...From a sociological viewpoint, we comprehend the word “culture,” to be things that people frequently engage in simultaneously as a society. So when we talk about “rape culture”, we’re talking about cultural systems that we frequently participate in together as a society that excuses or tolerates sexual violence. This is widely seen on college campuses across the United States of America. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal civil rights law that proscribes discrimination on the substratum of sex, which can includes sexual harassment, rape, and sexual assault in any educational program or activity that receives federal funding (ACLU, 2015). However this public policy is inconsistent in some ways. In order to make it more...
Words: 664 - Pages: 3
...On the day of June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was enacted by Congress and signed into law by United States President Richard Nixon. On this monumental day, women across the entire United States would no longer be discriminated on the basis of sex. Thirty-seven that would change everything, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." This landmark federal statute was considered the most important step for gender equality since the right to vote given in the 19th Amendment. Hawaii congresswoman, Patsy T. Mink worked tirelessly by...
Words: 1183 - Pages: 5
...today; behind every strong man is an even stronger woman. Throughout history, women have continuously made their imprint on the world. Women fought tirelessly to prove they could be just as good as their male counterparts. To assist in that effort, Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972 was created and implemented. How did Title IX really change the world? More importantly, how did Title IX impact females in the sports world. With that theory mind, the real question should be are women truly equal in the sport world? Is it a possibility to ever be truly equal with all of the obstacles in today’s society? Women in Sports “A strong woman believes that she’s strong enough to face her journey…but a woman of strength has faith that it is in this journey she will become strong!” Maya Angelo. 776 B.C. - The first Olympics are held in ancient Greece. Women are excluded, so they compete every four years in their own Games of Hera, to honor the Greek goddess who ruled over women and the earth. This is the first account of women competing in some type of sports. After many years of discrimination and not being offered the same opportunities, President Nixon signed the Title IX of Education Amendment on June 23th, 1972. Title IX must be explained and explored to how it affected not only women in general but more specifically, women in relation to sports. But after all of the advances with women’s right and freedoms, what struggles do women still face today? Can those struggles be...
Words: 937 - Pages: 4
...An assignment on 15th amendment of the Bangladesh constitution. The 15th amendment of the Bangladesh constitution is perhaps the most debatable one in the post democratic era that follows the 1990 public upsurge against autocracy. The often pronounced justifications offered for this amendment is the ‘needs’ for returning to the spirit and contents of the founding constitution of 1972 of Bangladesh. Yet the 15th amendment rather accommodates some of the changes brought out by the 5th and 7th amendments, both made by the Martial Law regime and recently declared illegal and unconstitutional by the apex court of the country. 15th amendment, like most of the previous amendments, also largely failed to reflect comparative constitutional studies. Such study is considered essential for learning the experiences of constitutionalism in relevant jurisprudences and borrowing or adapting them in amending a nation’s own constitution. Although the 1972 constitution of Bangladesh was indigenous in part, the 1972 Constituent Assembly (led by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman) enriched our constitution by the same process of borrowing and/or adapting from models and concepts of foreign constitutions. For example: collective responsibility of ministers to Parliament and functions of parliamentary committees were taken from UK system, the concept of fundamental principle of state policy from India and Ireland, the provisions of human rights and Judicial review from US constitutional jurisprudence...
Words: 2036 - Pages: 9
...Liberty High School AP Government 4A The people of America have the right to practice whatever religion that we would like without the fear of getting arrested or in trouble with the government. The First Amendment states that ?Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof? (U.S. Const. art. I, amend. I). In the court case Wisconsin v. Yoder, that found its way to the Supreme Court in 1971, helped define the right to religious freedom. This case gave Amish everywhere the right to choice how long their children go to school (Wisconsin v. Yoder, 1972). Three members of the Amish religion refused to send their children to public schools after eighth grade because of religious reasons. Wisconsin had a law that required that all children go to school until that age of 16 and the Amish parents argued that going to high school was against their religious beliefs and their First Amendment rights of religious freedom...
Words: 899 - Pages: 4
...economic and social aspect; moreover, such disparity was being protected by state, and even federal, laws (Bodenner). Gender inequality brought a great social unrest that culminated on the feminist movement’s efforts to ratify an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex" (“Equal Rights Amendment (1972)”). That was the most descriptive sentence on what the ERA proposed to ratify in the U.S. Constitution in order to really achieve gender equality. Females had minimal political representation, almost no educational access, very low earnings, and were deprived of their own corporal liberties (Bodenner). These injustices were mostly based on the fact that women were seen as irrational, irresponsible and dependent of men in many aspects such as the economic one (Bodenner). These prejudices and old-fashioned ways of thinking not only interfered with the recognition of women’s basic and human rights, but also undermined the nation’s commitment to human dignity, freedom and democracy (“Executive Order Establishing the President's Commission on the Status of Women (1961)”). It is thus fair and humane to affirm that the Equal Rights Amendment had to be added to the Constitution. The ERA’s ratification was the correct way to proceed for America as a righteous and free nation. Laws in a country should not be gender-addressed; they should instead treat citizens as individuals (Bodenner)...
Words: 1110 - Pages: 5
...arbitrary interference by the government. Clear and present danger test- a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged; "no one has a right to shout `fire' in a crowded theater when there is no fire because such an action would pose a clear and present danger to public safety" Due process of law- the regular administration of a system of laws, which must conform to fundamental and generally accepted legal principles and be applied without favor or prejudice to all citizens. Equal protection of the law- the right of all persons to have the same access to the law and courts, and to be treated equally by the law and courts, both in procedures and in the substance of the law. Establishment clause- the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress. Freedom of expression- Right to express one's ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms of communication but without deliberately causing harm to others' character and/or reputation by false or misleading statements. Freedom of Religion- the right to practice whatever religion one chooses. Free-Exercise clause- prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion. Good-Faith Exception- an error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial. Libel- a written statement that unfairly or falsely harms the reputation of the person about whom it is made. Prior Restraint- government...
Words: 1034 - Pages: 5
...When the Founding Fathers were composing the Constitution, there was no formalized education for all. At the time, only boys, mainly from affluent families, attended school. Private grammar schools opened in the 1700s to prepare boys to attend ivy league colleges. Free public education for all was never a thought during the 1700 and 1800s, however those documents which were written then have an impact on education today. Even with these documents much power concerning education remains with the states. Cases such as Brown vs. Broad of Education 1954 argued the separate-but-equal doctrine violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Engel v. Vitale (1962) and 8. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) shaped the modern understanding of how the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment constrains prayer in public schools. San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1972) argued that the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment mandates equal funding among school districts. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) argued the Freedom of Speech. These are just a few cases that have made it to the top court in the land in part because of the way schools, districts, and states interpret statements written over two...
Words: 515 - Pages: 3
...Running Head: Title IX Court Case Research on Title IX Court Case FIRST M. SURNAME INSTITUTIONAL AFFLIATION TITLE IX Court Case Introduction Title IX is a part of the Education Amendments of 1972. The amendment protects the citizens from discrimination from academic programs on the basis of their gender(Carpenter & Acosta, 2005). It provides that persons of either gender can be granted an opportunity in any education program within taking into consideration their gender. Title IX protects all the students enrolled in government sponsored institutions from discrimination. As much as the code of Civil Rights caters for the protection against such there are still areas where discrimination can arise (Boland, 2002).. For instance, enrollment in some degree programs or some sporting activities might be based on discriminating nature. The Amendments also guard the student against sexual harassment. This paper will look at the process of filing a Title IX lawsuit. It will analyze based on a sample case study on how to overcome the case based on the current provision of the Education Amendments as well as other relevant laws that pertain to that case. It will observe the consequences of the outcome of the case to the participants of the case. The evaluation will consider all the other external factors that are involved in the process of the filing process and representation in the court of law. Statement of the Court Case The case to be analyzed for the purposes of...
Words: 1536 - Pages: 7
...Special Education 1 Module 1 – History of Special Education Sandra A. Roland Grand Canyon University SPE – 526 Educating Learners With Diverse Needs Dr. Gary McDaniel January 6, 2011 Module 1 – History of Special Education 2 Abstract The history of Special Education began and surfaced in the U.S., after World War II, by a number of parent organized advocacy groups. One of the first organizations formed was the “American Association on Mental Deficiency,” which held its first convention in 1947. There was a number of other parent organizations formed, which was fueled by the” Civil Rights Movement” in the early 1950s, including the “United Cerebral Palsy Association”, the “Muscular Dystrophy Association,” and the “John F. Kennedy’s Panel on Mental Retardation,” which was established by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. This panel recommended federal aid to states. The “Elementary and Secondary Act” was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, providing funding for primary education. The advocacy groups believed this expanded access and public education for children with disabilities. The Federal government in (1950s and 1960s), worked with the support of the advocacy of family associations, such as “The ARC,” which began to develop and validate practices for children with disabilities and their families. These practices laid the foundation for implementing effective programs and services of early intervention and special education in states...
Words: 1552 - Pages: 7
...America Then and Now: A Historical Analysis of America Since 1945 Dena Ferguson Pioneer Pacific College: History 410 February 16, 2015 America Then and Now: A Historical Analysis of America Since 1945 During his second inaugural speech Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, “The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much it is whether we provide enough for those who have little.” (Roosevelt, 1937). This statement would become the mantra of a new era in American history, as a young and powerful country began a long and arduous journey of progress. Progress that has had high cost, followed by great changes, and the inevitable growth of a new American society determined to improve their destiny. However, the great debate is “has America truly changed for the better?” A closer look at the positive changes developed through social movements, societal policy expansion, and technological advancements paints a picture of an improved American society. Social Movements After World War II ended in 1945, America experienced a brief moment of contented peacefulness and growth. However, this quickly changed as the country moved toward a decade of cold war in an effort to prevent the spread of Russian communism, which denied those under its rule the right to basic human freedoms. This cold war was founded on the principle of protecting global human rights, which would sparked an era of social unrest among American minority groups who desired to have...
Words: 3356 - Pages: 14
...The case of Yoder v Wisconsin took place in 1972, and ruled that the parents of a child have the right to remove the child from public schooling for personal religious reasons. The problem that I have with the decision in this case is that the decision did not take into consideration whether or not the children wanted to leave the public schooling system and did not take into account the possible repercussions that this decision could have on our society, such as the children not having the necessary skills to operate as a contributing member of our society. The case took place in Wisconsin in 1972 after three Amish children were removed from the public school system after the completion of the eighth grade by their parents....
Words: 1076 - Pages: 5
...for jobs and prestige were limited. Betty Freidan’s Feminine Mystique (1963) helped spark the new feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. By the mid-1970s, women were getting together amongst themselves to assert their opinions – gaining recognition of women’s quest for equality. This even helped older women to come out and voice their want for equal occupational opportunities, as well as equal pay. The spread of this movement helped produce a wide range of organizations, either militant or political. The biggest organization would be the National Organization for Women (NOW), which Betty Freidan founded in 1966. Although the Equal Rights Act (ERA) had been introduced in the 1960s, in 1972, the women’s movement helped push through Congress a women’s equal-rights amendment to the Constitution. The designed helped to ensure that women could not be denied the same rights as men and pass the ratification by the three-fourths of the states. However, conservatives led by social conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly opposed ERA and its ratification. In Schlafly and her followers’ perspective, the ERA would lead to unisex toilets, homosexual marriages, women in combat, and the release of males from...
Words: 850 - Pages: 4
...Title IX is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. It states (in part) that: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”. Most people who know about Title IX think it applies only to sports, but athletics is only one of 10 key areas addressed by the law. These areas are: Access to Higher Education, Career Education, Education for Pregnant and Parenting Students, Employment, Learning Environment, Math and Science, Sexual Harassment, Standardized Testing and Technology. Since Title IX was passed 35 years ago, it has been the subject of over 20 proposed amendments, reviews, Supreme Court cases and other political actions. There are three areas that Title IX focuses on: Financial Assistance, Effective Accommodation of Student’s Interest and Abilities and Benefits, Opportunities, and Treatment. Counselors play a critical role as it relates to Title IX. The ED regulation for Title IX contains a specific prohibition against discrimination in counseling or guidance of students. According to an excerpt from U.S Department of Education, A counselor may not use different materials in testing or guidance based on the student's sex unless this is essential in eliminating bias and then, provided the materials cover the same occupations and interest areas. Counselors can work with...
Words: 302 - Pages: 2
...on individual freedoms such as speech or religion. The founding fathers of our young nation understood the need for separate liberties for the citizens, and elected Madison to assemble a list to defend an individual’s sovereignty. Madison originally started with seventeen amendments to the Constitution, however, final approval was issued for ten; and these ten became known as the Bill of Rights with passage in 1791 (Bill of Rights Institute). However, when one interprets the Bill of Rights to mean one thing, others may believe something else. At times clarity is needed and this is when state and federal courts step in to elucidate and issue fair...
Words: 1161 - Pages: 5
