...WOMEN IN ISLAM AND THE MIDDLE EAST CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY ASSIGNMENT AN EARLY LEGAL COMPENDIUM INTERNET CIRCUMCISION ARTICLES HIDDEN FACES OF EVE Instructions: Read Roded chapter 7 and the two readings entitled “Internet Circumcision articles” and “Hidden Face of Eve”. Decide if the chapters or articles are neutral, in support of, or in opposition to the practice of female circumcision. Fill out the first two lines stating the position defended (pro, con, neutral) and time period of the stance taken (modern or traditional). Then write at least 10 sentences stating the rationale behind it and details concerning it. Under the evidence section, give any supporting evidence mentioned in the reading wherein they use factual sources, studies, statistics, Quran verses, Hadith, or other kinds of evidential proof. Give the references or citations provided for this proof (do not just mention it- give the actual statistics and data with the source citations). Finish by stating your own opinion regarding the reading. There is no answer key for this assignment. Note: Roded 7 doesn’t really go into the topic in depth, but has a detailed view on the topic of purity on the whole. Include the entire topic in your summary of that chapter below. 1. Roded Chapter 7 a. Position defended: Pro b. Time period: traditional c. Rationale/details: Purity is very important. Many of the older women were considered to be unclean. During mensuration a woman was to wrap a cloth tight...
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...Circumcision is a touchy and controversial topic that has been sweeping our world and the religious and ethical views that come with it. Female circumcision is the practice of removing a female’s external genitalia—most notably, the clitoris and labia. This practice is common in Africa and the Middle East; in contrast, it is frowned upon in the Western hemisphere and even illegal in the UK. Female circumcision is performed on young, helpless girls who have no say in whether they want the procedure performed or not—their parents and community decide for them. In addition, the procedure is performed by a non-certified practitioner who “uses a small knife or razor blade but no anesthesia” (Ashford). Female mutilation is morally wrong and unethical due to the fact that it is an unnecessary procedure that carries many medical risks and serious infections without any medical benefits, and because the girls who are circumcised are not given a choice whether they want to be circumcised or not. There are many stakeholders involved in the practice of female circumcision—not just the girl. In addition to the girl who is being mutilated, other individuals include her family and the “practitioner” who performs the circumcision on her. The Somalian government is also a stakeholder because they choose to condone the practice. Systemic stakeholders include the Westerners (Americans and Europeans), activist groups, other Somalians, and lenders. Lenders also in the wrong, if they choose...
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...Rites of Passage: Female Genitalia Cutting Cultural Anthropology ANT101 Rites of Passage: Female Genitalia Cutting Have you heard of Female Genitalia Cutting or FGC? It is not an unknown practice here in the United States, but laws prevent it from occurring here. In other cultures in other countries Female Genitalia Cutting is being performed to children as young as 5 years old. In Cultures like Maasai in Tanzania and Shendi in Sudan these procedures are being performed on children as young as three. Is this a form of mutilation? Or is it the right thing to do to a child? Growing up in these cultures they are taught that this is the right thing that must be done, to show that they are fertile, to show their fidelity. A tradition that goes back over a hundred years and their “stubbornness” to end tradition keeps this rite of passage going. Female Genitalia Cutting is the cutting of the female external genitalia, there are four forms of female genitalia cutting according to the World Health Organization also known as WHO. Clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation and other which is any harmful procedure done for non-medical reasons such as piercings. All of these procedures are normally done by a person who has no medical training and can cause death or infection to the person it is being practiced on. Clitoridectomy is cutting the clitoris as what the name says, the excision removes the clitoris and labia minora and the most invasive is the infibulation which...
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...Female Circumcision Human Rights? We all have them, don’t we? That is the question I had to ask myself repeatedly while reading about this controversial issue. How far can or should you take the issue when dealing with cultural traditions? Over the past 3 weeks, I have done a lot of research on this topic and have found many things that I did not know. At first, when I read the two articles, honestly, I was more grossed out than anything. I did not really care; I just thought how weird it was going to be to try to write a paper on this topic. The main thing that ran through my mind was, “Why do people even care, men get circumcised every day.” However, after doing research and learning more, I decided it was so much more than that. Marrilee H. Salmon, a professor of science, states in her article how unmoral and degrading the process of female circumcision is. I strongly agree with her opinion and the opinion of many other feminist anthropologists, who are desperately trying to help eliminate this procedure. Salmon also goes on to tell how female circumcision is an act of power more than anything, giving men power and/or authority over women. And it truly is, I mean how is this beneficial to women at all? Every one is entitled to their own opinion and mine is expressed exactly in Marrilee’s article when she says, “it’s also called genital mutilation!” That is exactly what this is, “MUTILATION,” and I definitely agree with putting a stop to it. I also feel...
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...girls, and women of certain cultures. The utilitarianism theory would claim this cultural practice unethical because it does not achieve the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. The deontology theory will claim this cultural practice unethical because the action is wrong and dangerous according to medical studies. Female genital mutilation has no medical benefits, only severe dangers. Therefore, there should be laws preventing this procedure being practiced on infants and young girls. It should only be allowed to be performed on willing, consenting adults who are fully aware of the risks they are taking by following through with the procedure. Female genital circumcision originated in Africa and is now practiced in 28 African countries. It is also practiced in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and India. It is a cultural practice, not a religious practice. “Female genital mutilation is often called female circumcision. This implies that it is similar to male circumcision, but the degree of cutting is much more extensive and it impairs a woman’s sexual and reproductive functions.” (Olvera, 2006) According to the World Health Organization, approximately 100-140 million women and girls all over the...
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...with God and the ancestors. Initiation ceremonies bring families, relatives and friends together thus helps in strengthening relationship ties.it also helps the structuring of communities through age sets or groups. People of the same group treat each other as brothers and sisters. The bukusu are from the Bantu speaking group and is one of the sub-tribes, which constitutes the Luhyia community, they are mostly found in Western part of our country Kenya. They are still holding to some of their traditions, which, among them, the traditional rite of passage from childhood to adulthood-traditional circumcision ceremony called khukhwingila (which when translated means to enter). AGE In the luhya culture, when a boy reaches the age of about thirteen to fifteen he is ready for the initiation ceremony, he has the responsibility to tell his father that he is ready for circumcision PREPARATION AND ARRANGEMENTS His father is then to prepare the required materials that are necessary for the ceremony. These are a male bull or a he goat, traditional beer called kamalwa, the circumciser and a small house called Likombe for the boy. The boy then gets the jingles ready. The boy plays them as people sing and dance for him during the entire process called Khulanga (calling). He plays them calling on relatives from near and a far. During the process, those who are approached by the boy...
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...BY LATASHA BARR THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES DR HANCHELL 9 JULY, 2012 Conflicts are part of life. We all have experienced situations where we found ourselves on one side of an argument. From playground fights, to board room debates or the emotional dispute of a couple, it is inevitable at some point we will disagree. The church is no different. When we join our selves to the body of Christ we bring along all of the attributes that make us who we are. What should separate us from the world is how we handle the differences that arise amongst us. Acts chapter 15 is filled with conflict, and provides details on dealing with conflict when God’s people disagree. Acts 15 opens in Antioch. Paul and Barnabas are in a fierce debate with some fellow believers from Judea. The Jewish believers from Judea were teaching in order to be saved, one must believe in Jesus of Nazareth as the Christ; but in order to be part of the covenant community, Israel, one must become a proselyte, which is entered into by circumcision and obligates the individual to keep the Law of Moses¹. Paul and Barnabas disagreed with these teaching and this made for heated discussions. The debate raged on in such a manner that the group was ultimately sent back to Jerusalem to present their arguments before the council which remained there. It is important we realize there are no good guys and bad guys in this equation. Both parties are Christian believers and when the debate ensued both parties were out evangelizing...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Female circumcision is a traditional practice performed on girl children as part of initiation rituals into adulthood. This inquiry seeks to demystify the secretiveness surrounding this practice, seeking to establish the reasons why female circumcision remains a taboo subject. In doing so, the researcher will attempt to establish the local community’s perception of female circumcision and elucidate some of the reasons practitioners cite as benefits of female circumcision. The research focuses on Mabvuku and Tafara suburbs because there are people of different ethnic groups with varying customs and values that shape their behaviour and way of life. Mabvuku and Tafara have an unusually high concentration of people of Malawian, Mozambican and Zambian origin who migrated to seek work mostly before the Zimbabwean independence. Due to this diversity, women and girls who have undergone female circumcision were interviewed. Mabvuku is a high-density suburb some seventeen kilometres east of Harare. It is classified as a suburb or township of Harare, with the Harare City Council constituting local government. This inquiry is exploratory, descriptive and qualitative in nature, based on interviews with women who had undergone the practice in Mabvuku-Tafara. The inquiry can be termed therefore, a qualitative research done through a case study design. This research method is preferred because the researcher is exploring a subjective understanding of social reality...
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...Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology Vol. 4(5), pp. 117-122, May 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JPHE DOI: 10.5897/JPHE11.194 ISSN 2141-2316 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Female genital mutilation in Southeast Nigeria: A survey on the current knowledge and practice Ibekwe Perpetus C.*, Onoh Robinson C, Onyebuchi Azubike K., Ezeonu Paul O. and Ibekwe Rosemary O. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. Accepted 9 April, 2012 Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been recognised as a major reproductive health problem and a dehumanising practice that has resisted change especially in developing countries. The study reviews the current knowledge and practice of FGM in Southeast Nigeria. This is a questionnaire based descriptive study involving women of reproductive age in Abakaliki, South east Nigeria. A semistructured questionnaire was distributed to 320 women by simple random sampling. Information sought included the socio-demographic characteristics, and personal information on FGM with regards to knowledge and practice. Two hundred and sixty (81.3%) were appropriate for analysis. The mean age of the respondents was 28.6 years ± 5.4 SD. Most had formal education, with tertiary education contributing 60.8%. A high percentage was aware of FGM, and the problem associated with it was 91 and 72%, respectively. Half of the respondents (49.6%) were genitally mutilated while almost the...
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...African Art ties and deals with the fabric of society because through African art the struggles, liberation, and justice that many Ancestors fought for can be seen and embraced in African art itself. African art consist of shrines, wood carving, and in my biased; different ceremonies, or what one held or thought to be true can be considered as a form of art in itself. African art was sometimes from those of low status or ranking who would create some of the most beautiful art sculptures and pieces by hand however; this work would be made the property of some wealthy individuals, who would then use the art to enhance ones’ own authority. Since the beginning of time Africa has been called mother Africa because of her many contributions that she has given to this world. Africa is the world’s second largest continent, stretching near 8,000 kilometers from South Africa to Egypt. Africa has birthed the indigenous people as well as the ancient Kush, and civilizations that have impacted the past as well as the present. The essence of Africa and what she contains continues to inspire and uplift humanity. Africa was once a culturally enriched continent hat once consisted of many deities and sacred buildings, before colonization took place. Gods and goddesses were once seen as serving their role, catering to the first people who were harmonious with planet earth. The African eye saw things from a holistic view; where everything including the trees, insects, the elements of the earth,...
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...HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF UNICEF. UNICEF is one of the biggest names in international aid and humanitarian work in the world today. It has won the noble prize as an award to first organisation and not an individual. Despite UNICEF’s awareness, fundraising, relief work and research, very few people know much about its origin. UNICEF was founded in 1946 commencing with a mission of proving emergency food and health care to the children in the countries that had been destroyed in world war II. Its original name was United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. It was later changed to United Nations Children’s Fund in 1954 after being officially adopted as a permanent branch in UN. In 1959, UNICEF being a permanent member of the UN, the UN General Assembly adopts the declaration of the Rights of the Child, which defines children’s rights to protection, education, health care, shelter and good nutrition. In 1961, UNICEF decides to not only focus on the health issues of the child but also focus on the needs of the child as whole beginning with education by providing teacher training and classroom equipment in newly independent countries. In 1982, UNICEF came up with Child Survival and Development Revolution where it takes responsibility to save millions of children each year. The revolution includes four aspects; growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast feeding and immunisation. In 1989, there’s a convention on the rights of the child and comes into...
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...Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Book Critique: Believer’s Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ A Paper Submitted to Professor Larry McDonald In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Ecclesiology Theo 620 By Matt Dover September 8, 2012 Bibliography Believer’s Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ. Thomas R. Schreiner & Shawn D. Wright. Nashville: B & H, 2007. 359 pages. Reviewed by Matt B. Dover Authorship Thomas R. Schreiner is the professor of New Testament Interpretation and the Associate Dean of Scripture and Interpretation at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Prior to this he served for 11 years at Bethel Theological Seminary, and he also taught New Testament at Azusa Pacific Seminary. Schreiner is the author of numerous books and articles. He is also the pastor of Clifton Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky. Shawn D. Wright is the Assistant Professor of Church History at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Prior to this he served the Southern Baptist churches in New England. Wright also serves as the pastor at Clifton Baptist Church alongside Schreiner. He is also noted for writing various articles and journals. He also serves as a member of the Evangelical Theological Society. Thesis Statement The goal of this book is to recover and maintain an adequate and proper view on the role of baptism in the believer’s life...
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...left to women and children. When it comes to employment, it is normally the men who try seek either full-time or part-time employment. Unemployed men normally engage in entrepreneurial activities such as; charcoal burning, working in lands of large farmers, cattle trading and even collecting sand from river banks for sale to the people who make concrete. A few Nandi’s have artisan skills such as tailoring and bicycle repairers. These men are in the shopping centre. Very few Nandi women are either employed or seeking employment. (Oboler) Marriage and family The Nandi community performs initiations for both boys and girls. This happens at the age of between twelve and eighteen. The process is normally circumcision for boys and clitoridectomy for girls. The initiates should be brave, quiet and not to show any emotions. This test of courage is...
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...left to women and children. When it comes to employment, it is normally the men who try seek either full-time or part-time employment. Unemployed men normally engage in entrepreneurial activities such as; charcoal burning, working in lands of large farmers, cattle trading and even collecting sand from river banks for sale to the people who make concrete. A few Nandi’s have artisan skills such as tailoring and bicycle repairers. These men are in the shopping centre. Very few Nandi women are either employed or seeking employment. (Oboler) Marriage and family The Nandi community performs initiations for both boys and girls. This happens at the age of between twelve and eighteen. The process is normally circumcision for boys and clitoridectomy for girls. The initiates should be brave, quiet and not to show any emotions. This test of courage is...
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...There are different cultural practices of people across the world that varies in one way or the other. According to Crapo (2013), a careful study of these cultures reveals that although there are some fundamental differences in the practices, sometimes it is common to find some similarities. In this study, I will focus on comparing the rites of passage between two communities in different countries. Each culture has its own rites of passage and its unique ways of celebrating such events. Some of these practices may have been restructured due to globalization and modernization that is turning the world into a global village. However, many communities still maintain their traditional heritage, preferring to continue with these practices despite the changes brought about by globalization. In this study, I will compare and contrast the cultural rites of passage among the Egyptians and that of the Hindus. I will be confirming even although these two cultures differ in their rites of passage practices, they also share a number of cultural values. Hindus have been able to maintain their cultural practices despite the changes that are taking place in the global world. Although they have embraced modernization, they have been able to maintain most of their cultural practices not only in their home country in India, but also in various other parts of the world where they live (Rinehart, 2004). On the other hand, the Egyptians have maintained their heritage within their country. Most of...
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