far behind with a level VI.

[pic]

Roman numerals indicate estimated Modified Mercalli intensities for a 6.5 magnitude earthquake.

Based on maps in W. Atkinson, 1989, The Next New Madrid Earthquake, Southern Illinois University Press A series of four (4) strong earthquakes occurred from December 16th 1810 until February 7, 1812 when the strongest earthquakes in the lower 48 occurred with a magnitude of 8.7 in the New Madrid Zone (MTU, 2011). This earthquake was so strong it changed the flow along the Mississippi, Arkansas and Ohio Rivers and developed a new lake in Tennessee called Reel Lake. This quake was felt as far away as 1200 miles in Quebec, Canada, the Atlantic seaboard and the Rocky Mountains (IDNR, 2011). When speaking about the patterns of distributions across the continental United States we must start by mentioning Alaska first as it is by far the most earthquake prone state in our country and is home to the second largest earthquake ever recorded in history. Many people think that only the lower 48 states are included in the term continental United States, however they are incorrect as Alaska, even though not “contiguous” is still considered part of the continental US because it is part of North America. That second largest earthquake ever recorded was in Alaska’s Prince William Sound, located in the southern section of Alaska had a magnitude of 9.2 earthquake in 1964 which created a devastating tsunami felt as far away as California (Alaska Earthquake Information Center (n.d.) 2011). Alaska is also home to the longest intraplate (the interior of a tectonic plate) called the Denali Fault which could present catastrophic implications for this country as it is home to the trans-Alaska pipeline our major domestic carrier of U.S. Oil and the largest fishing industry in our country. Additional hotspots for a high risk of a strong quake is an area called the Cascadia Subduction Zone located in the Pacific Northwest, the Wasatch Fault which lies underneath Salt Lake City, and Hawaii. There are a few areas of the world which are most susceptible to major quakes than others with the Asian countries like Japan, Manila, New Guinea, Fiji and Indonesia all have great potential. South America’s western coast (Chili and Peru) as well as even Antarctica have their share on earthquakes and greater risk. Looking at the USGS Government website the earthquakes and magnitudes for the last few days are in the 5.1 to 6.4 range with most being in the areas mentioned as the worlds most susceptible. Preparing for life in a so called “RED” zone would certainly take some planning. Considering the catastrophic devastation in the 7.0 earthquake in Haiti I would need to have emergency supplies such as a portable radio with a large supply of batteries, tools to turn of water or gas leaks, first aid supplies, fire extinguishers, and enough water and purification tablets for at least 1 gallon per day per person. Living supplies would also be necessary with canned or packaged food for several weeks, food for your pets, fuel for a camp stove and a means to dispose of waster products (USGS, 2011). I would be willing to live in a “RED” zone as long as I had my disaster preparation kit and/or had the ability to get out if needed. I just am not sure living life with that kind of fear is really the quality of life that I am looking for. You just can’t control everything in your life. Comparing the list of the highest magnitude earthquakes since 1900 to a list of most recent destructive earthquakes you find Northern Sumatra, Sichuan China and Haiti, but only Northern Sumatra sits on both lists with a 9.1 magnitude and about 228,000 deaths. However most of the death in Sumatra came from not the earthquake but the tsunami that came afterwards. I am not sure you can correlate magnitude to destruction as I think there are more variables to take into consideration, those being density of population near the epicenter, time of day, strength or age of building in the affected area.

Location Date UTC Magnitude Reference 1. Chile 1960 05 22 9.5 2. Prince William Sound, Alaska 1964 03 28 9.2 3. Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra 2004 12 26 9.1 4. Near the East Coast of Honshu, Japan 2011 03 11 9.0 5. Kamchatka 1952 11 04 9.0 6. Offshore Maule, Chile 2010 02 27 8.8 7. Off the Coast of Ecuador 1906 01 31 8.8 8. Rat Islands, Alaska 1965 02 04 8.7 9. Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 03 28 8.6 10. Assam - Tibet 1950 08 15 8.6 (USGA, 2011) The tool of the trade in predicting or verifying an earthquake is the seismograph. This piece of equipment is virtually the only means or monitoring what is happening with earthquakes around the world, however there is new technology to warm people of a potential tsunami, particularly in Southeast Asia. I think this kind of equipment was developed in an effort to save lives; perhaps the future will bring more sophisticated equipment that will warn people of that eminent earthquake. Biological energy is associated with living organisms and the sustainment of that organism such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Geological energy is volcanoes erupting and plates moving which also can be thought of as a way of sustaining earthquakes. The difference is living versus non-living. The similarity is that they both need something to keep them going. In conclusion I believe that with the strength of the earthquake in 1812 set the stage for concern for future earthquakes of the same magnitude in and around my hometown of Cincinnati and the New Madrid Fault. As a matter of fact I felt a strong earthquake in August of 1980 while I was pregnant with my first child that made me wonder if this was the beginning of labor. Unfortunately everyone else in the room that wasn’t pregnant felt it also.

References
(Alaska Earthquake Information Center 2011622)Alaska Earthquake Information Center. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http://www.aeic.alaska.edu/html_docs/overview.html
(Iowa Department Of Natural Resources Anderson Raymond R Vandorpe Paul E 2011629 Iowa Perspective on Midwestern Earthquakes)Iowa Department Of Natural Resources, Anderson, Raymond R., & Vandorpe, Paul E. (n.d.). Iowa Perspective on Midwestern Earthquakes. Retrieved June 29, 2011, from http://www.igsb.uiowa.edu/browse/quakes/quakes.htm
(Michigan Tech University Up Seis 2011625 Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States)Michigan Tech University, & Up Seis. (n.d.). Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States. Retrieved June 25, 2011, from http://www.geo.mtu.edu/upseis/area/html
(United States Geological Society Department Of Energy 20110622)United States Geological Society, & Department Of Interior. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http:// earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?faqID=77
(Trefil James Hazen Robert 2011 Sciences: An Integrated Approach)Trefil, James , & Hazen, Robert (2011). The Sciences: An Integrated Approach (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

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