... Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 History of Economic Changes and comparing it to Forecast for the next Five Years 3 2.1 Changes in GDP 3 2.1.1 Economic Forecast 4 2.2 Changes in Savings 4 2.2.1 Economic Forecast 4 2.3 Changes in Investment 5 2.3.1 Economic Forecast 5 2.4 Changes in Unemployment Rates 6 2.4.1 Economic Forecast 6 2.5 Changes in Real Interest Rates 7 2.5.1 Economic Forecast 7 3.0 How Government Policies Can Influence Economic Growth 8 4.0 Influence of Monetary Policy 8 5.0 Influence of Trade Deficits or Surpluses 9 6.0 The market for loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange 9 7.0 Recommendation based on the Achievement of the Strategic Plan 10 8.0 Conclusion 11 ALF Money and the Prices in the Long Run and Open Economies 1.0 Introduction (Creasey, Rahman, & Smith, 2012), defines economic growth as the rise of the monetary value of the goods and services produced by a country or an economy over a given period. Economic growth is simply the percentage change (increase or decrease) in the real GDP (gross domestic product) (Ahmad, 2013). "The economy of the United States is among the top largest economies in the world though it is facing stiff competition from other economies such as China," (Orhangazi, 2008). An analysis of the US economy reveals that it requires an aggressive growth plan which requires investment in equipment and facilities, increase...
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...Introduction This essay will explore the nature of NAFTA and its effect on regional integration as well as state economies from several perspectives. In 1993, the United States, Canada and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement to achieve the higher level of regional integration. This NAFTA not only concerns the removal of trade barriers, but also aims to promote the movement of capital. Firstly, this essay will explain the evolution of NAFTA and its successful influence on economic integration. Furthermore, this chapter will provide the criticism on the influence of NAFTA. Secondly, this study will discuss the impact of NAFTA on regional integration, particularly economic integration. Then, this essay will propose the understandings on the effect of NAFTA on members’ economies and businesses from four perspectives, including trade, economic growth, employment and FDI. Main body The Evolution of NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) issued in 1993 aims to removal trade barriers and liberalise economics and business among the United States, Canada and Mexico. Compared with similar FTA economic relationship, such as EU, NAFTA is described as the most implemented FTA (Orme, 1996). Like most FTAs, NAFTA not only effectively coordinates resource and improves competitiveness of countries and corporates, but also promotes the movement of products, services and investment, even financial integration. For instance, Krugman & Hanson (1993) stress that...
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...Analysis III To answer the question of how current economic trends are affecting 3M and what strategies 3M is using to adapt to the those economic trends, it is necessary to understand what the current state of the United States economy is, then define what economic trends exist. The Economy The best ways to understand what encompasses the economy in the United States is to first look the Gross Domestic Product. This statistic measures the country’s total output. According to the Gross Domestic Product, the United States economy is everything produced by every company and person in the United States. This year the Gross Domestic Product was totaled just over $15 trillion, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The Gross Domestic Product is made of four primary components: Personal Consumption Expenditures, which measures consumer spending; Business Investments, which is basically purchases that companies make to produce consumer goods; Government Spending; and Net Exports of Goods and Services, which measures what is added and subtracted to the Gross Domestic Product with exports and imports, respectively. Of these four components, it is the Personal Consumption Expenditures that is probably the most important of the Gross Domestic Product, as it accounts for a large part of the United States economy. Over 60% of what the United States produces is for personal consumption according to the...
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...IMPACT OF CHINA’S EXPANSION IN EVERY SPHERE ON UNITED STATES OF AMERCA Introduction The concept of striving for hegemonic state is not a new concept or term to us; rather this notion has kept repeating itself throughout the record. In today’s practical world, great powers are searching extensively and aggressively for opportunities to attain power over others, with hegemony being their ultimate goal. In present realistic and anarchic world system, power is all that matters to selfish and domination oriented states. In a very similar way, China, which has been making success by leaps and bounds, is in time aiming to gain the position of super power, the position which in the present day is being enjoyed and exercised by the United States of America. With around 1.3billion population; estimating for one-fifth of the world’s entire population, with world’s largest armed forces, China, while contributing about 13percent to the world economy, is at present the fastest developing country across the sphere, with raw potentials to becoming a super power down the line. (China: The 21st Century Super Power, September, 2005) China, for past few decades, has been observed making substantial progress in almost every sphere, not only with an aim to improve its international front, but also to maximize its share of international power and gain a position that is desired by a few of the known competing great powers. China has been implementing and devising a mix of very optimal agendas...
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...The United States is enjoying an economic boom that is fueling the growth of its trade deficit. At current exchange rates, the strength of the U.S. economy, combined with slow growth in demand in many other parts of the world, will lead to further widening of the U.S. trade deficit. How long can the trade deficit continue on that trajectory without disrupting the U.S. economy or the world economy? Absent structural reforms in the United States and abroad, a large devaluation of the dollar, or significant changes in the business cycle, both the trade and the current account deficits will continue to widen until they become unsustainable, perhaps two or three years out. Changing the trajectory will be difficult. The U.S. trade deficit is now so large that even if world economic growth were to pick up and boost U.S. exports, U.S. imports would have to slow dramatically for the gap to narrow. To shrink the trade deficit significantly, say, over a two-year period, exports would have to grow twice as fast as they did in the 1990s, when growth averaged 7.5 percent a year, and the growth rate of imports would have to be halved, from 11 percent to 51/2 percent a year. Moreover, following twenty years as a net recipient of capital inflows, the United States will soon be confronted with much larger service payments. At some point, either the United States' negative net international investment position and the associated servicing costs will become too great a burden on the U.S. economy...
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...North American economies: Canada, Mexico and the United States as models to develop a case. It will also illustrate the utilization of multiple economic tools to produce variable outcomes to analyze the full spectrum of economics. It will also discuss the multiple statistical models such as Granger causality and Vector autoregression and the asymmetric results produced. Increased U.S. Military Spending and its impact on the Economy Given the long-accepted, theoretical direct relationship between investment and economic growth, if defense spending has a negative impact on investment, then it would seem reasonable that defense spending would have an adverse impact on economic growth. This was exactly the findings of two studies published in the seventies, zymanski (1973) and Lee (1973). Some studies attribute the negative effect of defense spending on economic growth to reduced investment. Another study argues that defense spending restricts export growth and economic growth because military expenditures compete for the same resources used in the production of exports. Which may also be a understood trade off for military spending vs. export and economic growth. However, other studies were unable to find any stable relationship between military spending and economic growth. Chester (1978) found that military spending and economic growth were positively related. A direct relationship between defense spending and economic growth was found by Ahmed (1986) in a study of the...
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...and its effects on the U.S. economy. This is the fifth time that I have appeared before this Subcommittee as an Administration witness. Each time I have been asked to focus on an important facet of our international economic policy. I have testified on our policy toward emerging markets, on our policy for developing countries-including reforms at the Multilateral Development Banks and the new Millennium Challenge Account, and on our policy to remove barriers to the free flow of capital in our trade agreements-including those with Singapore and Chile. In each of these cases, an underlying goal of our policy has been to raise economic growth and increase economic stability around the world, and in doing so benefit the American people with more jobs, more security, and a better life. My testimony today on China’s exchange rate regime will be no different in this respect. The Overall International Economic Strategy for Growth and Stability The Administration’s major economic endeavor now is to strengthen the economic recovery in the United States. The President’s Jobs and Growth package, enacted into law this summer, was essential, as are his proposals for tort reform, regulatory reform, and health care reform. But there are barriers to economic growth and stability in other countries- in Europe, in Asia, in Latin America, in Africa-as well as in the international trade and financial systems that have...
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...economy. The United States has seen growth for four straight years, and is going on it's fifth now. While its growth hasn't been as high as 2004-2007's has been, it's still an obvious marked improvement from the economic downturn of 2008 and 2009. REAL POTENTIAL GDP (IN BILLIONS) 2004-2013 17,000.0 16,000.0 15,000.0 REAL POTENTIAL GDP 14,000.0 13,000.0 12,000.0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Real potential GDP has consistently risen every year over the last ten years, including during the economic downturn of 2008-2009. A rise in real potential GDP generally indicates the economy is capable of producing more goods and services at their full potential every year. Real potential GDP tends to coincide with rises in real GDP. The United States is consistently rising in real potential GDP, and that indicates the economy has more and more economic potential every year. REAL GDP GROWTH (2004-2013) 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% -2.00% -4.00% REAL GDP GROWTH 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Real GDP growth is a percent change of how much real GDP has been produced by the year. The United States has had a positive increase in real GDP growth every year except 2008 and 2009. While it hasn't always been the same growth rate, it's been pretty consistently positive. REAL GDP GROWTH (2004-2016) 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% REAL GDP GROWTH -2.00% -4.00% For the future, 2015 and 2016 look to have similar real GDP growth trends...
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...Business Cycle and its Impact on Economic Indicators Olufunmilayo Ogutuga Economics For Managers ECON 550 Professor Saad Khalil December 10, 2011 | | Abstract It is no surprise that the economy of The United States of America is going through a cyclical peak. During the various business cycles, economic indicators revealed how the economy is doing based on gross domestic product, employment, inflation, retails sales etc. This paper would critically examine the business cycle and its implications in terms of higher sales, consumer demands and labor cost. It will also analyze how economic indicators such as Real GDP, Unemployment and Inflation have been impacted by the current and unfortunate economic situation faced in the United States today. Introduction The United States, like many other countries, is experiencing a major change in its economic system; and it is currently coming out of a recessionary business cycle which saw the production of goods and services decline, and unemployment on the rise; but the economy is moving at a snail's pace, easing into a peak. The paper will focus on how to interpret the business cycle and explain the current business cycle in the United States through an in-depth and critical look at the economic indicators. These Economic indicators will reveal the current economic situation as well as help to...
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...time when the U.S. already runs a large deficit needs to stop. I recommend the cutting of foreign aid to foreign nations and in turn setting up an economic investment fund aimed to help countries economies specifically; this is the proper policy because humanitarian groups will always help the impoverished and spending money on foreign aid to help corrupt leaders needs to stop. Foreign aid is a controversial subject because many people have different opinions on how foreign aid should be used and if it is actually beneficial to countries. The American public for instance does not realize that only 1.1% of the U.S. Federal Budget goes towards foreign aid, rather the public believes a quarter of the U.S. budget is spent on foreign aid (Bristol, 2011, p.532). Foreign aid is also controversial because it is hard to measure the success of the aid, since most foreign aid goes to countries that have instability within their government. Foreign aid is important because the U.S. strives to be humanitarian when dealing with impoverished countries. This humanitarian effort, while seemingly good is still controversial because in 2010 humanitarian groups spent more money in their efforts than the United States (Bristol, 2011, p.544). Government action is needed when dealing with foreign aid because there is a responsibility of the United States as one of the most powerful countries in the world to be influential in foreign politics. Giving aid to poorer countries is a way for the U.S...
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...There are three major economic problems in our economy. They consist of economic growth, unemployment rates, and inflation. In the midst of this project, I will touch on all three of these major concepts. First let me start off with economic growth. The definition of economic growth is an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time. So in reality this means “an increase in capital stocks, event is in technology, and improvement in the quality and level of literacy Are considered to be the principal cause of economic growth.” (1) Economic growth can be measured in two ways, by an increase in real GDP over appeared of time and an increase in real GDP per capita over sometime period. According to my macroeconomics book, the real GDP for the United States in 2011 was around $15,052.4 billion and $15,470.0 billion in 2012, which means economic growth rate for 2007, was 2.8%. Usually growth rates are positive, but they don’t always have to be, for example in 2009 the US growth rate was a -2.4%, which means a decrease in the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) during any given year. Let’s talk about modern economic growth, modern economic growth is defined as “sustaining an ongoing increases in living standards that can cause dramatic increases...
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...Consumer Confidence and Economic Growth Introduction: Consumer confidence is a key driver of economic growth. It is widely considered an economic indicator of household consumption expenditure. Consumers tend to increase consumption when they feel confident about the current and future economic situation of the country and their own financial situation. In economies such as India and the US where personal consumption represents 66% and 71% of GDP respectively, consumer confidence has a particularly significant impact on the economy and can provide critical insight into its growth prospects. In simple terms, increased consumer confidence indicates economic growth in which consumers are spending money, indicating higher consumption. Decreasing consumer confidence implies slowing economic growth, and so consumers are likely to decrease their spending. The idea is that the more confident people feel about the economy and their jobs and incomes, the more likely they are to make purchases. Declining consumer confidence is a sign of slowing economic growth and may indicate that the economy is headed into trouble. This study examined the causal link between consumer confidence and economic growth in United States. Some economists, such as Langer (1991), are of the view that consumer confidence can reliably predict future consumer spending and thus, economic growth, while others are more skeptical arguing that “consumers cannot spend confidence” Lieberman (1991). Consumer confidence...
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... Abstract The gross domestic product (GPD) is the most important economic indicator on the health of a country’s economy. GDP represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period (Koba, 2011). The figures are released every business quarter by the Business Economic Analysis. What does the data mean and how will it affect our U.S. citizens. U.S. Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate Going Forward This paper will cover the United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This paper will provide trends, forecast, and statistics for GPD. This paper will explain how GDP is determined and what the data means. This paper is prepared to present to the local chamber of commerce. COC members will have an idea of what the future of the United States economy will offer based on the recent economic activities. Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of a country’s overall output of goods and services at market prices (businessdictionary.com). GDP is also used to compare the economic achievement of other countries in comparison to the United States. Economist use GDP data to determine if the economy is inflating or receding. The Gross Domestic product (GDP) expanded 1.30 percent in the second quarter of 2012. From 1947 until 2012 the United States GDP growth rate average 3.3 percent reaching an all-time high of 17.2 percent in March of 1950 and a...
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...Causes of Economic Crisis of 2008 and its resulting Recession Student’s Name Institution Introduction The economic crisis of 2008 which began in the United States had great impact in the global economy. The economic crisis began slowly and grew into global economic crisis. It has affected the stock markets to the extent of stopping operations. In the US it is an issue which has been used as a campaign tool for presidential candidates to request for votes during their campaigns. Due to the crisis many US citizens have felt its impact and even lost their jobs. The crisis began with the United States housing market and gradually resulted into liquidity crisis (Steil, 2009). It is in this regard that this paper looks into the causes of the economic crisis of 2008 and its resulting recession. Causes of the 2008 crisis and its resulting recession Actually, the United States experienced many serious problems that included frozen money markets, plummeting dollar, banks on the threshold of bankruptcy, declining stock market, high levels of public debt and the impending threat of recession. According to some economists, the economic crisis was mainly affected by the world imbalances, perceptions of interest rates, risks and the regulations of the financial system. The following are the main causes of the economic crisis of 2008: Housing Crash The United States housing market is one of the main determinants...
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...The Current Macroeconomic Situation in the United States Name: Institution: Abstract The policy makers in every economy play an imperative role in regulating the macroeconomic activities with the intention of maintaining the economic stability. In essence, economic stability is vital for improving the social welfare of citizens, as well as the economic growth. The current United States economic outlook is not good. The average American is not doing well though there has been an improvement in market performance. The 2009 financial crisis continues to affect the United States economy. High unemployment level is the major economic issues that the country is still experiencing. The unemployment rate is still high although there has been a small improvement in job creation. As a result of unemployment, the consumer confidence as well as business sentiment continues suffering. At present, inflation is not a critical threat to the United States. The Gross Domestic Product is flat. In fact, the growth of real GDP has been excessively slow. The monetary and fiscal policies can help the policy makers in solving the present unemployment problem facing the country. In particular, the policymakers ought to consider implementing both expansionary monetary and fiscal policies since the current level of unemployment is essentially cyclical. With regards to the expansionary fiscal policy, the policy makers should implement it through taxation...
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