...Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Aviation All living beings possess a built-in, biological alarm clock. This clock is responsible for innumerable bodily functions that are performed during various stages of a day/week/month/year. Examples include bowel movement, digestion, hormone production, menstrual cycle and migration (among birds/animals), to name a few. All these functions follow a particular cyclical pattern. When this process recurs annually, it is known as a circannual rhythm. Similarly, when this process recurs on a daily basis, it is known as a circadian rhythm. The word circadian comes from the Latin words ‘circa diem’, meaning about a day. Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock within our brain. This section of brain is called the 'suprachiasmatic nucleus' (SCN). Signals produced by the SCN travel to different sections of the brain, thus stimulating various functions, such as body temperature, hormone secretion, changes in blood pressure, etc. There are numerous external factors as well, that regulate a circadian rhythm among human beings. These external factors are called zeitgebers (Hawkins & Orlady, 1993). Most common zeitgebers are light and temperature. Others include meal times, various social and physical activities. The most common circadian rhythm known to mankind is the sleep cycle. Sleep is an extremely important physiological phenomenon, during which our body heals and recuperates. Let us begin with understanding what sleep...
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...this deficiency. In one of the local TV shows about health, a certain medical doctor said that sleep deprivation can cause obesity. Recently, many researchers and experts have noticed the connection between sleep and weight of a person. Sufficient quantity of sleep is one of the most important factors for a person’s healthy life. Teenagers need more sleep as they grow and develop to maturity. Nowadays, many teenagers especially students have experiencing sleep deprivation due to some factors such as school-related works and net surfing. Recently, evidences have increased affirming that getting insufficient amount of sleep causes a person to gain weight that may be result to obesity. Sleep deprivation causes feelings of fatigue which may lead to reduced physical activities. Sleep deprivation has a hormonal effect that may induce the person’s appetite. Sleep deprivation is very common among adolescents and this has been one of the factors that affect them to gain weight which may sometimes result to obesity. We performed a survey that may show us the proofs that sleep deprivation is linked to weight gain through hormones and physical activities. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Sleep deprivation today is very common among adolescents especially students that affect their activities and health. It might be contributed to weight gain that sometimes results to obesity. Sleep deprivation among teenagers has been worsening these days because of many factors such as the new technologies,...
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...providing emerging adults with a structured environment in which they can gain knowledge, skills and independence to chart their own path, become successfully employed and contribute to society. For most students, the college environment is full of new living and social experiences, new freedom from parental supervision and new academic demands. In this situations, most often than not, adequate sleep is neglected. According to poll conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (2000) potential obstacle to maximizing success in college is the high prevalence of daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation, sleep disturbances and irregular sleep schedules among college students. Daytime sleepiness is a major problem, exhibited by 50% of college students compared to 36% of adolescents and adults. At least 3 days a week, 60% of college students report that they are dragging, tired and sleepy. Sleep deprivation is defined as obtaining inadequate sleep to support adequate daytime alertness. How much sleep a young adult needs is known to be eight (8) hours. Most college students are sleep deprived, as 70.6% of students report obtaining less than 8 hours of sleep. Sleepiness is defined as the inability or difficulty in maintaining alertness during the major wake period of the day, resulting in unintended lapses into drowsiness or sleep. It is important to note that sleepiness is often circumstances-dependent with many aspects of the students’ learning environment exacerbating sleepiness....
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...lifestyle, but as people get older and busier, the concept of sleep in our mind twists into a luxury instead of being a necessity. In reality, a multitude people all over the United States fail to realize that without a proper rest period, the body’s mental and physical state start to go on a downhill spiral, and they can start to experience many health issues such as fatigue and anxiety among many other conditions. Thankfully, this can all be avoided by acknowledging and using simple strategies that support adequate sleep. Surely, the most asked question is what exactly is sleep deprivation and what are the symptoms? Sleep deprivation is simply being unable to get the sufficient amount of sleep for long periods of time. The most common type of sleep deprivation has the symptoms of fatigue, excessive drowsiness, and irritability. There’s a distinct kind of lack of sleep called chronic sleep deprivation, and has dire symptoms such as malaise, depression, memory loss, and the development of psychosis. In severe cases it may eventually lead to death. This grave condition can be caused by abnormal stress levels, drug abuse, and overworking. (Davis) Lack of sleep has been associated with weight gain and obesity. In the article, 14 ways lack of sleep is causing weight gain, research has shown that tired people reach more for...
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...essay. To begin, Bowlby argued that attachment is a type of mechanism that ensures the survival of the child. In other words, forming a bond with someone, often the child’s primary care giver is the most essential in order to survive. According to Bowlby which is why they strive to maintain close proximity to the significant adult. He argued that babies have abilities such as crying and smiling to encourage the primary care giver to look after them, and vice versa, the parents, particularly mothers, possess instincts designed to protect their child from harm. Bowlby presented his theory which comes under five sections, firstly being adaptive where babies have an attachment gene ensuring that the infant stays close to the caregiver for food and protein. As this is innate, the baby has social releasers (physical characteristics and behavioural characteristics) which are adaptive because a child’s behavioural characteristic helps the baby to survive. They are innate because survival of a baby’s life is naturally selected. Without any carte from the primary caregiver the baby will not be able to survive on its own. The second stage is Bowlby’s concept of monotropy, which the theory consists of a number of essential factors. Which he described as the attachment to one person who is most important in the baby’s life. While Bowlby doesn’t deny that the baby forms multiple attachments, they always have one more important person to them. Often, Bowlby argues, this is the farther as...
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...Later school start times would promote healthy sleep patterns which would reduce the probability of developing mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. Sleep deprivation, while often viewed as a symptom of existing mental illness, can also serve as a catalyst for such ailments. While the average teenager requires little over nine hours of sleep per night, a study by The National Institutes of Health revealed that only 3% of teenagers are getting the amount they need (Rodriguez). In fact, the majority reported only sleeping 6.5 hours per night (Rodriguez). The researchers discovered that for each hour of sleep lost, there was a 38% increase in feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a 42% increase in suicidal thoughts, and a 58% increase in actual suicide attempts (Rodriguez). With teenagers sleeping an average of 2.5 hours less than they require, the majority already have a higher probability of developing these symptoms. Sleep deprivation has also been linked to a spike in anticipatory anxiety. Researchers...
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...Experimental Design Study: Sleep Deprivation and Test Performance The scientific method provides a standard procedure that enables researchers to conduct scientific research, and facilitates future replication of the experiment for reliability and validity. These steps of the scientific method are as follows: posing a research question, doing background research, constructing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by conducting an experiment, analyzing the data and drawing a conclusion, and communicating the results of the study findings (Passer, 2014). The research topic examined in this study is the effects that sleep deprivation has on attention and memory retention, specifically measured by academic test performance. Sleep deprivation...
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...on them, to maintain mood and energy. Research Question Can obtaining adequate amounts of sleep (between 8-9 hours of sleep) reduce stress levels? My hypothesis is in order to lower my stress levels I would like to obtain 8 hours of sleep with and monitor the effects of this on my reported levels of stress. My rationale is my mind and body are more rested therefore my perception of stress and my ability to handle stress would improve thereby lowering my stress levels(Minkel et al., 2012) Sleep deprivation is associated with higher cortisol levels and with an exaggerated cortisol response to a stressor. I have not been obtaining a regular 8 hrs of sleep per night and have been feeling stressed.(“10 Surprising Effects of Lack of Sleep,” n.d.) My plan is to see if obtaining at least 8 hours of sleep lowers my stress levels. Method: Over the course of 21 days upon rising I will record the number of hours of sleep I receive. I will record my level of stress at the end of the day using my 1-5 rating system. Since I have difficulty falling and staying asleep I will incorporate between 0-60 minutes of exercise per night and rate my sleep quality that night. Similar to the study, Effects of Prolonged Sleep Deprivation, With and Without Chronic Physical Exercise, on Mood and Performance where subjects filled out...
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...Assess sociological explanations of the relationship between ethnicity and educational performance in Britain. Sociologists have traditionally placed strong focus on the effects of race and ethnicity on a wide range of social outcomes to conclude genuine reasons for the educational under-achievement of some pupils. Ethnicity refers to a shared culture, religion, language or geography. At GCSE level, students that received their average 5 A*-C grades showed that it was Chinese students that are the most successful, followed by Indian, White, Pakistani/Bangladeshi students and then lastly Afro-Caribbean origin students. Another factor I studied in the past was whether gender has an effect on educational achievement and to my surprise it links to this category of explanation as in every social group (expect Asian pupils) females perform better then males. However it is clear that Afro-Caribbean, Pakistani, Gypsy and Bangladeshi students are less likely to gain A-levels and then go on to attend university. Lastly there is evidence suggesting that gypsy students are by far the lowest achievers in the education system. Cultural deprivation theory claims that the underachievement of some ethnic groups is caused by inadequate socialisation in the home. This consists of two main aspects; these are intellectual and language skills and attitudes, values and family structure. This theory claims that children from low-income black families’ lack intellectual stimulation. This means that...
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...Sleep deprivation is defined as a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performances of tasks. (WebMd) Sleep deprivation can lead to harsh physical and or mental problems and should be taken seriously. We are now living in a 24/7 world where we are constantly busy and there is work, television and electronics keeping us up. Getting the proper amount of sleep should be taken very seriously so that there are no harmful effects to your body or mind. Sleep is something that you cannot live without, just like the food we need to eat or the oxygen we need to breathe. Sleep may be the last thing we feel there is time for but it should be made a top priority. There are several consequences, such as accidents or disasters, that are a result of sleep deprivation or lack of sleep and everyone should make a conscious effort to improving the way they sleep. Sleep debt is a major factor in accidents and can cause slow or delayed reactions times. Slowed reaction time can be dangerous while driving a vehicle or even operating machinery. Not only could you harm yourself due to a lack of sleep but others could be in harms way as well. An example of sleep deprivation and slowed reaction time would be the Exxon Valdez disaster. This accident was a major disaster in where oil was spilled all over and harmed many living creatures. In “Sleep Debt and the Mortgaged Mind” William C. Dement and Christopher...
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...illness, memory disorders, drug addiction, and how the body’s sensory system and central nervous system work, animals are subjected to experiments on vision, hearing, pain perception, hunger, thirst, reproduction and fetal development, fear, stress, aggression, learned helplessness, maternal deprivation, cigarette use, drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, and environmental toxins, to name a few. In research relating to the central nervous system, animals are used to study the process of recovery after neural damage biological correlates of fear, anxiety, and other forms of stress; subjective and dependence-producing effects of psychotropic and mechanisms that control eating and other motivational processes. To create an animal model of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, anorexia, drug addiction, or spinal cord injury, a facsimile of the conditions of the disorder or disease is induced in an animal. This is accomplished by manipulation of the animal’s behavior and environment, invasive procedures to the brain and body, or genetic engineering. Animals are subjected to food, water, and sleep deprivation, sensory deprivation or overload, long-term physical restraint, social isolation, maternal separation, electric shocks, limb amputation, and brain damage and manipulation through the use of electrodes surgically implanted into the brain. To study behaviors and experiences, psychology research typically requires...
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...preparation, ingredients, methods of eating, traditions, and so on. Numerous objectives will be addressed: globalization and emigration’s effect on cultural food and drink; tourism’s spread of cultural gastronomic competitiveness and misunderstandings; international messaging in cultural gastronomy; the media’s effect on cultural traditions; marketing and thematic cultural cuisine portrayal to the public; the demographic impact on specific cultural cohesion and continuance in gastronomic areas; aesthetic effects and interpretation as gastronomically pertinent; the physiology, emotional, social, and psychological responses triggered by cultural cuisine and the contrary effects when altered or deliberately changed; and the economics of cultural cuisine’s purity or forced changes. The purpose of this study will be to identify, explore, compare, and educate the reader concerning major world cultures over the centuries, particularly as it applies to gastronomy and cultural division in the world today. Introduction Gastronomy is the scientific categorization for the process of eating – searching, procurement, and preparation of food – with a focus on preserving mankind’s existence. It is gastronomy which motivates vine dressers, hunters, hybrid cultivators, and cooks/chefs in preparing food for human consumption. As alimentary substances, then, food is quantifiable within various scientific and socioeconomic strata and is applicable to physics for properties, chemistry for composition...
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...influenced the changes in climatic conditions, increased natural calamities which impact the socio-economic development in different parts of the world. As a result, more people have been exposed to the negative effects of the occurrence of different hazards (D’Ambrosio, Deutsch and Silber, 2011). This leaves the affected populations suffering in poverty, thus increasing their numbers. Increased levels of poverty led to the formation of policies by the United Nations to combat the rising cases of poverty with the aim of reducing the number of people living in poverty by halve before the year 2015. Formulation of the millennium development goals which features the quantitative objectives and indicators set to measure the progress towards the war on poverty eradication took course. To establish the level of poverty in the society, therefore, measurement should be performed severally using a number of available tools (Davidson and Duclos, 2000). This will aid in determination of the extent of its effects throughout the world. This paper aims at discovering the major approaches used to measure the levels of poverty by different international communities at the present. Precisely, by determining the methods used for measuring income poverty, human poverty, capabilities deprivation, and participatory approaches and also underlining the benefits and shortcomings of each of these methods. The international community showed interest in the fight against...
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... also called chronic under nutrition, is much more common than severe forms, and is often difficult to recognize. The severe forms are either due to insufficient protein and calories (marasmus) or to an acute protein loss or deprivation (kwashiorkor). At present, when increasing investment in our educational programs is being made to improve the performance of the schoolchildren however, to some extent this are being wasted. Children are not reaching their full intellectual potential consequently, predispose to school failure. In public elementary schools particularly the Kalibo Elementary School I, where malnutrition is prevalent among schoolchildren, it is observed that children has low attention-span, lack interest and decreased ability to focus on tasks, and restlessness. These likely to interfere with their learning ability and in this way resulted to their poor school performance. However, this has yet be proven, whether malnutrition impair the learning ability and school performance of schoolchildren. It is for this reason, necessary to study the effects of malnutrition on the learning ability and school performance of schoolchildren. Malnutrition and School Performance Unfortunately, very few studies have been made concerning the direct effect of early malnutrition on school performance. The findings in those that have been carried out indicate that both chronic under nutrition and severe clinical...
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...SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY Authors Muneeb Bin Hafeez Rashi Kumar Lohano Ratan Kumar Usman Ahmad Submitted to Dr. Erum Maqbool For fulfillment of the requirement of “Term Report” as a pre-requisite for completion of the course of “Foundations of Human Behaviour” Institute of Business Administration, Karachi. Statement of Contribution Outline of the Term Report Abstract Main Body of the Research 1) Problem statement 2) Justification statement 3) Purpose 4) Audience 5) Functional Definitions of the Construct 6) Hypotheses 7) Methodology and techniques of research 8) Literature review 9) Primary research 10) Interview i. Contact Person 11) Findings 12) Conclusion and Recommendations 13) Research Tool 14) References 15) Author’s Note Abstract Sleep deprivation has been an important topic of study with the first documented research on sleep deprivation being conducted by Mary D. Maneceine in 1894 on rats by depriving them of sleep and examining their behavior. Sleep deprivation is an important part of academic life. It is often quoted “a sound mind in a sound body” to describe the ideal and desirable state of a human being. It can be observed that the functioning of a ‘sound body’ is vital to the efficient working of a ‘sound mind’. To maintain a healthy body it important that the recuperative functions of the body are allowed to efficiently play their role. The...
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