...ECONOMICS IN BOTSWANA AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (ECO 463) | HIGH HIV/AIDS PREVALENCE RATE IS ADVERSELY AFFECTING PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTHIN BOTSWANA.DISCUSS | TEAM LEADER: GABRIEL CHITULA 201101850CONTACT NUMBER:+267 71 430 952EMAIL ADDRESS:GABRIEL.C.JUNIOR@GMAILCOMOTHER GROUP MEMBERSTSHEGOFATSO L DIBUILE201200993NICOLA B MAKATI201105383 | | | | 11/16/2015 | TABLE OF CONTENT Table of content ………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………… 2 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 3 Impacts of HIV on households……………………………………………. 4 Impact of HIV on Firms and Business………………………….. 6 Impact of HIV at Macroeconomic Level………………………… 7 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 10 Reference ……………………………………………………… 11 ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of how the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate adversely affects the economic growth of Botswana. HIV/AIDS is a growing problem in Botswana as the country has the second highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in the world. There are different sectors in the economy which can be affected by HIV/AIDS namely; the household, the firm and the macro economy. This paper will look at the various components affecting these sectors and explain what impact they have on Botswana s economy. INTRODUCTION In light of recent studies, that establish a direct correlation between health and development, it brings about the question of how much the epidemic of HIV and AIDS- which has been haunting the nation for...
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...ECONOMICS IN BOTSWANA AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (ECO 463) | HIGH HIV/AIDS PREVALENCE RATE IS ADVERSELY AFFECTING PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTHIN BOTSWANA.DISCUSS | TEAM LEADER: GABRIEL CHITULA 201101850CONTACT NUMBER:+267 71 430 952EMAIL ADDRESS:GABRIEL.C.JUNIOR@GMAILCOMOTHER GROUP MEMBERSTSHEGOFATSO L DIBUILE201200993NICOLA B MAKATI201105383 | | | | 11/16/2015 | TABLE OF CONTENT Table of content ………………………………………………………….. 1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………… 2 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 3 Impacts of HIV on households……………………………………………. 4 Impact of HIV on Firms and Business………………………….. 6 Impact of HIV at Macroeconomic Level………………………… 7 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 10 Reference ……………………………………………………… 11 ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of how the high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate adversely affects the economic growth of Botswana. HIV/AIDS is a growing problem in Botswana as the country has the second highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in the world. There are different sectors in the economy which can be affected by HIV/AIDS namely; the household, the firm and the macro economy. This paper will look at the various components affecting these sectors and explain what impact they have on Botswana s economy. INTRODUCTION In light of recent studies, that establish a direct correlation between health and development, it brings about the question of how much the epidemic of HIV and AIDS- which has been haunting the nation for...
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...Is there a link between AIDS and economic growth? Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome also known as AIDS, is one of the most deadly, diseases in human history. AIDS is cause by HIV, a virus that gradually attacks the body’s immune cells. It leaves the body unable to defend itself against infections, which normally leads to death. AIDS is caught by the HIV virus entering the bloodstream, usually by sexual intercourse or the use of contaminated needles. Africa, Asia, and Latin America have been hit the worst by the pandemic, accounting for roughly 85% to 90% of total world infections (The economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa p.7). Furthermore, Africa is home to over 68 per cent (22.5 million) of people living with HIV/AIDS, and in 2005 alone, about 2 million Africans died as result of AIDS (An Empirical Analysis p.387). Although this disease affects all areas the data seems to show that Sub-Saharan Africa has been hit the worst. As discussed earlier, there are roughly 33 million Africans infected with HIV/AIDS and currently, it is the leading cause of death in Africa (The economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa p.10). There are several reasons for Africa’s severe problem with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Civil unrest, territorial wars, rape, lack of education, poverty, female status, male migration, poor health care, and nutrition all account for the spreading of the HIV/AIDS virus (The economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa p.8) Research conducted by The International Monetary...
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...1.1 INTRODUCTION HIV and AIDS pandemic in the African continent has had a short but devastating history. Sub-Saharan Africa is more profoundly affected by HIV as compared to any other part of the world. Approximately 23 million people are said to be living with the deadly virus in the region which translates to about two thirds of the universal total. In 2010 alone, around 2 million people contracted the disease while 1.2 million died in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the onset of the pandemic, over 15 million children have lost one or both of the parents to HIV and AIDS. The social- economic effects of AIDS pandemic have not only been experienced in the health sector but also in agriculture, transport, human resource, education and the economy as at large (UNAIDS 2010). HIV and AIDS is therefore a major burden and challenge to the social, health and economic development of the African continent. There can be no significant growth in the region as long as the issue of AIDS is not addressed urgently. The impact of HIV and AIDS in the African continent and the world at large cannot be down played. This means that immediate measures should be taken by the general public and governments in order to curb the ever increasing effects of HIV pandemic to the African continent. Due to the economic standing of the African continent coupled with socio-cultural practices, HIV continues to spread at an alarming rate. Any further delays to address this issue will turn out to be detrimental...
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...Helps Keep HIV Patients in South Africa Employed (Got from Havard School of Public Health) Antiretroviral drug treatment for HIV appears to have more payoffs than the promise of better health and a longer life – it also seems to help people living with HIV stay employed or get new jobs, according to a new study by researchers at Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies. In a study of a large population cohort, the investigators found that four years after initiating therapy, HIV patients were 90% as likely to be working as they were three to five years before starting treatment. Many patients initiated treatment early enough so that they were able to avoid any loss of employment due to HIV. While antiretroviral therapies are known to reduce HIV transmission and prolong lives of many HIV patients, less is known about the economic benefits of treatment. This is the first study to assess the economic impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a population-based cohort. “We found antiretroviral therapy does not only postpone mortality, it enables HIV patients to lead economically productive lives,” said lead author Jacob Bor, SD’14, an HSPH doctoral candidate in global health and population HIV Patients on Antiretroviral had Nearly Full Recovery of Employment Antiretroviral therapy for HIV may have important economic benefits for patients and their households. We quantified the impact of HIV treatment...
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...Social Problems Chupical Shollah Manuel HIV is a long term social problem in most underdeveloped countries. This takes us directly beyond the epidemiological aspects of the disease to the social and economic dimensions. Many social studies have revealed that HIV and AIDS is fast becoming a social cancer and it can be understood if one was to assess the social structure and the availability of resources in the society. The most affected persons are those who live in the lower strata of the social stratification due to inequalities that comes with social structure. This paper serves to explain that HIV and AIDS is a social problem of poverty and it also looks at other factors such as religion, promiscuity and child rights which also result in the spread of the disease. It is undisputed to say that poverty is implicated in the prevalence in most developing world. Because these countries are generally poor people are normally forced to engage in activities that end up putting them at the risk of HIV. United Nations (2004) revealed that in South Africa more than 6 million people where living with HIV. The paper also revealed that the majority number who were affected were blacks who are generally poor who have no proper housing facilities, mal-nutritional, lack of safe water. Further research has suggested that Botswana and Zimbabwe have high prevalence of the disease due to the poor conditions which prevails in these countries. In Zimbabwe around 2 million people are said to...
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...Introduction The scale of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has exceeded all expectations since its identification over 20 years ago. The worst of the epidemic is centred on sub-Saharan Africa. But just as the spread of HIV has been greater than predicted, so too has been its impact on social capital, population structure and economic growth. Responding to AIDS on a scale commensurate with the epidemic is a global imperative, and the tools for an effective response are known. Nothing less than a sustained social mobilization is necessary to combat one of the most serious crises facing human development. Most recent findings show that HIV prevalence in the population is currently slightly on the down side in the case of Kenya . This not withstanding, given the massive scale of the problem and the concentration of effects on adults of prime working age, the pandemic has sharply influenced a host of economic and non-economic variables. In this paper I will review some of the available literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has impacted several areas of society: 1. The family or the household 2. The Health sector 3. The work place 4. The economy 5. Stigma 1. The Impact on the Family/Household In almost all cases the first victim of HIV/AIDS is the immediate family. More often than not it is the poorest sector of the society that is most vulnerable to this epidemic. There will be an upsurge of medical bills...
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...HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is an infectious disease. This means that it can move from person to person via various methods, including sexual intercourse. HIV is a retrovirus; this means that it reverse copies its own structure into that of the host’s white blood cells and reproduces inside, meaning HIV doesn’t have any visible symptoms for many years, allowing it to be passed from person to person unnoticed. AIDS is the next level of HIV. This is determined when an individual’s white blood cell count drops below 200, deeming it to be AIDS and no longer HIV. At risk groups in South Africa Everyone in Africa is at risk of getting HIV/AIDS. However, there are some vulnerable groups that have a higher chance than others. These groups include: men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers, children, prisoners and women as a result of gang rape or in a sexual relationship. Although worldwide the majority of HIV infections are transmitted through sex between men and women, there are still curtain groups such as the ones above that have also been extremely badly affected. HIV particularly affects adolescents and young people which accounted for 39% of all new infections and 15% of people living with HIV in 2012. This poses a larger risk for these groups in Africa because of the age range and the stigma and discrimination of people who have HIV. Prevention Strategies adopted in South Africa against HIV/AIDS The strategy of preventing HIV/AIDS in South...
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...Development Trust Diploma In HIV Counseling, Care And Prevention SECOND BLOCK ASSIGNMENT SECTION B Discuss the possible psychological effects of HIV and AIDS on a couple that has HIV discordant results June 2011 0772 286 311 HIV discordant couples are those in which one of the couples has HIV negative and the other has HIV positive. Such couples definitely suffer from psychological effects which may range from mild to severe. Psychological effects are those thoughts, feelings and emotions that affect the mental well being of the affected and infected persons. The one living with HIV/AIDS is referred to as the infected while the partner who is HIV negative is referred to as the affected. The following is a list of the most common psychological effects faced by a couple that has HIV discordant results. When a wife or husband tested HIV positive will need to develop new coping patterns and this may trigger a variety of reactions from others such as family members, partner, employees, co-workers, counselors and other helping professionals. • Fear • Loss • Grief • Guilt • Denial • Anger • Anxiety • Low self esteem • Depression • Suicidal behavior • Feelings of isolation The psychological effects vary from individual to individual and not everyone experience all the emotional responses because HIV/AIDS situation is as unique as...
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...The impact of HIV/AIDS on women globally or in the United States University Of Maryland University College Section I: Introduction and Statement of Purpose The AIDS and HIV virus is an extremely perilous disease that sees no race, no caste, no color, no gender, no nationality, no background and not even a specific age. It can affect anyone, at any time. AIDS stands for what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The virus makes the body's immune system to break down and become in effective in fighting illness and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief, a person does not just become affected with the AIDS virus immediately. AIDS is basically caused by a pre virus called HIV, or human immunodeficiency syndrome. A substance in human body, known as the anti bodies, that fights infection in a person become infected once HIV is transferred into a human. The virus is most frequently transferred through bodily fluids and internationally majority of the infections occur through sex between men and women. AIDS basically results from heterosexual intercourse and so the age group which is a primarily affected by this disease is the one which is most sexually active, people from fifteen to fifty years of age. Moreover, there is a strong connection between TB and AIDS. Many individuals are affected with TB, without the disease being active. However, once the individual becomes infected with HIV, it causes the TB to become active which was once dormant. AIDS was initially recognized...
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...The impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population.1 AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. During 2008 alone, an estimated 1.4 million adults and children died as a result of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.2 Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 15 million Africans have died from AIDS.3 Although access to antiretroviral treatment is starting to lessen the toll of AIDS, fewer than half of Africans who need treatment are receiving it.4 The impact of AIDS will remain severe for many years to come. The impact on the health sector In all heavily affected countries the AIDS epidemic is adding additional pressure on the health sector. As the epidemic matures, the demand for care for those living with HIV rises, as does the toll of AIDS on health workers. In sub-Saharan Africa, the direct medical costs of AIDS (excluding antiretroviral therapy) have been estimated at about US$30 per year for every person infected, at a time when overall public health spending is less than US$10 per year for most African countries.5 The effect on hospitals [pic] Nurses working on the HIV ward at Kisiizi Hospital in Uganda ...
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...HIV/STI global issue Intravenous drug users (IDUs) are at an increased risk for blood-borne infections especially HIV due to sharing of contaminated syringes and needles. In china, an estimated 780,000 people were living in HIV/AIDS by the year 2011 and use of intravenous drug accounted for 28.4% of the reported cases. Syringe and needle exchange programs are aimed at allowing IDUs access sterile injecting equipment and safe disposal of used syringes and needles. The first official needle and syringe exchange program (NSEP) was established in 1983 in Amsterdam and these programs have since been widely established in both developing and developed world. Studies have shown that NSEPs effectively reduce HIV risk behaviors and HIV seroconversion among IDUs (Luo et al, 2015). According to Abdul-Quader et al (2013), out of an estimated global 16 million IDUs approximately 3 million are HIV positive and about 90% are at a great risk of HCV infection. Therefore, NSEPs have been implemented in cities, countries and regions worldwide in an effort to address HCV and HIV infections among the IDUs. Although these programs have shown to be beneficial in reducing factors influencing transmission of the viruses and risky injection behaviors, they have also been associated with negative effects among IDUs. Access to sterile syringes and needles is included by centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) list of evidence based HIV prevention interventions. In 2013, a panel comprising of experts...
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...HIV Introduction H - Stands for Human. The virus is only found in humans and not in animals or insects. I - stands for Immunodeficiency – This means the virus weakens the bodies' ability to fight other infections. In time this leads to the group of illness called AIDS. V - Stands for Virus. It is an infectious agent that is non cellular. It is capable of self replicating only inside living cell. They are therefore parasitic because they rely on the host cell multiplication mechanism. AIDS A-Acquired an acquired condition is the one that is not inborn. AIDS patient acquire a condition that makes them not able to fight infections. I - Immune A normal human being has an immune system that helps them fight disease. The immune system involves structures such as the skin to keep away entry bacteria and other pathogens. The environment we live is full of micro organisms some living in the air, others water and others in food. Our bodies are well adopted to keep away these micro organisms. D – Deficiency. When it comes to HIV AIDS there is deficiency of adequate immunity. HIV virus infect immune cell (to be particular T-helper or CD4+ cells). T - Helper cells are very instrumental in the immune system thus when they are attacked by the virus they deplete in number. S - Syndrome: A variety of different symptoms and illness. The grouping of well recognized illness connected with AIDS makes a syndrome. TYPES OF HIV Two types of HIV are currently recognized: HIV-1, HIV-2. - Transmission...
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...effectiveness of a brand, and the application of these two theories in the critical analysis of a branded event with examples given. The aim is to recognize the significance and great importance placed on branding, in relevance to its effects on the creation of value for consumers, and the success of the associated business. Management and careful monitoring of the application of a brand and the responses it generates from consumers is applied through brand management teams; it aids businesses in controlling the images and measures it conveys to consumers in order to create a positive brand image. Tangible products and services do not encompass brands alone; events also work effectively as a brand, through campaigns, fundraisers, and charitable events. The event through which the two theories of Co-branding and Commitment-Trust Theory are applied in this report is World AIDS Day, a globally renowned annual not-for-profit campaign that is driven by the sheer need for awareness and prevention of HIV. Brand strategies that the brand has employed include “Dance (RED) Save Lives”, musical album collaboration with well-known artists, and the World AIDS Day Australia campaign, whereby each individual state and territory conducts its own fundraising and HIV awareness raising events. Through these events, the brand have been able to successfully and strategically class their brand as an altruistic, charitable, trustworthy cause that is well worth the investment and attention. Following...
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...HIV/AIDS & DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE 11TH MARCH 2016 1.Drugs and substance abuse in Kenya as in other countries permeates every sphere of the society and, indeed, threatens the very fabric of nationhood. As further stated ; HIV and AIDs in the Kenya context as a socio-economic and cultural issue. * Human capacity crisis e.g. Poverty * Slow economic growth * Chronic food security * Reduced life expectancy * Enhanced gender inequality as females are affected more than the male counterparts * Stigma, wife inheritance, FGM, early marriages, polygamy The causes of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. * Stress * Genetic predisposition * Socio-cultural environment * Easy access, poor/ lack of role models * Rebellion against family, traditional values * Lack of information/education * Poor parenting * Peer pressure, experimentation, curiosity The following are the Effects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. * Social impact (Crime, GBV, breakdown in the social cultural norms, dysfunctional families/ separation/ divorce, child trafficking, immorality, orphans, high number of dependents, diseases, accidents, school unrest) * Economic impact (high poverty levels, high medical costs, unproductivity, overburdening of service provision , diversion of essential resources, economic crises such as bribery, corruption and money laundering) * Political impact – Breakdown of law and order, rise in vigilante groups and organized crimes...
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