...TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Interfacing between Human and Other Elements. 6 2.3 Factors Affecting Performances 6 2.3.1 Fitness and Health 5 2.3.2 Stress 7 2.3.3 Workload 10 2.3.4 Sleep 13 2.3.5 Circadian Rhythms 15 2.3.6 Fatigue & Shift Work 17 2.3.7 Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse 23 2.3 FACTOR AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 32 2.4 TYPES OF ERROR IN AVIATION 36 2.5 MANAGING ERROR IN AVIATION 36 CHAPTER 3 : CONTENTS 38 CHAPTER 4 : RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 42 REFRENCES 43 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes. In common with most other complex technical activities, human error is implicated in the majority of aviation-maintenance-related quality lapses, incidents, and accidents. General estimates of this human error contribution have increased over the years, from a low of around 20% in the 1960s to values in excess of 80% in the 1990s. Human error in aviation is somewhat of a sensitive topic due to the recent tragic events of September 11, 2001. The goal of this research is to understand human error in aviation, in order to understand how designing better computer systems can assist in making the aviation industry safer for pilots and passengers, by reducing...
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...Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood obesity continues to be a major concern because children represent the future of America, and obesity numbers among them continue to rise. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that in the 30 years leading up to 2007, obesity among children between ages 6 to 19 more than tripled. Obesity not only impacts lifestyle but can also lead to lower self-esteem, cause depression and discomfort in social situations, and significantly diminish quality of life. Health Effects of Obesity Obesity also increases a person’s risk for developing serious disease, such as: * High blood pressure (Additional fat tissue in the body needs oxygen and nutrients in order to live, which requires the blood vessels to circulate more blood to the fat tissue.) * Diabetes (Obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes) * Heart disease (Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery disease, heart attack) * Sleep apnea (which causes people to stop breathing for brief period, interrupts sleep throughout the night and causes sleepiness during the day) * Cancer * Psycho social effect (In a culture where often the ideal of physical attractiveness is to be overly thin, people who are overweight or obese frequently suffer disadvantages. Disapproval of overweight persons expressed by some individuals may progress to bias, discrimination, and even torment.) ...
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...Summary Stress is a term we all are aware of, and it is experienced by people in their different workplaces. Stress in the workplace is detrimental to human health and organization when it comes to productivity, performance standards and job satisfaction. Organizations whose workers are stressed are likely to be successful in a competitive market. Workers who are stressed are more likely to be unhealthy, poorly motivated, less productive and less safe at work. Stress can be destructive in a way that, after reaching a certain point, the performance of the employees begins to reduce also which prevents fulfillment of work and various assignments. The following are the causes of stress in the workplace; Exhaustion (weakens the employees mentally and physically), moral injury (destructive of self-esteem of employees or lack of confidence in their abilities, discrimination), illness of the employees (feeling of irritation, uncertainty, guilt or mistrust), violence (damage to the property of the employees or organization), long hours, lack of rewards or incentives by the managers and managers lackadaisical attitude to employees. Stress can be brought to a minimal level; to prevent stress, we have to identify, know the causes and prevent it. The reduction or elimination of stress are the employee’s participation in the management, improvement of communication skills of managers, adequate training should be given to employees in other to prevent negligence of training which...
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...Stress management What is stress mangement Stress management refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. In this context, the term 'stress' refers only to a stress with significant negative consequences, or distress in the terminology advocated by Hans Selye, rather than what he calls eustress, a stress whose consequences are helpful or otherwise positive. Stress produces numerous symptoms which vary according to persons, situations, and severity. These can include physical health decline as well as depression. The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a happy and successful life in modern society.[1] Although life provides numerous demands that can prove difficult to handle, stress management provides a number of ways to manage anxiety and maintain overall well-being. Despite stress often being thought of as a subjective experience, levels of stress are readily measureable using various physiological tests, similar to those used in polygraphs. Many practical stress management techniques are available, some for use by health practitioners and others for self-help, which may help an individual to reduce stress, provide positive feelings of being in control of one's life and promote general well-being. The effectiveness of the different stress management techniques can be difficult to...
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...as chronic reactive airway disease, asthma is characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, hypersecretion of mucus, and edema. Precipitating factors include allergens, emotional upheaval, cold weather, exercise, chemicals, medications, and viral infections. Chronic bronchitis: Widespread inflammation of airways with narrowing or blocking of airways, increased production of mucoid sputum, and marked cyanosis. Emphysema: Most severe form of COPD, characterized by recurrent inflammation that damages and eventually destroys alveolar walls to create large blebs or bullae (air spaces) and collapsed bronchioles on expiration (air-trapping). ------------------------------------------------- Diagnostic Studies * Chest x-ray: May reveal hyperinflation of lungs, flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal air space, decreased vascular markings/bullae (emphysema), increased bronchovascular markings (bronchitis), normal findings during periods of remission (asthma). * Pulmonary function tests: Done to determine cause...
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...TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Tennis Recovery: A Comprehensive Review of the Research Copyright © 2010 United States Tennis Association Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-00528-6 Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, Todd S. Ellenbecker, W. Ben Kibler TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD Introduction In the last two decades, physical training and competitive opportunities have increased dramatically in junior, collegiate and professional tennis. This arose due to a multitude of factors, but much of it has stemmed from an increase in knowledge and understanding of scientifically based training programs focused on improving performance. As this focus on performance has increased, the area of recovery has received relatively limited focus. Recovery is a multi-faceted paradigm focusing on recovery from training—session to session, day to day and week to week. Recovery is also vitally important during training as well as in competition between matches and between days during multi-day tournaments. As more information is needed in the area of tennis specific recovery, the Sport Science Committee of the United States Tennis Association (USTA) sponsored an extensive evidence-based...
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...ARELLANO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING AN ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES AMONG THE ELDERLY AT BARANGAY PARANG, MARIKINA CITY Researchers Leader: Licopit Nicholle U. Members: Adriano, Gaylord Dabac, Aira Camille Enverga, Rika Giana Gabay, Niña Grace Lestor, Vincent Khalid Licopit. Nicholle Group IV/ BSN 4-C Nursing Research 2 CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Growing old is inevitable. It is part of life and it happens to everyone. Nobody can prevent himself/herself from getting old. The aging process entails new challenges such as failing health, loss of memory, graying hair, and life transitions like retirement, family relationships, lost career, cessation of social activities and maintaining ones standard of living. Nowadays, our elder relatives are still supporting their sons and daughter in caring for their grandchildren. This kind of situation is commonly seen in our country. Our elderly supports not only in caring but also financially. They tend to divide their budget from their pension to help their relatives. Presently, globalization and modernization have tremendous impact on the family system. The exodus of working age adults to jobs abroad has established a pattern of the older persons assuming surrogate parental ones. To them is entrusted the responsibility of providing parental care over their grandchildren whose parents have left for more lucrative jobs overseas. This poses undue strain on the psychological...
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...Perspective on Organisation Stress at work and motivational issues Stress at work is a challenging and very common reaction that is perceived by individuals in a working dimension. Stress arising from the conditions of a situation could be pervasive and crucial in its impact on workers, their families and organizations. It is also common thought that management of job stress is a significant key for improving individual performance and enhancing the effectiveness of a certain working dimension. This topic is a substantial interest to researchers and managers, as well as society and various studies where carried on in order to analyze this phenomenon and find a cause and a solution. In 1936 Hans Selye, an Austrian endocrinologist, was one of the earliest scientists that tried to define stress, characterizing it as a non specific outcome of demands made upon the organism as in physical as well as psychological situations. It could affect anyone at any level with no restrictions concerning the working sector and the size of the organisation. The strain caused by the stress has a very serious repercussion on the economical dimension: in fact, according to the International Labour Society, the job related stress cost more than $120 billion per year. It is also the second most reported health problem related to work, influencing 22% of workers within the EU (in 2005) and according to the most recent studies the percentage is even higher today and likely to increase. This aspect...
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...2012 Environmental Deprivation Over the years I have never come across a person who has not been deprived in some way or the other. Deprivation is something we all experience on a daily basis, which can range from something as simple as not getting enough sleep to more detrimental events that scars history, for example the fight for women’s rights and equality for all races. A person can be deprived in many ways, whether it stems from the environment or their physical well being. Many people constitute environmental deprivation as one who has been deprived of opportunities and stimulation needed for growth and development. Being kept in captivity can also have the same adverse effect on a person’s progress. There are well known countries that face these destitute issues every day, from poor plumbing service, contaminated water, un-breathable air and little to no housing. People who grow up in these situations develop Stockholm syndrome which enables them to be oblivious to their surroundings. Environmental deprivation does not only affect the poor, it also affects the wealthy as well, but not in the sense of poverty. In the case of the wealthy, it produces a disconnection with the environment as well as society. Studies have shown that long term effects on children who are raised in stressful and/ or environmentally deprived atmosphere has immensely impacted their development. Most children who are affected by these circumstances usually revolve around racial, ethnics, and...
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...1.1 Background of the study We are assigned to prepare a term paper on “Type A personality and occupational stress” to fulfill our MGT 251 course requirement. We include 10 respondents personality of Bank Asia Limited and find out the relation among personality, stress and job performance. In working environment there may be various job related stress. Personality affects the stress. Because the ability of adopt with the level of stress depends on the Type of Personality. And the level of stress affects the employee’s performance. 1.2 Objective of the study The objective of the study is to determine the personality and level of job stress experienced by the employees of Bank Asia Limited. We find out whether there is a significant difference in term of the occupational stress level experienced by the Type A personality employees. We also try to develop a new stress model and show the relationship among occupational stress, personality and performance. 1.3 Methodology of the study To prepare our term paper we have gathered information through both of primary and secondary resources. We have visited the selected organization to take information from the personnel of Bank Asia Limited.. Also collected data and necessary information by interviewing officials .The information has been gathered from the internet and different books about the topic for theoretical part. 1.4 Scope of the study The scope of the study is limited within banking sector in Bangladesh...
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...concepts are".[2] Wikipedia readers will have a motive (or motives) for reading an article, even if such motives are complex and difficult to pinpoint. At the other end of the range of complexity, hunger is frequently the motive for seeking out and consuming food.Types of theories and models[edit] Motivation theories can be classified on a number of basis. Natural vs. Rational based on whether the underlying theory of human Cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity). Content vs. Process based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place. Monist and pluralistic motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behaviour through that one factor. For example, economics has been criticized for using self-interest as a mono-motivational theory. [3] Mono-motivational theories are often criticized for being too reductive or too abstract. Conscious and unconscious motivations[edit] [4] A number of motivational theories emphasize the...
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...information about a person and his or her environment to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of psychological problems * Typically begins with a set of Referral Questions developed in response to a request for help * Determine the goals of the assessment and select appropriate psych tests or measures | Goals of Assessment | * What procedures and instruments to use – age, med condition, and symptoms influence tools – psychologist’s theoretical perspective also affects scope. * Integrate findings to develop preliminary answers – shares this – process sometimes has therapeutic effect – feedback | Screening | * Screening - an assessment process that attempts to identify psychological problems or predict the risk of future problems among people who are not referred for clinical assessment * All members of group are given a brief measure for which some identified cutoff score indicates the possibility of significant problems, e.g. Centre for Epidemiological Studies-D (CES-D) – possibility of depression. * General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) – broad-based – indicates if more thorough evaluation is needed. * AUDIT test – 10-item screen to identify substance abuse * To evaluate usefulness of screening, they must have: * Sensitivity – ability of the screener/instrument to identify a problem that actually exists. * Specificity – indicates % of time the absence of a problem is accurately identified. * False positives & False Negatives | ...
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...originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires and goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior. Contents 1 Types of theories and models 1.1 Motivational theories 1.2 Conscious and unconscious motivations 2 Psychological theories and models 2.1 Rational motivations 2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 2.3 Push and pull 2.4 Self-control 2.5 Drives 2.6 Incentive theory 2.7 Escape-seeking dichotomy model 2.8 Drive-reduction theory 2.9 Cognitive dissonance theory 2.10 Content theories 2.10.1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2.10.2 Herzberg's two-factor theory 2.10.3 Alderfer's ERG theory 2.10.4 Self-determination theory 2.11 Temporal motivation theory 2.12 Achievement motivation 2.13 Cognitive theories 2.13.1 Goal-setting theory 2.14 Models of behavior change 2.15 Conscious motivation 2.16 Unconscious motivation 2.17 Thematic Appreception Test 2.18 Intrinsic motivation and the 16 basic desires theory 2.19 Attribution theory 2.20 Approach versus avoidance 3 Practical applications 3.1 Employee motivation 3.1.1 Job Characteristics...
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...The Stress Management Program for Best Buy INTRODUCTION The anxious feelings, sweaty palms, wondering how you will get everything done on time, wondering when you will see your family in between the long work hours, dealing with a micro-managing supervisor or unproductive co-workers that push their work on to you, or even the peer that says they enjoy deadlines! These are all depictions of what we call “stress”. While a certain amount of stress is needed to motivate individuals into action, called eustress, when an individual experiences anxiety and physical tension as demands are placed on them which exceed their abilities to cope, distress occurs (McShane & Von Glinow, 2008). Stress in the workplace is becoming a major concern for employees, employers, managers and government agencies. Workplace stress can be defined as the change in one’s physical or mental state in response to workplaces that pose an appraised challenge or threat to that employee (Colligan & Higgins, 2005). Stress research pioneer, Hans Selye, determined that people have a fairly consistent physiological response to stressful situations, called the general adaptation syndrome, providing an automatic defense system to help us cope with environmental demands (McShane & Von Glinow, 2008). More specifically, the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome: alarm (alerts the person to the situation and prepares for the resistance stage), resistance (shut down of the body’s immune system...
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...| The effect of sleep on the psychology and development of children and adolescents. | | | nj26 | | Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Why Is Sleep Relevant to Psychology? 4 What Is Sleep and Why Is It Important 4 Sleep Regulation 4 The Impact of Sleep on Daytime Functioning 5 Sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs academic success and neurobehavioral functioning. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs emotional regulation. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs health. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs adolescents’ driving ability. 6 Sleep Behaviour Across Development 6 New-borns and Infants (0 to 12 months) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 7 Early Childhood (12 Months to 6 Years of Age) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 7 School-Age Years 8 Developmental changes in sleep. 8 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 8 Adolescence 8 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 9 Further studies regarding the effect of sleep on the development and psychology of children and adolescents. 9 Sleep and the Body Mass Index and Overweight Status of Children and Adolescents 9 Sleepless in Chicago: Tracking the Effects of Adolescent Sleep Loss During the Middle School Years 10 Sleep, Learning, and the Developing Brain: Early-to-Bed as a Healthy and...
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