...Music and the Sixties The 1960s was a time of transformation in cultural standards, fashion, and society attitudes. This decade of change was particularly apparent in the radical shifts in this era’s music. The music of the sixties had very distinct sounds, portrayal of events and attitudes. Social movements and political events influenced the culture through music. There were also several genres and artists that contributed to the influence of culture. During the 1960s, the music played a major role in shaping the culture. The music echoed the events and movements that were happening in society. Prior to 1963, the music reflected the sounds, styles and attitudes of the previous decade. Music of the 1960s magnified the rebellion and standing up to the emerging cultural changes. The music about protest relayed messages that everyone could and would to sing along to. Through the multiple events during the sixties the music and the American culture mood began to change. Current events in America also played a role in how music influenced American culture. The British Invasion, the Civil Rights Movement, and the escalation of the Vietnam War were major events that impacted the music. The British Invasion occurred when an explosion of British artists took the United States music scene by storm in the mid 1960s. Kenneth Olwig wrote an article titled, “The ‘British invasion’,” and summarizes, “The British Invaders that were listened to, were inspired by and faithfully played a...
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...motivated my own entry into teaching in the mid-1960s: Caring teachers would change the world for the minority poor, one student at a time. Over the decades, this belief has faded as poverty has grown despite the spread of education and a more highly educated population. What has persisted, however, is the deficit thinking that informed the early compensatory education programs that the articles in this issue describe. Such beliefs are more subtle, and expressed obliquely, but they still inform education policy aimed at the urban poor—from local zero-tolerance discipline and metal detectors on school doors (which assume all students are thugs) to the high-stakes standardized testing mandated by No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top (which assume that test prep is enough of a curriculum for the urban poor). In addition, as Beatty remarks in her introductory piece, the focus of much reform today on instilling middle-class social capital in working-class and poor students smacks of deficit thinking: “Discourse similar to that of compensatory education in the 1960s has returned. Talk about disparities in ‘cultural capital’ sounds quite similar to the notion of ‘cultural deprivation,’ for instance.” 1 I agree. In the articles, I revisited Martin Deutsch’s Institute for Developmental Studies, the origins of the Perry preschool project, and Bereiter and Englemann’s “direct instruction” of the 1960s—all compensatory education...
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...providing our national language. Up until World War II, Britain remained the dominating cultural influence in Australia. Britons also dominated the make-up of Australian society - most of Australia's citizens were either born in Britain, or had British descendants. In the years following the war, British subjects were encouraged to migrate to Australia under an 'assisted package' scheme, which helped with the cost of migrating to Australia and provided housing and employment options upon arrival. Between 1945 and 1972, over one million British migrants settled in Australia. Before 1945, many people, including Australians themselves, considered Australia to be nothing more than a British colony; a nation whose national identity was relatively indistinct from the British. During this period of Australia's history, our modes of entertainment, food, fashion, sporting culture and our social values and attitudes were largely dictated by British culture. American influence on the Australian culture One of the most significant changes to have taken place in Australian society since the end of WWII, however, has been its drift towards American, rather than British culture. As the American way of life was projected further into Australia via popular culture, it would rapidly alter the ways we spent our money, entertained ourselves, dressed and socialised. Eventually, many of our British cultural legacies would give way to new American ideals. In the decades since World War II,...
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...The counter cultural movement began in 1960s in the wake of Vietnam war. The young people were frustrated due to racism, gender issues, consumerism, and the conservative nature of society in general. They were looking for a change and found it in the emerging counter cultural movements of 1960s. The youngsters began to question the traditional values and culture of the Orthodox American society. They welcomed sex, drugs and pop music. The counter culture movement reached its heights in 1969, when the young people attended the Woodstock Music and Art Festival at Newyork. The festival became a symbol of anti-war movement. The festival was a mixture of hippie, pop and drug culture. One of the notable feature of the counter culture movement was the sexual freedom and rise of feminism. There was a steep rise in abortions, orphans and divorce. Political activism on the part of women resulted in the formation of National organization for Women (NOW). Other than women, homosexuals were also raised their voice for equality which was later included the Civil Rights issue. Stone Wall Inn riots in 1969 and the establishment of Gay Liberation Front were important steps in their struggle for civil rights. The counter cultural sentiments were also expressed in movies and arts. The movement did not limit in North America alone, but spread to Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. An international rock and roll group from Britain known as the Beatles was widely popular. The counter culture...
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...Pro-Immigration Attitudes in Canada In September 2015, Denmark’s immigration ministry published an advertisement in several newspapers in Lebanon, a country that hosts over one million Syrian refugees, to discourage refugees from coming to Denmark. The ad listed many reasons that portray Denmark as a wrong destination for refugees (Denmark advert in Lebanon, 2015). Although it was not stated explicitly, the message was very clear: refugees are not welcome in Denmark. This negative attitude towards immigrants is not exclusive to Denmark. In fact, most European countries have followed suit and have shown an attitude that ranges from reluctant to hostile. Even in a country like the United States that has been known as a “nation of...
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...Was permissive legislation in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s a response to social change or did it create it? In 1959, six years before becoming Labour’s Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins said that ‘the state should not impinge excessively on peoples private lives and personal morality’. Permissiveness is routed in this idea of a new relationship between society and the individual, representing ‘striking changes in public and private morals’. According to Andrews, social change began in 1956 with a ‘class initiative’, caused by rapidly growing affluence. The affluence of the 1950s is proven by the proportion of homeowners in England and Wales rising from 31% to 44% between 1951-60, representing vast economic growth. Many politicians, particularly those on the Left, believed that ‘the affluent society was directly responsible for the permissive society’. Rising affluence occurred amid the re-emergence of Conservative values in the post-World War Two period, with Brown claiming that ‘the 1950s were about perfecting Victorian values’. The conservatism of the 1950s gave the 1960s a cause for rebellion, creating the unique conditions for permissive legislation to be passed. This paper will focus on acts passed between 1967-1970, including the Abortion, NHS (Family Planning) and the Sexual Offences Acts of 1967, the Divorce Reform Acts (1969), and in 1970 the Matrimonial Property Act. These permissive acts symbolised the breakdown of Victorian and Christian morals, particularly surrounding...
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...Film is an important medium through which the cultural and social norms of American society are presented, affirmed, and archived. As a cultural product, film is produced through the intersections of race, art, culture, and economic advantage. In African American studies, the scholarship of black gender and sexuality is largely based in the intellectual tradition that grew out of the civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s, with one of its aims being the critically examination of key issues, assumptions, and debates in contemporary, post-civil rights African American feminist thought. Under academic inquiry of American film, African American studies situates a cultural discourse that works to examine the behaviors, conditions, and attitudes that foster stereotypes of sexual and gender roles based upon class, oppression, sex, and gender identity, as social constructs, and finds them to be historically and inextricably bound together. As a constructed cultural product, African American film studies finds its diverse cultural legacy rooted in the activist culture of the American civil rights movement....
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...attributed to Jack Lule and Flat World Knowledge 8.2 Movies and Culture LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. Recognize how movies reflect cultural attitudes, trends, and events. Indicate how movies influence culture. Movies Mirror Culture The relationship between movies and culture involves a complicated dynamic; while American movies certainly influence the mass culture that consumes them, they are also an integral part of that culture, a product of it, and therefore a reflection of prevailing concerns, attitudes, and beliefs. In considering the relationship between film and culture, it is important to keep in mind that, while certain ideologies may be prevalent in a given era, not only is American culture as diverse as the populations that form it, but it is also constantly changing from one period to the next. Mainstream films produced in the late 1940s and into the 1950s, for example, reflected the conservatism that dominated the sociopolitical arenas of the time. However, by the 1960s, a reactionary youth culture began to emerge in opposition to the dominant institutions, and these antiestablishment views soon found their way onto screen—a far cry from the attitudes most commonly represented only a few years earlier. In one sense, movies could be characterized as America’s storytellers. Not only do Hollywood films reflect certain commonly held attitudes and beliefs about what it means to be American, but they also portray contemporary trends, issues, and events, serving as records...
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...Influence of the 1960s The sixties were the age of youth, as 70 million children from the post-war baby boom became teenagers and young adults. The movement away from the conservative fifties continued and eventually resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking and real change in the cultural fabric of American life. No longer content to be images of the generation ahead of them, young people wanted change. The changes affected education, values, lifestyles, laws, and entertainment. Many of the revolutionary ideas which began in the sixties are continuing to evolve today (Bradley & Goodwin, 2010). Because of the sixties, I was able to grow up in a neighborhood where different cultures live harmoniously. Before the sixties, non-white people were not allowed to mixed-in with the white families. It is because of the 60s that one neighborhood can include a Hispanic family, and Asian family and an African-American family (Carter, 2010). The Civil Rights Act of 1965 gave more people the right to vote and took down the obstacles which prevented many people from participating in democracy and exercising their full rights as citizens. This enabled me to exercise my right as an individual living in the United States. The Civil Rights Act provided not only me but a lot of people the right to be vote, be heard, and express their opinion (Farber, 1994). The legacy of the 1960s can be seen including society and family structure in America. America. American society is more...
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...1950s unrest; race riots, violence, criminality (Kray twins) and hooliganism (mods and rockers); selection and the diverse nature of secondary education (11+); changes in attitudes to class (into 60s) * Class system is well cut End of consensus 1964-75 * The impact on the economy of government interventions, 1964-1973 * The oil-price crisis of 1973 and the end of the ‘long post-war boom’ * The impact on communities of industrial disputes; the significance of the Miners’ strike 1973; the impact of the 3 day week, 1974; and the birth of environmentalism (cars, industrialisation, nuclear disarmament) Thatcher 1975-90 * The social impact of Thatcherism, including privatisations and the sale of council houses (makes a larger divide between the poor and working class) * The significance of the Miners’ strike 1984-85, on industrial relations; the emergence of extra-parliamentary opposition (change in society’s attitudes) Rise of New Labour 1990-2007 * Social issues and population change; the extent to which Britain had become an integrated and multicultural society by 2007 – yet still division within the community, still today but has changed * Understanding the meaning of: * Assimilation * Accommodation * Integration * Multi-ethnic * Multi-cultural * Multi-racial Analyse the ways in which British society remained the same or changed in the years 1951 to 2007 and should be able to offer a judgement on the...
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...Fear and Loathing Postmodernism Postmodernism is a philosophical term that describes an era or movement in American culture marked by attitudes of skepticism which challenges many of the ideals of Modernism. As an opposition towards the modern era, Postmodernism can be identified in art through its related terms such as fragmentation, hyper-realism, deconstruction, pastiche and ambiguity. Specifically, postmodernism refutes such concepts as reality, the ability to reach perfection, absolute truth, the structures of capitalism, ideals represented within popular culture, political values and other core concepts related to the structures of American culture. The concept is often criticized as a truism for its ambiguity in its very definition. Ironically, ambiguity in relation to truth is as much a description of the term as it is a concept practiced within the cultural movement. For this reason, the term is perhaps most simplistically exemplified and defined through media texts which encode its ideologies. One such media text includes Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, a film adapted from Hunter Thompson’s 1972 novel. In the following essay, I will define the concept of postmodernism through Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. The media text uses humor to challenge modernistic ideas of one’s ability to achieve the Utopian “American dream,” which is often defined as the realization of ultimate happiness and success. Specifically, Fear and Loathing’s satirical refute of the existence...
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...in Houston is a valuable addition to the growing number of studies examining the evolution of Latino empowerment, the book also discusses the change of the Mexican-American ethnic identity in the history of the population. The focus on a Mexican-American community in a city setting goes hand in hand with the works of Foley’s in The White Scourge, introducing the impact of Mexican presence in America. De Leon's Ethnicity in the Sunbelt follows a linear path following the changes of the Mexican-American community in the city of Houston. The book divides the development of this community into three parts: The arrival and consolidation of the Mexicans (1528-1930); the Mexican-American generation (1930-1960); and Many Mexicanos involving the variation of the Mexican-American community (1960-1980s). The first two parts deal economic and social development, while the third part concentrates more heavily on the political aspects. Although De Leon gives very specific political details, he tends to be “overly political” leaving out the important domestic components of Mexican American heritage. The first part of the book establishes the attraction Houston had for Mexican immigrants. This is compared to the "push-pull" effect on immigration, usually something pushes them away from their native country and pulls them toward a new place. De Leon identifies in the early part of the century with that of today “In the city of Houston proper, Mexicans were apparent since its earliest days—in fact...
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...published book Culture’s Consequences. Hoftstede’s cultural dimensions theory has got popular and in the same time criticised by other scholars, while McSweeney is one of the scholars who have been critising the cultural dimensions on people from different nations. This essay will firstly summarise the ideas and arguments of both of McSweeney and Hofstede in order to develop the understanding about the reasons why they are conflicting with each other on the cultural dimension theories. Following the summary of the two scholars ideas and argument, this essay will discuss the agreement and disagreement of both scholars. Reflection on this course on national culture will be specified as well in order to show whether my personal understanding about culture has been changed or improved. Summary of the ideas and argument of both McSweeney and Hofstede * McSweeney’s argument McSweeney expresses his doubts about Hoftstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences. The criticism that McSweeney has on the theory of Hoftstede’s cultural dimensions based on the description of national cultural differences in the Culture’s Consequences published in 1980 (McSweeney, 2002). First of all, the methodology applied in the research of Hoftstede’s model is critised by McSweeney. McSweeney points out that IBM in 66 countries extracted the primary data that Hoftstede uses from a pre-existing bank of employee attitude survey, which was undertaken, between 1967 and 1973...
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...Mathew Bleasdale-Clews Using Material From Item A & Elsewhere, Assess The View That Factors & Processes Within The School Are The Main Cause Of Differences In The Educational Achievement Of Different Social Groups: The cause of differences in the educational achievement of different social groups can be asssigned to various social areas. One example is that of gender within school; the level of success in a child’s education can vary greatly depending on how a boy or girl is treated throughout their school life compared to the other. For example, in the 1960’s/70’s, sociologists were concerned with the apparent underachievement of girls. It wasn’t simply due to a lack of ambition; back then it was the norm for women to marry, and it was almost socially unacceptable for women to reach higher education, thus girls may have felt pressured in lower education to have less of a strive towards educational success than boys did. Far fewer girls studied maths, physics and chemistry as boys as these were considered ‘male’ orientated subjects, in which mostly male teachers were tutors for the subjects. If women did study such subjects they likely will have been ignored in the presence of so many male students. By the time boys were ready for university, girls were very likely to be considering family life, marriage and raising offspring. Even if they wished to attent university, grade boundaries were inflated to make it far more difficult for them to attain entry than boys...
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... 6. What made India and Indian music attractive to the “world traveler” or “hippy” generation of the 1960s and 1970s? Southeast Asia 1. To what extent are the terms classical, folk, and popular appropriate labels for describing Southeast Asian Music? 2. What are some factors that help maintain traditional Southeast Asian music in the face of modernization? 3. Metrical cycles are characteristic of many Southeast Asian music. How do they work in the sites reviewed? 4. How do the types of “heterophony” found in Vietnamese Tai Thu, Thai Piphat, and Javanese Gamelan differ? 5. Though Thailand and Vietnam are both part of Southeast Asian, what historical and cultural factors have determined the present musical differences? 6. Compare Javanese and Balinese Gamelan in terms of their function and use. How do their differing functions affect their respective musical styles? East Asia 1. How do attitudes toward traditionality and modernization affect music differently in china than they do in Japan and South Korea 2. In China how did the Cultural Revolution affect the development of music and the theater? 3. How are the aesthetics of music in japan shaped by both Confucianism and Buddhism? 4. How are the types of East Asian theater different from theater and opera in the West? 5. What spiritual role does music play in Tibetan Buddhist ritual? 6. Discuss East Asian attitudes toward professional musicians and actors and explain why amateur music-making was held...
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