...Introduction： With the deteriorating environment, environmental protection becomes a topic of concern by the public. Because of Carbon dioxide emissions from traditional vehicles is a major factor in destroying the ozone layer that the concept of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) or electronic vehicles (EVs) came out which been defined as ‘a promising technology for reducing the GHG emissions and other environment impacts of road transport’ (Max, G et al 2011) the ZEVs or EVs will help not only protect the environment and air quantity but can also decrease the demand of non-renewable energy. With the characteristic of protect environment and save sources, the zero-emission vehicles become the product with social expectation and has the trends to be used widely in the future. However the ZEVs or EVs also has limitation and barriers to entry the markets because of its unknown demand, technology problem and consultation issues among government and vehicle manufactures, also the new formulation of laws and regulation for the development of zero-commission vehicles. The article is going to identify and discuss about the current marketing environment for ZEVs and EVs to find out the factors that are affecting the customers behaviors, also will identify the barriers for the ZEVs and EVs to entry the Australia market and apply marketing mix for provide suggestions to overcome the entry barriers. The Context The main problem of how the zero-emission or electric car could be introduced to the Australian...
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...automobiles. Cars have become a big part of the society today. The population in some areas of the world is changing. Because we are in the 21st century, we live in an urban lifestyle. People need to work in order to earn a living. Children go to school to acquire knowledge. Automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world. It provide jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenue. Automobiles have also revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing the way people do business and travel. Although automobiles are significant, we should ask the question what are the negative effects of owning one? Of course they are useful to us. In addition, owning an automobile contributes to the everyday life of an individual. However, there are many dangers of owning a car in which industries do not care about. They tend to care more about themselves and the profit they will make by selling their product. Production of automobiles have great effects on people and the environment because it causes pollution such as air that hence, leads to serious health effects. It also leads to depletion of natural resources, and the ozone layer. They also use unrecyclable parts to manufacture their product. In addition, the auto industry contributes to the decline of the global economy. Firstly, automobiles play a major role in creating pollution to the environment. Cars are the largest contributors to air pollution. Use of cars leads...
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...A new car purchase is one that takes a large amount of consideration and budgeting. The most important economic indicators to consider when investing in an automobile purchase are unemployment rates and interest rates. These indicators will assist a person when deciding whether to purchase new or used. Is the right time now or later to purchase a truck? Economic Indicators The automotive sector is a cyclical business. Since it is a cyclical business, changes in the revenues and earnings of automotive companies are more likely due to the state of the economy and the strength of the consumer. Sales in the automotive sector are higher when economic activity is strong and people feel confident about their future economic prospects. In this environment, more people are likely to make an automobile purchase. Clearly, unemployment is a major factor in this environment. People do not feel optimistic about a major purchase when they are unemployed. People without jobs are less likely to have the means to afford a car. Someone with a job is not likely to make a major purchase if he is worried about losing his job. In 2009, the unemployment rate was between 8% and 10%, and auto sales were 9 million on an annualized basis. In March 2015, the unemployment rate was 5.5% and auto sales were 16 million. Interest rates affect the financing costs of purchasing a car; lower interest rates make the car cheaper. It is not enough to defy a poor economic environment, but...
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...Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series January 2014 EfD DP 14-01 A Review of Beijing’s Vehicle Lottery Short-Term Effects on Vehicle Growth, Congestion, and Fuel Consumption J un Y an g, Yi ng Li u, Pi ng Q i n, an d An tu ng A. Li u Environment for Development Centers Central America Research Program in Economics and Environment for Development in Central America Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) Email: centralamerica@efdinitiative.org Chile Research Nucleus on Environmental and Natural Resource Economics (NENRE) Universidad de Concepción Email: chile@efdinitiative.org China Environmental Economics Program in China (EEPC) Peking University Email: china@efdinitiative.org Ethiopia Environmental Economics Policy Forum for Ethiopia (EEPFE) Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI/AAU) Email: ethiopia@efdinitiative.org Kenya Environment for Development Kenya University of Nairobi with Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) Email: kenya@efdinitiative.org South Africa Environmental Economics Policy Research Unit (EPRU) University of Cape Town Email: southafrica@efdinitiative.org Tanzania Environment for Development Tanzania University of Dar es Salaam Email: tanzania@efdinitiative.org Sweden Environmental Economics Unit University of Gothenburg Email: info@efdinitiative.org USA (Washington, DC) Resources for the Future (RFF) Email: usa@efdintiative.org The Environment...
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...PEST Analysis The PEST model aims to examine the external environment of Nissan, which in this case is the automobile industry. We will particularly expand on the political, economic, social and technological aspects. The political environment of the automobile industry encompasses government regulations such as corporate tax and international trade regulations. Worldwide, cars are subjected to corporate tax by the government of approximately 6%. For instance, in Mexico, it is 6.25% (Internal Revenue Service). If the government alters these taxes, it would directly affect the cost of Nissan’s vehicles and thus affect demand of those specific countries. Furthermore, governments impose international trade regulations on imports so to keep their deficit in control (imports – exports). Not all automobile companies have a manufacturing plant in the country they sell to. For example, the US government taxed the US customers with a ‘chicken tax’ of 25% on all Nissan vehicles before the manufacturing plants opened in Smyrna, Canton and Decherd. Even though Nissan has a wide dispersion of manufacturing plants: 36 in 19 countries, it sells its cars to a total of 123 countries. This clearly depicts that Nissan exports to a lot more countries than it manufactures in thus concluding that a change in foreign trade regulations will also along with corporate tax greatly impact Nissan’s demand and revenue. Moving on to the Economic aspect of the automobile industry, we examined the trends...
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...SUBSTANCE AND ECONOMICS Culture is a learned reaction, this human survival trait gives us a way to colonize and adapt to our environment. With out this key element, adaptation becomes complicated, and our species will die off. Archeologist have dug and scraped away the dirt, rocks and mud to bring us a glimpse of the past. Their fieldwork has shown us how we, as a whole, have biologically adapted to suit our modern needs in the environment that our ancestors have lived in. In addition, they also tell us how we have changed the natural environment as the population has increased in size. This brings us to substance and economics, a basic foundation in which a culture can survive. The definition of economics is reacting to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. For the definition of substance I have found two that compliment this cross-cultural comparison. One is material possessions, wealth, and property. The second definition is that which gives stability or solidarity, confidence, and ground. These definitions are not only evident in today's modern social infrastructures but also evident in cultures of the past and the social order in other countries. We have come to understand that there are four ways to sustain a community that our evolution process has brought us to. These ways are hunting and gathering, fishing and gardening, herding, and agriculture. The longest known survival method is hunting and gathering. This course of...
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...1. Introduction The Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is one of the biggest manufacturers of automobiles in the world and its Japan's number one car manufacturer. Its brands include Lexus, Toyota and other series such as high low-end models. Toyota has an international presence in over 170 countries worldwide. Toyota Motor Corporation since 2008 and gradually began to replace General Motors as the world ranked number one car manufacturer. However, the company of the Toyota had a bad year in 2010. They had plenty of manufacturing problems in different countries around the world. So the company needs to recall lots of cars. The incident brought to Toyota big losses. Porter’s Five Forces Perspective and PEST analysis are from different area. Porter’s Five Forces Perspective is used for the analysis of competitive strategy, and can effectively analysis customs of the competitive environment. PEST analysis is a macro-environment analysis. Its’ macro-forces is refers to the impact on all industries and enterprises. Its’ macro-environment can be focus on various situations. The first part is focusing on these two theories that using I chosen the company of Toyota as an example to overview and critique these two theories. Then compare and contrast these two theories. At last, conclusion this report and given some advises for these two theories. 2. Overview and Critique of theory 1 2.1 Overview the Porter Five Forces Perspective Porter five forces perspective has also known as Porter’s...
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...Proton’s External Environment Analysis Contents Introduction 4 PART: 1 Proton Introduction 4 About Proton 4 PART: 2 Proton’s External Environment Analysis 5 2.1 PESTEL Analysis 6 2.1.1 Political and legal factors 7 2.1.2 Economic Factors 7 2.1.3 Social-Cultural Factors 8 2.1.4 Technological Factors 8 2.1.5 Environmental Factors 11 2.2 PROTON’s SWOT Analysis 12 2.3 Industry Analysis 12 Proton five forces model 13 2.3.1 Threat of New Entrants 13 2.3.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 13 2.3.3 Bargaining Power of Customers 14 2.3.4 Threats of Substitutes 14 2.3.5 Competitive Rivalry between Existing Players 14 2.4 Some other external factors 15 2.4.1 Change in Customer Demand 15 2.4.2 Globalization 16 PART: 3 17 Recommendation 17 3.1 How can we deal with the pressure of innovation? 17 3.2 Cost Control 19 3.4 Innovative feature’s pricing decision 20 3.4 Dealer knowledge in customers 20 Conclusion 20 References 22 Appendixes 25 Appendix-1 Supplier spending on R&D 25 Appendix-2 Changes in external force 25 Appendix-3 Critical industry skills 25 Appendix-4 Expected challenges of automotive industry 26 Introduction The report is going to conduct Proton external analysis and the report has been divided into main three parts. The first part will be discuss some background of the company. The secondary part complete external analysis through using PESTEL, SWOT and Porter five forces model. The third and last part...
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...Case Analysis: Ford Motor Company General environment analysis: The number of global population is increasing every year. Many developing countries have rapidly increasing rate in both population and economy. BRIC, represent developing countries, have huge population and become emerging market. Globalization impel the communication and transition of both culture and economy aspects. It is the landscape of international business. The effects of globalization deepen and intensify the correlation and cooperation between different countries. Globalization also intensifies the convergence of culture and regulation which reduce the cost and timing of doing business cross-border. Multinational corporations are engage in international trade for both efficiency and marker expansion driver. The development of technology facilitates cross-border transportation and reduces the cost. Internal, as an important part of international business, decrease the information cost and timing. WTO, EU, NAFTA, IMF, World Bank regulates and encourages the international trade. After the financial crisis in 2008, economy of developed countries are suffering a difficult time -- GDP decline, no profit in many industry, the unemployment rate increase, stock market was badly stricken. In many advance countries the market is saturate or constricted. Many companies are switching their production form advance areas or counties to undeveloped area or countries. At the same time, many developing countries...
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...Summary In this module’s task, we were required to identify an appropriate car manufacturer, research and tabulate upon it. Next define the role of marketing in an organization. From then on suitable implication should be done regarding the key elements of the macro environment that are currently impacting upon the automobile sector and then implication of the micro environment and their impact on the selected organization. According to P.Cotler, 2001, marketing is a procedure of planning and executing pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy consumer and organizational needs. The marketing 4P’s (Product, Price, Place and Promotion aspects), as it is the most important way in marketing world in making a decisions in the marketing business. Following to that we have chosen Toyota Cooperation as our field our car manufacture. Company background was being briefly discussed as the founder himself Sakichi Toyoda was being mention into the context Next macro environment being introduce as an external environmental forces that is beyond the company planned and performance. It could not be controlled or adjustable. The segmentation of the macro environment is according to the six factors of the PESTEL analysis. In this task given, we only required to discuss the social and economic key element based on the PESTEL analysis. Based on the researched, analyzed and evaluation made upon the social factor, it is clearly stated that any automobile industry would...
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...M2: Compare the challenges to selected business activities within a selected organisation, in two different economic environments Compare – what are the similarities and what are the differences Country: UK Economic variable | Effect on supply | Effect on demand | GDP (growth (low growth), recession) | The suppliers will start reducing their supplies to Toyota, which further decrease the GDP of the country. Toyota will also start producing fewer cars to be sold if less people are buying and upgrading their cars. | If less people have extra money to spend on goods, they’ll be looking after their car, which means all the cars that they’ve made are stuck on the production line, untouched and wasting away. | Inflation | Inflation prices in the UK are high compared to other countries i.e. china that produce and make things at cheap prices, if they prices go up for raw materials, Toyotas profit margin decreases or they can drive their prices up. | High inflation rates means demand will fall because as suppliers increase their prices, Toyota will want to have roughly the same profit margin, so their prices go up and with GDP at an all time low, less people will be buying their cars | Interest rates (cost of credit) | Companies borrow large sums of money if there looking to expand their operations, low interest rates could result in banks restricting the amount they give out and who they loan to, so if it’s a relatively small business, which might not be able to pay...
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...the air pollution in Melbourne due to car emissions and the way to develop a system of controls to best deal with this problem. Definition of the problem how it effects the environment Air pollution is a problem that no major city in the world has avoided. Air pollution from industry, from the large numbers of homes clustered together in and around the cities and the widespread use of motor vehicles means that the quality of the air in cities suffers. The findings of the EPA1 show that motor vehicles are the major source of urban air pollution. In Melbourne in 2006, motor vehicle emissions contributed the following levels of pollutants to the overall air quality: * 72 per cent of all carbon monoxide (CO) emissions * 70 per cent of all nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions * 28 per cent of all volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions * 31 per cent of all emissions of particles smaller than 2.5 microns(PM2.5) * 27 per cent of all emissions of particles smaller than 10 microns(PM10) * 6 per cent of all sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can combine to form ozone (summer smog). Particle emissions can build up in the air to form autumn/winter smog in the cooler months. Both diesel and petrol vehicles emit particles into the air. The economic consequences The economic consequences of motor vehicle emissions in Melbourne are; * Health issues – In economic terms, noxious vehicle emissions are externalities...
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...the US Auto Market. Automakers will begin reducing production, cutting sales, or preparing for price wars in order to get rid of inventory. This type of downsizing may hurt Big Auto, forcing layoffs and reducing services offered. The consumers will no longer be able to afford expensive cars and would prefer keeping the current car they purchased. Even if the car is not worth the balance owed. Big Drive Auto will no longer carry certain makes or models, which would hurt sales. (Carseek, 2007) On the other hand, if downsizing affects the sale of cars, Big Drive Auto can look at generating revenue in the other two areas listed. Generating revenue in the other two areas may not show a major increase in sales, but should give a positive growth within the next five years. Downsizing falls in the recession area of the business cycle. The recession phase is a “period of decline in total output, income, and employment.” (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Americans No Longer Driving The culture of owning a new vehicle is dropping. Consumers are no longer driving, which decrease sales at car dealerships. Higher gas prices and rising unemployment plays a role in consumers purchasing cars. Evidence of this change can be found in the model below, created by Nate Silver, which reveals a snapshot of a decline in American Driving. This information created from information listed in the Federal Highway Administration, writes Nate Silver. (Esquire, 2009) Mergers and Acquisitions...
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...SCI 115 M3 Assignment 2 Hybrid Car Research Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/sci-115-m3-assignment-2-hybrid-car-research/ A hybrid car is a motor vehicle that uses two or more different sources of power. In most hybrids, you will find an internal combustion engine in addition to an electrical motor. Depending on how the vehicle is driven and the availability of power, the car uses gasoline and battery power alternately. In this assignment, you will research five different hybrid cars and evaluate their impact on the environment. Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, do the following: • Identify the top five most popular choices of hybrid cars. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each car’s technology, price, manufacturing, and impact on environment. Include the scientific principles involved in the technology. • Determine which type of car would work best for you and your family. Justify your decision based on your analysis of the five hybrid cars. • Explain the impact these cars will have on the United States’ economy. Consider the following issues in your analysis: consumer buying, sustainability, recycling, and fuel economy. • Evaluate the impact that hybrid-car technology has had or could have on the United States’ political relationships with oil-producing countries. Be sure to include an analysis of economic issues such as production, supply, and trade. • Describe...
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....Introduction: Background of Peugeot and Dongfeng : Peugeot is a major French car brand which is today part of PSA Peugeot Citroën. Peugeot's roots go back to bicycle manufacturing at the end of the 19th century. Its headquarters are located in Paris, avenue de la Grande Armée. Dongfeng Motor Corporation is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer formerly known as China's "second car factory." It’s headquartered in Wuhan, China. Production and assembly of passenger cars, trucks, cars and car parts are the main business of Dongfeng. Traditionally one of the "Big Three" Chinese automakers, it is currently in the top four along with Chang'an Motors, FAW Group, and SAIC Motor. Collaboration background of Peugeot and Dongfeng: China starts opening domestic market to the foreign countries for the trading market access for technology. Finally, China sets up the Open-door policy- the China’s automobile industry was to establish Dino-foreign joint ventures (JVs) with foreign automakers to access foreign capital and technology and develop indigenous Chinese partners into self-sustaining, independent players. The purpose and the partnership of the collaboration: Dongfeng Motor and French counterpart PSA Peugeot Citroen cooperate for developing new car, the main purpose is to meet the rapid growing demand in Southeast Asia. They aim at double production and selling within three years of time. The global partnership of these two companies would eventually pave the way for exports...
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