...There was a need in the field to establish a clear temporality of disease and outcome which can only be done with little reporting bias through longitudinal, prospective studies. Also, this study filled a gap in the research by showing long term effects of chronic disease. An epidemiological account of risk factors and their effects on premature death is important when developing a rich picture of the impact of unhealthy lifestyles on individuals and populations. It takes case studies to notice a trend, ecological studies to confirm a trend, randomized controlled trials to attribute causation, case controls for insight into rare disease and cohort studies to establish temporality and associate exposure to the natural disease progression. All methods are needed in conjunction with one another to flesh out our understanding of the causes of disease and can provide a more accurate depiction when used together than any one method can provide on its...
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...Anatomical contraindications would be physical deformities that place the infant at a greater risk for complications such as chordee, epispadias, hypospadias, webbed penis, buried penis, micropenis, penile torsion, urethral hypoplasia, and ambiguous genitalia (Cagno and Gordon). Dr. Cagno, M.D., also mentions the medical risks of circumcision would be, “prematurity, age younger than 18 hours, known bleeding diathesis in the patient or the patient’s family history, any current illness or medical condition that requires monitoring, and disorders of the skin or connective tissue that would impair healing” (376). However, barring these anatomical and medical contraindications, circumcision should not be...
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...these exceeded 9.0%. The eastern United States had a much higher prevalence than the western states. The south continues to have many more occurrences than the rest of the county. The southeastern quadrant of the United Sates appears to lead the way with morbidity issues. For example, the southeastern portion of the US is known as the Bible belt because of its socially conservative evangelical Protestantism. Sadly, it is also known as the stoke belt and is considered a part of stroke ally by public health authorities for having an unusually high incidence of stroke and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Multiple studies have shown (Jorgensen, 1994) that people with diabetes are at greater risk for stroke compared to people without diabetes -- regardless of the number of health risk factors they have. Age-standardized diabetes prevalence (Goodarz, Friedman, Oza, Murray, & Ezzatil, 2009) was highest in Mississippi, West Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia (15.8 to 16.6% for men and 12.4 to 14.8% for women). Vermont, Minnesota, Montana,...
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... Received: 29 November 2011 / Accepted: 19 July 2012 / Published online: 2 August 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Purpose Day case knee arthroscopy is frequently performed on dedicated lists designed to optimise the throughput of patients. This could affect patient recall of clinical information with clinical, ethical and medicolegal consequences. The purpose of this study was to assess patient recall after knee arthroscopy and identify potential contributory factors. Methods Seventy-two patients undergoing day case knee arthroscopy were provided with information about their surgery post-operatively and tested for recall of the information prior to discharge. All patients underwent cognitive assessment when information was delivered and again when tested. Patient recall was correlated with demographic and anaesthetic factors and a multivariate regression model was used to identify risk factors for reduced recall. Results Recall overall was poor. Significant independent risk factors for reduced recall were reduced cognitive state at the time of information delivery and a shorter time between surgery and information delivery. Duration of R. E. da Assuncao (&) Á J. Lochab Á N. Mizumi-Richards ¸˜ Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX37LD, UK e-mail: ruy@doctors.org.uk J. Neely Canberra Hospital, PO Box 11, Woden, Canberra, ACT 2606, Australia A. Barnett Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter EX25DW, UK ...
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...increased age is the greatest risk factor, older people are not the only ones that can develop the disease (Alzheimer’s Association, 2016). Early (or younger) onset Alzheimer’s can also affect individuals that are as young as 40 or 50 years old, although this number comprises...
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...scale regularly along with all other observations. If the outcome is not met or the interventions made are not so effective, the interventions should be changed and modified. As an example if the pain is not relived by non-opioid analgesics, mild opioids should be used appropriately. In addition the client should be asked and inspected for adverse effects of the interventions made such as allergic reactions, hypotension, respiratory depression (usually with the use of strong opioids) and managed accordingly. (Hamilton,...
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...Makati Medical Center - College of Nursing SY 2011 – 2012 A Case Study Presentation on the Care of a Mother with Preeclampsia Superimposed on Chronic Hypertension In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement of NCM102 – Related Learning Experience Submitted To: Submitted By: Leader: Knight, Catherine P. Members: Iglesias, Pauleen Itliong, Juliane B. Javier, Reniccia Janel Joaquin, Gian Denise M. Kwek, Michael Angelo L. La Sangre, Anne Gabrielle B. Lacerna, Iruel Victor III Leynes, Sofia Antonniette M. Lindawan, Ma. Kristine S. BSN II – B Group 2 December 17, 2011 Table of Contents Chapter I - Introduction A. Description of the Case………................................................................. 4 B. Purpose and Objectives........................................................................... 5 C. Significance and Justification....................
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...Where we stand now: E-cigarettes by Sandee LaMotte, CNN Updated 6:00 PM ET, Mon January 25, 2016 A delegate at the "E-Cigarette Summit" smokes an e-cigar. In the e-liquid nicotine is usually suspended in propylene glycol and glycerine. 7 photos: A delegate at the "E-Cigarette Summit" smokes an e-cigar. In the e-liquid nicotine is usually suspended in propylene glycol and glycerine. Hide Caption 4 of 7 E-pipes work on the same principle. When someone draws on the device it detects the air flow and heats the e-liquid in the cartridge to form a vapor. 7 photos: E-pipes work on the same principle. When someone draws on the device it detects the air flow and heats the e-liquid in the cartridge to form a vapor. Hide Caption 5 of 7 Vaporizers have also been adapted for marijuana. They have been developed for the medical market and contain cannabidiol (CBD), a method of pain-relief for glaucoma and migraines, whilst omitting THC, which causes the "high." 7 photos: Vaporizers have also been adapted for marijuana. They have been developed for the medical market and contain cannabidiol (CBD), a method of pain-relief for glaucoma and migraines, whilst omitting THC, which causes the "high." Hide Caption 6 of 7 Nicotine gum and patches predate ENDS as a way for people to attempt to give up cigarettes. 7 photos: Nicotine gum and patches predate ENDS as a way for people to attempt to give up cigarettes. Hide Caption 7 of 7 "Cigalike" e-cigarettes...
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...Breastfeeding – no introduction necessary The focus of this review paper is on presenting and substantiating common knowledge and beliefs with scientific research and facts to demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity...
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...HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community HIV/AIDS is prevalent in the African American community. African Americans are among the highest risk group for contracting HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has been an issue in the African-American community for a number of years. This learner will provide a general overview on the ethnic population under study but will have a particular focus on black heterosexual men for the purpose contributing to the much lacking knowledge base on this particular population subset. Problem Statement The topic of HIV/AIDS is relevant to mental health counseling because this disease can have a devastating effect on the psyche of any human being suffering with this illness. Many minority teens and adults have a passive attitude when it comes to HIV/AIDS, and when confronted with the issue, they need to have access to the proper channels for information and support. Over 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections are reported every year in the United States alone (Kamen, et al., 2012). Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM (Bowleg & Raj, 2012). It is important to identify the risk factors and treatments available for African Americans with HIV/AIDS. HIV Prevention Research Black heterosexual men (BHM) are not usually discussed in...
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...Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein Early detection and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Contents page Definition of key terms used in the assignment Abbreviations used in the assignment Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease, a condition characterised by a gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is often misdiagnosed owing to the lack of knowledge about the disease. With early detection and prevention of the progression of the disease CKD patients can still enjoy life to the fullest while they manage their disease, however if the healthcare professionals fail to identify the disease on time the patient can suffer dire consequences. Besides the financial implications associated with the disease, there are the emotional implications together with physical and psychological. This assignment seeks to explore such implications in an effort to highlight the importance of early detection and prevention of kidney disease, with the best interest of the patient at heart Background Normal kidney anatomy http://doctorstock.photoshelter.com/image/I000096SqkYwaLhE The bean-shaped kidneys lie in retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some form of protection from the lower part of the rib cage (E.N. Marieb, K Hoehn, 2010) The kidneys functions can be divided into two, non-excretory functions and excretory functions. Under excretory we have Glomerular filtration, Tubule...
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...and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence on the occurrence of diseases. It was until the nineteenth century when the distribution of the disease specific in human population group was measured to a large extent as beginnings of epidemiology and road to the most spectacular achievement. The other aspect practice that became common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s was the comparing of rates of the disease...
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...be allowed in public schools? Today’s vaccinations are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in order to ensure their effectiveness and safety to the general public. Currently there are no federal laws which mandates vaccination, but there is a vaccination requirement per state for children entering school. The chart below details which vaccines are mandated for public school by several states: Children who are not vaccinated have a greater chance of death than children who received the required vaccinations. The safety of vaccinations is in questioned by many, asking if they are safe for children to receive. They are safe and should be required for children since those vaccinations help prevent illnesses, lower the risk for some diseases and it might even cause financial growth. There are several advantages of receiving the recommended vaccines. One advantage is that they are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. The body will produce two types of immune responses when an antigen is introduced in order to ensure total immunity from the disease. Vaccines ensure that children get immunity from diseases instead of contracting them. Having immunity is a major advantage against any disease. There is less complications and it decreases the chance for Pneumonia, stroke, and Herpic Neuralgia. ("How Do Vaccines Work To Protect People From Disease?", 2014) Parents should consider the benefits of getting...
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...been a cause of concern for foodborne diseased hence has been isolated from ready-to-eat foods, meats, poultry, dairy products, seafoods, vegetables and from food processing environs. Statistics show that Listeriosis is a modifiable disease in all Australian states and territories. In 2008, there were 0.3 cases per 100,000 populations. This is the same as the 2003–2007 mean of 0.3 cases per 100,000 populations per year. In Australia the fatality rate in 2008 was 18% (OzFoodNet 2009b; NNDSS 2010). In 2008, the notification rate in New Zealand was 0.6 cases per 100,000 population while the fatality rate in New Zealand in 2008 was 19%. (European Commission 1999) Listeriosis is said to be caused by Listeria monocytogenes bacterium and it attacks specific groups like the elderly, other immuno-compromised persons and pregnant women. (Lake et al. 2005) Foodborne listeriosis has high casualty and fatality rate (15–30%) compared to other foodborne microbial pathogens, such as Salmonella. (WHO/FAO 2004; Swaminathan and Gerner-Smidt 2007) Industrially processed foods are the main causes of Listeriosis which ranks as one of the highest of foodborne diseases (Roberts, 1989; Roberts and Pinner, 1990), it is widely dispersed in enviorns. Other factors for its occurrence, like, geographical differences etc, are still not known as is evident from the studies conducted by [pic]Buchanan in 2004; Chen in 2012, Farber & Peterkin in 1991 and Kendall in 2009. It has been isolated...
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...suspects Mr. J has new onset Stage C heart failure. Mr. J has multiple prescribed drugs for Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Parkinson’s, Gout and Depression. After careful reviewing Mr. J’s medications there is concerns ineffective pharmacological management. Ineffective pharmacological management refers to medication therapy prescribed that does not take into account the patient’s age, diagnoses and comorbidities; therefore leading to complications of existing health problems. Side effects, adverse reactions and drug to drug interactions have to also be considered when reviewing a patient’s medication regimen. The drug categories most commonly involved in adverse reaction are cardiovascular agents, antibiotic, diuretics, anticoagulants, hypoglycemic, steroids, opioids, anticholinergic, benzodiazepines, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nurses have the unique opportunity to help identify patients at risk for ineffective pharmacological management and educate patients and families about risk reduction. In this case study I will explore potential problems related to ineffective pharmacological management in a patient with a history of Hyperlipidemia, Depression,...
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