...TD N°3 : Le principe de légalité Corrigé dissertation : L’impôt est payé pour assurer la sécurité collective. A l’origine, le consentement est limité aux finances extraordinaires et à la noblesse et au clergé. La soupape de sécurité sera améliorée : * en Angleterre en 1628 et en 1689 : élargissement du consentement * en Amérique : révoltes * 1789 en France avec la Révolution : le Royaume qui est dans une situation financière économique catastrophique mais Necker va faire lever de nouveaux impôts. Le plan était que le clergé et la noblesse vont voter contre le Tiers état le problème est que la noblesse se scinde en deux alors que le clergé reste unit. Dans la foulée, les privilèges sont abolis et l’introduction du droit d’aide. DDHC et art 14 : principe de consentement à l’impôt est généralisé (méthode du consentement par le parlement est choisie). * Lois des 1815 : principe n’est pas repris= le parlement va seul à continuer la loi jusqu’en 1914. * 1946 : IV République donc on réinscrit dans la loi que la loi est votée par le Parlement * Constitution de 1958 : loi fixe les règles pour l’assiette, le taux et des impositions de recouvrement Les sanctions fiscales sont considérées par le Conseil constitutionnel comme des sanctions pénales. Limites au principe de légalité : * document 3 : les collectivités territoriales= on confère la libre administration aux collectivités mais cette liberté n’existe pas si elles n’ont pas d’autonomie...
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...Fact Pattern # 21 This is in reference to the opinion shared by Ms. Myrah on the Tenant vs Landlord Case. The facts of this case are such that P, the tenant, was severely injured when he fell through the Glass door enclosing the tub in the apartment he had acquired on rent. After the incident, the tenant found that the Glass was ordinary and that it was not tempered. Hence, P sued D, the landlord, for negligence. P also showed that over this period, it the dangers of using plain glass had been heavily advertised during this period and the landlord did not pay to heed to this information. D's agent agreed that it had now become a custom to install tempered glasses but in 1948, when this glass was installed, this was not in practice nor had the landlord received any complain from earlier tenants regarding this. The argument presented by Ms. Myrah in this case is that Defendant owed a duty of care to the tenant. This duty of care has been further ascertained by using the Learned Hand Formula. He breached the duty of care by not conforming to the customary standards of safety. Landlord’s negligence was in fact the proximite cause of the tenant’s injury. This damage was foreseeable. The evidence does not show that tenant was negligent therefore contributory negligence will not apply. Although the idea that the custom materialized after the landlord had installed the glass and no one was hurt up until now, by use of Hand formula, it can still be shown that the landlord was negligent...
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...tempered optimism about the economics profession, with which have been associated by occupation for more than 20 years. Historically, economic theory originated in the happy union of Athens and Jerusalem known as “the natural law,” and has always returned to the sanity of its roots—after exhausting the alternatives. As I read its history, economic theory has nearly completed its last great detour away from sanity, and is rapidly running out of alternatives to a renewal of “natural-law economics.” If such a renewal occurs, it won’t be because economists have decided to sit down and learn from philosophers (or, God forbid, theologians)—nothing could be farther from their minds—but for the same reason as the last seismic shift in economics, which began in the 1870s: a growing number of economists are finding the current state of economic theory a professional embarrassment. Of course, I may be underestimating the average economist’s threshold of embarrassment. But let me explain the nature of that * John D. Mueller is Associate Scholar of the Ethics and Public Policy Center and president of LBMC LLC, a financial-markets forecasting firm. For most of the 1980s he was Economic Counsel to the House Republican Conference (caucus) under chairman Jack Kemp. The research on which this article is based was made possible by The Lehrman Institute and the James Madison Program at Princeton University. 2 embarrassment, why only a renewed “natural law economics” will relieve it, and ...
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...Enterprises in China 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Proprietorships 3.0 Partnerships 4.0 Corporates 1.0 Introduction In the People’s Republic of China, business organizations may be classified in to three main classes: individual proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. The laws that effect these forms of business enterprises are diverse. There is no single code or statute that governs the PRC law of business enterprises. According to the sources of capital, there are domestic capital enterprises which are regulated by Sole Proprietorship Enterprise Law of the People's Republic of China , Partnership Business Law of the People's Republic of China, and Company Law of the People's Republic of China and foreign capital enterprises which are regulated by The Measures for Administration of the Establishment of the Partnership by Foreign Enterprises or Individuals within the Territory of China, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Con-Tractual Joint Venture, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, and Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign – Capital Enterprises. The relevant laws are the Security Law , the Fair Competition Law and the Antitrust Law. 2.0 Proprietorships 2.1What is a sole proprietorship enterprise A sole proprietorship enterprise means a business entity established within China with its capital contributed by one individual and its assts owned personally by the sole proprietor, who assumes unlimited...
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...THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW POSSIBLE TOPICS FOR SEMINAR PAPERS 1. General Approaches Overview paper on classical, behavioural, neuro-economical approaches. 2. The Assumption of Economic Rationality Standard economic analysis assumes that people are rational maximizers of their own utility. This assumption consists of a cognitive element (“thin rationality”, the assumption that people’s preferences meet the requirements of completeness, dominance, invariance, etc.), and a motivational one (“thick rationality”, the assumption that ultimately people only care about their own utility). Students should analyze the fruitfulness and limitations of this assumption, as well as ways to overcome these limitations. 3. Theories of Human Motivation Overview about classical and new theories of human motivation, supplementing and/or challenging the idea of economic rationality as prime human motivation. 4. Economic Analysis and Commensurability Much of the attractiveness of economic analysis stems from the possibility of quantifying people’s preferences in monetary terms, which in turn facilitates the use of mathematical models to explain and predict human behavior, as well as to derive normative and policy implications. This raises the debate about the comparability and commensurability of values. 5. Economic Analysis of Law and the Endowment Effect There are competing explanations for the Endowment Effect and some economists actually doubt...
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...001 Economic Liberalization, the Changing Role of the State and ‘‘Wagner’s Law’’: China’s Development Experience since 1978 DAMIAN TOBIN * CeFiMS, SOAS, University of London, UK Summary. — The paper applies Wagner’s Law of increasing state activity to illustrate the changing function of the state in China as a consequence of economic liberalization. Wagner’s Law describes the association between increasing national wealth in progressive states and the rise in state activity and expenditure. This indicates that the causes of bureaucratic expansion are to be sought, not just in terms of political pressures, but the interplay between political considerations and the economic necessities, resulting from the emergence of new property rights. A simple illustrative model is developed to measure the effects of increasing national wealth and the growth of the public sector. This suggests that the patterns of economic development observed by Wagner in 19th century Europe are not unlike those observed in China today. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Key words — Asia, China, economic growth, public sector 1. INTRODUCTION The relationship between economic growth and the size of the state sector has long been a topic of interest for public policy practitioners and academics alike. Throughout history, the role of the state has been critical in determining particular economic outcomes. Research in this area has in general focused on how economic policies impact upon economic growth...
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...ECO 201 Assignment 1 Explain the difference between the law of demand and the law of supply. What does the phrase ‘other things equal” mean? Why do we need that? Answer: The difference between the law of demand and the law of supply is that they both move into opposite direction. The law of demand states that the consumers will demand more of goods or services if the price goes down. The variable of the price drop creates an incentive to increase the demand for the goods and services. The law of supply moves in the opposite direction with its main focus being the suppliers of goods or services. There will be a larger incentive for the increase of goods supplied if the price increases. Both of these laws use the “other things equal” assumption or ceteris paribus. This assumption is used when identifying the relationship between two variables like a price and quantity. By using this assumption, economists can isolate the variables so other factors will not affect the development of the theory. When we see the term other things equal we know that this assumption is made to indicate that other variables are not changing or affecting the variables of interest. Without this assumption it would be impossible to develop theories about the relationships and make a causal connection between two variables that can be identified. 2 In your own words, explain the difference between a movement along the demand curve and a shift in demand. Then, provide an example from your own...
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...Abstract In 1959, Ronald Coase introduced what is now known as the Coase Theorem, which suggests that absent transaction costs, any initial property rights agreement leads to an economically efficient outcome. Straying from previous models supported by most economists, this position was initially met with skepticism. Discussion Prior to 1959, the standard economic understanding held that government regulation enhances efficiency by correcting for claimed imperfections. This thinking was in keeping with A. C. Pigou’s contention that was developed in 1920. Pigou called claimed imperfections, “market failures”. In 1959, Ronald Coase authored an article for the University of Chicago’s Journal of Law and Economics entitled, “The Federal Communications Commission”. In this article, Coase suggested that in the absence of transaction costs, any initial property rights arrangement leads to an economically efficient outcome (McTeer 2003). In Coase’s discussion, he changes the way torts are viewed. In Pigou’s model, one party does harm to another; therefore, government regulation is necessary to ensure that the party filing the claim of harm is no longer harmed. Coase’s model expands the view of harm to include the party accused of inflicting harm on the other party. Specifically, Coase demonstrates that if government regulation is put into place to prevent harm to a party, the entity that is now subjected to the regulation is now being harmed. For example, Company A...
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...The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991 Ronald H. Coase Ronald Harry Coase (/ˈkoʊz/; 29 December 1910 – 2 September 2013) was a British economist and author. He was the Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927–29, Coase entered the London School of Economics, where he took courses with Arnold Plant. He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991. Coase, who believed economists should study real markets, not theoretical ones, established the case for the corporation as a means to pay the costs of operating a marketplace. Coase is best known for two articles in particular: "The Nature of the Firm" (1937), which introduces the concept of transaction costs to explain the nature and limits of firms, and "The Problem of Social Cost" (1960), which suggests that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities (see Coase theorem). Coase is also often referred to as the "father" of reform in the policy for allocation of the electromagnetic spectrum, based on his article "The Federal Communications Commission" (1959), where he criticises spectrum licensing, suggesting property rights as a more efficient method of allocating spectrum to users. Additionally, Coase's transaction costs approach is currently influential in modern organizational economics, where it was reintroduced by Oliver E. Williamson...
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...Ateneo de Davao University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Communication Arts MA 300 Full Written Analysis of the Case on St. Francis College of Commerce Analine R. Evangelista Kristel Mae D. Magsipoc Hadriza S. Omar Juella M. Laguna September 22, 2012 I. Summary St. Francis University was a medium-sized private University, located in a major port city in Visayas. The University is well known for its engineering and Science degree courses and was one of the better private universities in the city. It boasts of a total of 26,000 enrollees at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. The College of Commerce was a major unit of the University. However, it has only 3000 student enrollees or so, compared to the College of Engineering, which accounted for more than a third of the University’s enrollment. The College of Commerce has 55 full time faculty and over 100 lecturers. The faculty members taught as many as 5 courses per semester while the lecturers taught three courses. The College of Commerce was distributed among the four major fields, namely: Banking and Finance, Accounting, Marketing and Business Management. In June of 1988, Mr. Santos assumed the position of Dean of the College of Commerce. Since the college experienced rapid growth in enrollment in the University during the past ten years, Dean Santos wanted to combine curricular improvements and administrative changes that would improve...
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...Economics is a social science that studies how individuals, governments, firms interact in allocation of resource, distribution of resources and transaction in the market. Public finance is said to be the center of economics that studies government activities in the economics and how government finances their expenditure. The span of government activities in a country are capitalist in which government activities are narrow, socialist where government undertakes most government activities and mixed economy in which the government takes a larger share of the economics activity. Externalities occurs in a situation where the buyer and seller do not take into consideration the effect of their action on third party or where there is a spillover effect on production process, externalities also occur when the right to use of environment is in dispute which means there is a need for property right. Which is the law created for firms, individuals for the use of a resource. Whenever there is an externalities and inefficient allocation of resource by private sector then market has failed to achieve efficiency also If the environment is regarded as being of value why does it suffer abuse? When and how does use of environment become abuse? The simple answer is that these problems are examples of a combination of various aspects of what is commonly known as market failure. These include missing markets, externalities, common property and other related effects. we can say, absence of...
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...ics Economics as a Science and its relevance to Law Economics is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. It is the condition of a region or group as regards material prosperity. It is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Now the Question is whether Economics is a science or not? Economics is a science that treats of those social phenomena that are due to wealth getting and wealth using activities of Man. The word ―Economics‖ is derived from the Greeks word ―Oikonomos‖ which means to manage the house. So it means the management of a household especially in those matters, which are relating to the income and expenses of the family. After sometime, political economy term was also used for this topic and slowly political economy adopted the shape of Economics. There are numerous definitions of Economics offered from time to time but there is no clear and concise definition. Keeping in view this situation J.M. Keynes has rightly, stated ―Political Economy is said to have strangled itself with definition.‖ However, Economics is considered to be a science as well as an art. Some of its features like, self corrective nature, systematic body of knowledge, own laws and theories, universal validity of its laws (law of demand, marginal utility, law of diminishing returns etc) support economics to be a science, but its other features like lack of predictability and lack of...
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...expansion in law in India. The Supreme Court has replaced the judicial committee of the Privy Council as the highest court in India. The High Courts are increased and the judges are also increased frequently. Law made crucial and vital role in the democratic society so not only the lawyers, the law teachers and the judges are concern about the Law and also the people who residing in our country. Law serve as the rules which is to be followed then it makes the economic and social change to the democratic country. The rule of law will be strengthened in India by promoting legal education and research in law. The lawyers are the pillars for the reformation of the society. The Constitution of India is the written guidelines for the lawyers. The Fundamental rights are the written human rights for the people so after enacting the Constitution of India in 1950 the Constitutional litigation increased. The socio-economic scene has also become active; with the ushering in of five year plans, great expansion of industry and commerce has taken place and a host of socio-economic laws have been enacted. Law is now being largely used by the people for their improvement socio-economic conditions. The public interest litigation become increased so the role of lawyers now viewed in larger prospective before the courts. “A citizen to be effective in enjoyment of his civic capacities, needs a basic knowledge of at least some aspects of law. Officials and others who perform important law roles, e.g...
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...is one of the most famous documents in the world, establishing for the first time that everybody, including the king, was subjected to the law. The publication of Magna Carter rocked the world in various ways. The rest of the passage is to analyze the influence of Magna Carter. Influence on economics rights: Magna Carter is highly economic in intent. The significance of Magna Carter partly lies in the reestablishment and protection of economics rights with its principles that people and their properties will be treated equally on a consistent legal basis and people are free to conduct business which are ground breaking at that time and fundamental on the account of world’s economic development. At the time when Magna Carter was published, the Law gave people back their property rights which were stolen by the King, the most famous event being William Marshall’s properties were cemented and later extend of the Forest Charter. This protection stabilized the development of real estate industry and enabled people to collect properties, which reinforced the economic growth and create a more stable environment or the economy. What’s more, before the Magna Carter was published and applied into law, people’s freedom of conducting business was highly restrained, which in turn stop English economy from thriving. The liberation of people’s economics rights made it possible for the free-trade market to grow and enabled the English economy to be more market-based. As the passage mentioned...
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...Contents List of abbreviations 2 Index of Authorities 3 List of Statutes 3 List of Cases 3 Aim of the study 4 Review of literature 4 Research Methodology: 4 Hypothesis: 4 INTRODUCTION 5 Intellectual Property Rights and policy 6 Competition Law and Policy 7 CONFLICT BETWEEN IPR AND COMPETITION LAW 9 INDIAN SCENARIO 14 Analysis of Judgments 16 CONCLUSION 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY 21 List of abbreviations AIR - All India Reporter CCI – Competition Commission of India US – United States of America Del – Delhi Bom - Bombay SC – Supreme Court IPR – Intellectual Property Rights GI – Geographical Indication Index of Authorities List of Statutes * The Competition Act; 2002. * The Copyright Act, 1957. * The Patents Act, 1970. * The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 or the Trade Marks Act, 1999. * The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. * The Designs Act, 2000. * The Semi-conductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000. List of Cases * FICCI Multiplex Association of India v United Producers/Distributers Forum (case No 1 of 2009, CCI) * Reliance Big entertainment Ltd v Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce, Case No 25 2010. * Microfibres Inc v Giridhar, 128 (2006) DLT 238. * Amir Khan Production Pvt Ltd v Union of India, 2010(112) Bom L R 3778 * Kingfisher v CCI writ petition no 1785 of 2009. * Manju Bharadwaj v ZEE Telefilms Ltd (1996) 20 CLA 229. ...
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