...infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that Thai adolescents’ knowledge on HIV was high. Among the sample, which consisted of students’ aged 15-21, 99.5% had heard of HIV. More than 90 % could identify three main routes of contracting the infection. The same study also showed that knowledge of other STDs was lower than the knowledge on HIV, and that some of the students did not know that STDs could cause infertility. The study showed...
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...Efforts to Influence Sexual Behavior of Young Haitian Women: Implications for Addressing the Risk of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) C Castor Citation C Castor. Parental Efforts to Influence Sexual Behavior of Young Haitian Women: Implications for Addressing the Risk of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). The Internet Journal of World Health and Societal Politics. 2014 Volume 9 Number 1. Abstract Background: In 2010, HIV/AIDS was ranked as the leading cause of disease burden in 21 countries including Haiti. Addressing the issues of HIV is complex and associated with the dynamic of personal relationships, which are further complicated by the issues of gender inequality in these relationships. Furthermore, in the Haitian culture, women often fail to have open discussions about sexuality and sexual health and especially the issue of forced sex. This is complicated by the issue of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDs, sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and/ or related health problems with their daughters. Parental involvement is thought to be an effective prevention strategy in behavior change. However, there is limited data regarding the level of parental contribution to sexual education and development of the young females in Haiti Objective: The study sought to determine: Haitian women’s knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs; the impact of parental influence for learning about sex, relationships and sexual health of Haitian...
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...Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines STS 1 - X GROUP 16 STS 1 - X GROUP 16 Mitigation and adaptation measures to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines ------------------------------------------------- Factolerin, M., Mantala, C.J., Bernardo, M.C., Villa, A., Navarro, A.J., Ausa, E., Obiña, M.L., Velarde, E., Bernabe, M., Lusanta, A., & Bolanos, J. I. Introduction Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pattern of devastating infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted through the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals. It occurs in three ways: sexual transmission, exposure to infected blood or blood products, or perinatal transmission, which includes breastfeeding. The likelihood for transmission is affected by social, cultural, and environmental factors that differ between and within the various regions, countries, and continents. This virus attacks and destroys certain white blood cells that are essential to the body’s immune system (UNAIDS, 2000). When HIV infects a cell, it combines with that cell's genetic material and may lie inactive for years. Most people infected with HIV are still healthy and can live for years with no symptoms or only minor illnesses. They might be infected with HIV, but this does not necessarily mean that they have AIDS. HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes that help recognize and destroy bacteria, viruses...
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............................................................... 8 4.1. Moral Implications ................................................................................ 8 4.2. Child Prostitution .................................................................................. 9 4.3. Sex Trafficking and Slavery ............................................................... 10 4.4. Health and Cost Issues ........................................................................ 11 5. Recommendations ...................................................................................... 14 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 17 7. References ................................................................................................... 18 1. Introduction The sex industry involves the sale of sex related adult entertainment and/or services. It involves a wide range of commercial sex work such as prostitution, exotic dancing and pornography amongst others. This industry has now evolved into a global business in the form of sex tourism. This evolution has had significant implications, both socially and economically, in most South East Asian countries over the past three decades. Sex tourism in...
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...កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF PHNOM PENH Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work HEAK MORINA August 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមនភេពញ ិ ទ នំ កលវិទយល័យអុី ៉ ្រស្តី Royal University of Phnom Penh In Cooperation with Ewha Womans University Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work HEAK MORINA Examination committee: Dr. Erica Y. Auh (Chairperson) Dr. Choong Rai Nho Prof. Kim Sovankiry August 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ Royal University of Phnom Penh Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Social Work Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health ទស នវិសយរបស់យវវ័យេលើសខភពបន្តពូជ និង សុខភពផ្លូវេភទ ័ ុ ុ Research Report In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Master of Arts in Social Work Supervisor Prof. Soon Dool Chung Sponsored by EWHA Womans Univerity August, 2011 កលវិទយល័យភូមិនទភនំេពញ Royal University of Phnom Penh Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Social Work TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Name of program: Master Program of Social Work Major in Social Work Name of Candidate: Title of thesis: HEAK Morina Youth’s Perspective on Sexual and Reproductive Health...
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...But, because of the epidemic the idea of safe and protected sex became more popular thus lowering the risk for such diseases (HDC, 2017). Pregnant women who test positive for Gonorrhea put their unborn child in danger, because during labor the child travels through the birth canal where they can be infected by the disease. This can cause a number of issues for the baby including; blindness, joint infections, and in some instances, it can cause a life-threatening blood infection (CDC, 2017). Infected pregnant women are also at risk for complications during the pregnancy which could cause premature labor or even a stillborn birth (Lori Smith, 2017). In the initial stages of infection, and if never found in the bloodstream, the disease can be painless, and hardly affect a host’s life. However, many gonorrheal infections will eventually lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or HIV (Brown, 2013). As a result, the overall health of one infected will decline drastically, causing damage such as infertility in the case of PID. If...
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...International Perspective on HIV/AIDS Kionia Long University of South Florida Word Count: 2317 Abstract The Purpose of the world review paper is to gain an international perspective regarding the effects of HIV and AIDs in Liberia. Liberia also known as the Republic of Liberia is located in West Africa. Liberia has a population of 4 million individuals. It’s estimated that 30,000 of those individuals have either the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The most vulnerable of Liberia’s population are women young girls, and infants. Because of Liberia’s economic status resources are not as abundant as the Unites Stated. Some comparisons and contrasts between the United States of American and Liberia were conducted regarding treatment guidelines and resources, monthly treatment expenses, and prevention methods to decrease the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This will allow a better understanding of methods utilized by the United States and Liberia regarding preventing and managing the spread of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS) in their country. International Perspective on HIV/AIDS “As the causative agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continue to be a major problem in the United States and in many other countries around the world”(Li et al., 2015, p. 1). The foreign country being discussed regarding...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies A Research Paper presented by: Joreen Nkole Mwelwa (ZAMBIA) In partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Public Policy and Management (PPM) Members of the examining committee: Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (Supervisor) Dr Bridget O’Laughlin (Reader) The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2009 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgements I give my sincere gratitude to Jehovah God for his love and care throughout my life and the fifteen months I have been here. With much honour I sincerely thank my Supervisor, Prof M.Grimm, truth be told it was a blessing to have a supervisor like him, I am short of words to describe him, I would simply say he has been...
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...10 Combination HIV Prevention: Tailoring and Coordinating Biomedical, Behavioural and Structural Strategies to Reduce New HIV Infections A UNAIDS Discussion Paper UNAIDS – JC2007 (English original, September 2010) © Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2010. All rights reserved. Publications produced by UNAIDS can be obtained from the UNAIDS Content Management Team. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate UNAIDS publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution— should also be addressed to the Content Management Team at the address below, or by fax, at +41 22 791 4835, or e-mail: publicationpermissions@unaids.org. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNAIDS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNAIDS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNAIDS to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any...
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...HIV in Philippines HIV (Human immune deficiency syndrome) is the causing factor for the sexually transmitted disease AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).HIV virus makes the Immune System weakened that result in making the body suspect able and vulnerable to many diseases. When the immune System is weakened the body becomes vulnerable to make diseases. (UNAIDS 2012). The HIV epidemic in the Philippines has been rapidly changing in the past 5 years. The first case of HIV in the Philippines was reported in 1984. During the 30 year time span, the HIV situation has been constantly growing although the prevalence remains well under 1%, at a low 0.04%. The government is trying its level best to make AIDS extinct through education and prevention. Moreover, the cases of HIV are increasing at an exponential rate, so there is a need to give serious attention to the problem. From one new case every three days in year 2000, to one new case every three hours by the end of 2011 (UNAIDS 2012). Those who engage in risky behaviors such as, performing unprotected sex with several partners or intravenous drug users are at risk the most and can possible result in death. Number of infections old and new While the number of cases of HIV has declined substantially in many areas in the world, countries like the Philippines are experiencing the opposite. According to UNAIDS 2012 there were approximately 15,000 people living with HIV. The Philippines is one of the only two countries in Asia...
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...India—Will Balbir Pasha Help Fight AIDS? (A) Every time Sanjay Chaganti, program director of HIV/AIDS Prevention at Population Services International (PSI) India, walked the streets of Mumbai's red-light district, he felt as though there was probably no other place like it in the world. Although dirty, crowded, and run-down, the district known for its brothels and the local Indian mafia was also a vibrant area that included shops, restaurants, and movie theaters. At any time of the day or night and at any time of the year, the redlight district was an area that was always alive and open for business. This particular afternoon in March 2002 was not unlike any other day in this area of Mumbai. To Sanjay and his colleagues at PSI, however, the red-light district of Mumbai was also ground zero for the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in India—something that the nonprofit organization was fully committed to prevent. Over the past 10 years, PSI had worked to educate sex workers in Mumbai about HIV and the significantly lower transmission rates that resulted from the use of condoms. It was estimated that there were between 20,000 and 30,000 sex workers within a 10-block area of the red-light district. Since roughly 85% of all HIV transmission in India occurred through intercourse with sex workers, for PSI the red-light district was a major battleground in the fight to prevent the spread of HIV. To reach as many sex workers in the district as possible, PSI employed a group of Interpersonal ...
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...September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West and Central protection of his or her human rights and freedoms.4 Africa in September...
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...RESEAR CH AR TICLE Psychosocial Distress and Alcohol Use as Factors in Adolescent Sexual Behavior Among Sub-Saharan African Adolescents RANDY M. PAGE, PhDa COUGAR P. HALL, PhDb ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This study examines the relationship between sexual behavior, alcohol use, and indicators of psychosocial distress (mental health) of adolescents in 6 sub-Saharan African countries using the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). METHODS: The sample consisted of 22,949 adolescents from Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe who participated in 2003 or 2004 GSHS surveys. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether sexual behaviors increased with levels of psychosocial distress and alcohol use. RESULTS: Sexual behaviors (having sex or having sex with 2 or more people) were associated with both psychosocial distress and alcohol use. Odds ratios showed that both boys and girls reporting psychosocial distress and alcohol use were at higher risk for having sex. Results also indicated that the likelihood of sexual behaviors increased when there was an increase in the number of psychosocial indicators and frequency of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are consistent with those conducted in the United States suggesting that sexual behavior, psychosocial distress, and substance use are interconnected. These findings highlight the need for school health education and health services in sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Title of the action / project: Sensitization and well being for the Urban Extreme Poor (SWBUEP) Location of the action (country, region): 15 Slums areas in Dinajpur town, Bangladesh. Short project description focusing on the expected outcomes Situation Analysis: (Bangladesh Context): Bangladesh is a small country in South Asia with a total land area of 147.6 thousand square km. The populations of the cities in Bangladesh are growing at more than 8 percent per year and they will be double in size in less than 10 years (IFPRI, 2002). Rapid inflow of poor migrants, mostly poverty ridden and environmentally induced, and growing urban population are creating continual pressure on health and livelihoods in urban areas. Around 40 percent of the total population nationally and 43 percent of population in urban areas consume less than 2122 kilocalorie per capita per day which is defined as absolute poverty. On the other hand, 24.4 percent of urban poor populations live on less than 1805 kilocalorie are referred as hard-core poverty (BBS, 2011). Reproductive health: Access to health care facilities is a constitutional right of citizens of Bangladesh. According to World Bank health statistics, there were 0.4 hospital beds and 0.3 registered physicians per thousand persons in Bangladesh in 2005. In comparison to other developing countries, these statistics of health services are lower. For instance, in India there were almost 1 bed and 0.58 physicians per thousand persons in 2003. Similarly...
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...Scholarly paper on HIV in women Student name: Institution: Introduction Relevant nursing issue Some of the questions that arise from women living with HIV are barrier to social services. It affects the livelihood of women; thus, they are unable to acquire some essential services. Another issue is that they have mental health problem; thus, they are placed at a higher risk for HIV infection. They also face stigmatization that is rooted in discrimination (Peninnah, 2013). Other issues that arise are limitation to children health care, misinformation regarding treatment options, lack of access to transportation, substance abuse in regard to treatment, and unstable housing. There are attempts that have been put to measure and understand one’s health status. The rules also incorporate the physical wellbeing, psychological status, and cognitive functioning (Deanna, 2013). The tests are referred to as Health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It is a way of knowing how individuals feel about their health. It is done from an interactive and interpretive point of view. It enables an empathetic understanding of daily life experience is different life settings. HRQoL also enhances the identification of the different race, gender, class and social positioning. It also considers social cultural and political forces. It has been knotted that, PLHIV...
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