...Justice¬¬¬ concerns what is due or owed to persons, especially with respect to benefits and burdens. In public life, we have an obligation to treat all people equally, fairly, and impartially. The principle of justice is often formalized by rights every person has in society. Distributive justice goes further to specify the concern of how social goods like health care should be distributed across persons. One theory of distributive justice is Egalitarian Theory. This theory focuses on how some people fare relative to others. This is where there is an equal access to certain goods, when access is necessary to meet people’s claims of need, and when these claims are given equal weight across people (Glanon, 144). The chapter discusses how the theory does not support the current healthcare system where it is a good that is purchased. Many people cannot afford health care and it is not paid for or covered by their...
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...Case Study 2.1 SK Telecom goes egalitarian in a hierarchical society. Facts of the Case Korea is one of the most homogeneous countries in the world, racially and linguistically. It has its own culture, language, dress and cuisine, separate and distinct from its neighboring countries. Hard work, filial piety and modesty are characteristics esteemed by Koreans. They are proud of their traditional culture and their modern economic success. This paper documents a company which has a hierarchical culture and is attempting to adapt and practice a more egalitarian values. Problem 1) SK Telecom is attempting to distance itself from which South Korean cultural value? What indicators of this value are identified in this case study? What other artifacts of this cultural value would you notice while visiting a South Korean company that upheld this national culture? 2) In your opinion, why is this hierarchical value so strong in South Korea? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this value in societies? 3) Do you think SK Telecom will be successful in integrating a more egalitarian culture, even though it contrasts with South Korea's culture? What are some of the issues that may complicate or support this transition Discussion In this paper, SK Telecom is attempting to distance itself from strong hierarchical culture in their company and want to support a more egalitarian values. Such culture may be identified by the extent of how low-hierarchy employees are empowered. Employee...
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...Outline and evaluate the view that families are now more egalitarian. In the past, families were seen as very traditional with the men back having the role of being the breadwinner and women dealing with the traditional domestic chores as well as other roles such as looking after the children. Whereas in today’s society, families are now more equal. Children today are much more dependent on their families. However some may argue that, even in the contemporary UK, families are still traditional and not equal. A study by Young and Willmott claimed that roles carried out by men and women were symmetrical, (and in the third stage) with a sharing of domestic tasks, childcare and decision making. They found that the roles were joint conjugal roles rather than single. This shows how families are now more egalitarian as tasks and chores were being shared out. However, this study can be criticised as Anne Oakely as she found that women spent 77 hours per week on housework. She also said that women take on a double burden as they have to deal with domestic chores as well as other roles such as looking after the children. As well as this, she claimed that men only have to do a few tasks in order to qualify as a ‘household husband’ and roles were segregated and not joint. This shows how families are not egalitarian. Families are now devoting their time and working around their schedule into family life. Rapoport and Rapoport found that working couples negotiated family and work...
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...‘Outline and assess the view of the New Egalitarian arguments about social mobility’ (40 marks) Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society. The New Egalitarians are a group of sociologists and politicians who believe that social-class divisions are in decline and that policies to socially include deprived groups are working. Their critics consist mainly of the Traditionalists, Marxists and Neo Marxists. In this essay I aim to show how persuasive the New Egalitarian argument is. New Egalitarian sociologists such as Giddens and Diamond (2005) argue that social class is no longer an important source of inequality or identity in the contemporary UK. They suggest that the UK is a meritocratic society in that equality of opportunity is now the norm, i.e. all members of society are objectively and equally judged on their talent and ability. However, the Traditionalist view opposes this; they argue class divisions and conflict are still the key characteristics of British society today. They believe that Labour politicians have abandoned their commitment to equality and social justice for those exploited by the organisation of capitalism. They believe Labour politicians have betrayed its working-class roots because it has done nothing to redistribute wealth and income from rich to poor...
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...about income and wealth inequality. As the administration tries to grapple with a debt crisis, sociologists have much to consider about the widening gap between the haves and have not’s. Why do cultures have a class structure, rich, poor and middle – instead of being egalitarian with resources shared equally by everyone? With the information surfacing around income inequality, a new study indicates that unequal access to resources brings about stratification, (Rich v. Poor, Haves v. Have not’s), and causes migration, displacing egalitarian societies. Researchers at Stanford used computer simulation to compare migration for egalitarian and stratified societies. (1) The researchers determined that when resources were consistently scarce, egalitarian societies – shared resources – remained more stable than stratified societies. Unequal sharing in the stratified societies gave those societies more incentive to migrate. Therefore, during periods of shortage, stratified societies were able to migrate, and egalitarian societies were not able to adapt to changing conditions as quickly. Stratified societies push egalitarian societies away from resources. Today stratified societies vastly out number egalitarian societies, and those numbers are increasing worldwide. Some additional economic data to prove that stratification exists in the US today. The total net worth of the bottom 60% of US household’s, (today 100 million), is less than that of Forbes 400 richest Americans. ...
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...Egalitarian is simple terms means that all the people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. In the report I will share my thoughts about the effects on the business because of interior egalitarian structure and exterior egalitarian society1, 2. Egalitarian Structure: In the recent times the egalitarian styles of management are gaining popularity in the both the developed and the developing economies. Traditionally most corporate structures are hierarchical. In a hierarchical corporate structure, there are various tiers of management and people from each tier are assigned specific roles and responsibilities. People from low tier will have to report to the people from the higher tiers. But in egalitarian structure there are no power tiers and all the employees sharing equal responsibility and power2. According to me, the best style of management is a blend of both the traditional hierarchical structure and the new era egalitarian structure. Hierarchical companies restrict the freedom of the employees and therefore curb the flow of new and innovative ideas into the organization. Flexible boundaries allow employees more freedom to collaborate with coworkers and introduce their own ideas while still remaining under the direction of a supervisor. In India, most of the start-ups follow egalitarian structure. The recent success of many firms can be attributed to this structure. Even IT giant like Infosys was started as an egalitarian company3. All the eight partners...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BOOK CRITQUE: TWO VIEWS ON WOMEN IN MINISTRY A PAPER SUMBITTED TO DR. SIMON GONCHARENKO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE THEO 530 LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BY REGINALD TOWNSEND HATTIESBURG, MS SATURDAY, JULY 26, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Thesis................................................................................................................................1 Introduction......................................................................................................................1 Brief Summary.................................................................................................................1-3 A Critical Interaction........................................................................................................3-6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................7 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................8 THESIS My view on ministry has roots in both complementarianism as well as egalitarianism. It is my goal to show how these two views have led to my understanding of women in ministry in association with the review of Two Views on Women in Ministry. INTRODUCTION The debate of women in ministry is ongoing. This is one that has divided some churches and is split between two views...
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...Essay: Distinguish between sex and gender and explain its implications for feminist theory Click here and here for two recent articles on contemporary Feminism from the New Statesman Magazine and here for a recent Observer article on biology, culture and gender. Click here for Varieties of Feminism In many past societies men and women have performed significantly different social roles and despite a range of economic, political and social changes such differences persist to a considerable extent in the contemporary world. For example in the case of the UK women are still more likely than men to take disproportionate responsibility for childcare and housework; their employment opportunities, although improving, are still worse than men’s and although they finally gained the right to vote in 1928 they are still much less likely than men to become local councillors, MPs or government ministers. There has been great controversy surrounding the extent to which these differences in social roles are explicable by biological sexual differences or by gender differences which are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. Sexual differences refer to biological differences between males and females such that there are variations between males and females in their chromosomes, their reproductive organs and their relative production of different hormones which in turn result in a range of physical differences. Males are on average hairier, have deeper voices and...
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...inequality as an unexpected one because in the income inequality literature, religion in general and Islam in specific are not commonly considered as potential determinants. Fish`s proposed causal mechanism makes his study even more suspicious because his references are anecdotal and his reasoning is culturalist. This is why, I decided to investigate his findings deeper and conduct a test on his claims that Muslims are culturally more egalitarian than Christians. The plan of this paper works in the following way: I will start with a literature review and continue with a brief summary of Fish`s data analysis and his major claims about the causal mechanism behind the relationship between Muslim culture and egalitarian state policies. Afterwards, I will continue with my alternative replication of Fish`s regression analysis with a different dataset which measures inequality in an alternative way. Then, I will introduce my test in relation to one part of his causal mechanism and attempt to answer the question whether Muslims are really more egalitarian or not. Finally, I will discuss my alternative causal mechanism idea which is religiosity should be added to the analysis as an interactive variable with the religion because religion variable alone without religiosity is...
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...have come to the surface. This is in part due to the apparent conflicting evidence that we see in biblical texts. It seems that everyone has an opinion on what it actually says. While some churches whose traditions and practices are less rigidly tied to Biblical doctrines have begun placing women in leadership positions such as pastor or teachers, others that interpret the Bible more literally have been slow to adopt changes. The opposing egalitarian and complementarian views on gender illustrated by the following interpretations can be attributed to differing approaches to exegetical techniques, hermeneutical principles, outside authorities, and contrasting ideas on authenticity both literal and situation-specific in scripture. These ideas will be explored a bit later. To begin our discussion we need a general explanation of what is meant by an egalitarian or complementarian view. Egalitarianism is a moral code that holds that everyone should be treated equally. People are equal in fundamental worth and moral status within an egalitarian view. Christian egalitarianism holds that all are equal before God and Christ. We all have a responsibility and right to use our individual gifts for the glory of God. God calls all regardless of distinction. Complementarianism holds that “God has created men and women equal in their essential...
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...In a democracy like America, it is widely considered by social analysts that strength of a nation’s organization/associations determines the effectiveness of the nation's government in its ability to meet the needs of its citizens. Where political egalitarians and neo-Tocquevillian disagree however is about the manner by which society benefits from these group organizations. Generally, political egalitarians tend to believe that citizen organizations provide a service to a democratic nation by enabling people who are more or less without power to have a voice that is capable of being...
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...Government and Politics Homework The post war history of English education is simply the story of a lengthy struggle between egalitarians and meritocratic. Discuss The English education has always been a topic of debate between the two political sides of spectrum and no more so than the struggle between egalitarians and meritocratic. Egalitarians believe that the education system should be rewarding for all and the meritocratic approach has been one where the education system should be a fight for the best e.g. you achieve the best based on merit and hard work, both have underlying flaws when either approach has been taking to policy. One of the first changes to the English education system came in the 1944 Education act also known as the Butler act brought to power by R.A. Butler conservative politician. This education act changed the English system in the following way; changes to secondary schools meant that there were a tripartite system in place which consisted of 3 types of schools and these schools were Grammar schools only the very few 15% made it into them these schools consisted of a very hard work ethic towards education whereas the secondary modern was a very basic approach compared to the grammar school as they only focussed on woodwork basic arithmetic and basic understanding of other subjects, the third school was the technical schools and these were created slightly later but focused solely on employment for the students so they would learn skills to get jobs...
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...INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..….1 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………….1-3 EGALITARIAN EQUALITY…………………………………………………………..1-2 COMPLIMENTARIAN ROLES…………………………………………………….…2-3 CRITICAL INTERACTION……………………………………………………………………3-6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………....6-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………....8 Introduction Within Christian controversial topics that divide the Church as a whole Woman in Ministry is one of the most divisive. The two main sides of this debate are; egalitarian’s who believe there are no role differences in gender to authority or teaching in the church biblically. The complementarian view also known as the traditional view holds that men have a position of authority before God in church teaching and authority in the church and home governing. James Beck gathers four New Testament scholars two for each side on the issue and sets out to show case two arguments for each side and room for rebuttal in consideration of the New Testament scripture dealing with woman in ministry. With my own view being that of a soft complementation; women have a role in teaching and authority in the home and church setting but man has positional headship of responsibility, this position will be defended with these arguments in this book and other scholarly sources in this paper. Summary Egalitarian Equality The beginning chapter sees Linda Bellville present a strong egalitarian view with three critiques from the books other contributors. Bellville establishes...
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...ASSIGNMENT 1 - 1. How do differing perspectives (society, managers and employees) affect the views of compensation? (11 marks) Differing perspectives certainly do affect the view of compensation. Our textbook discusses in pages 2-5 (Milkovich et al) that society in general may "view pay as measure of justice" (pg. 2). The example used in our textbook refers to the pay gap between men and women in society. It is stated that the pay gap is narrowing but it still persists compared to various other OECD countries. Economists have concluded that various factors may have contributed to this gap. For example: human capital, demographic characteristics, and job characteristics. What this may mean is that "women are more likely to study health and education, whereas men are more likely to study engineering and other technology fields" (Mikovich et al, pg. 3) Women are also more willing than men to adjust their work location and hours in order to take care of young children and elderly parents, and to do most, if not all, of the "unpaid" housework. From the manager's point of view, compensation directly influences their success in two ways. According to Milkovich et al on page 4, it is a "major expense." Managers need to think of and be aware of both global and local competitive pressures when making compensation decisions. Moreover, managers need to either minimize or optimize pay in a way to influence employee behaviour and to improve organization performance. This...
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...In Kathleen Gerson’s book, she describes three different types of family styles, egalitarian, neotraditional, and self-reliant, and what each family style includes for its family members. First, an egalitarian family style is a, “lasting commitment and combines it with a preference for balancing and sharing work and family tasks” (Gerson 105). An egalitarian family style is a nearly equal arrangement where both individuals contribute to nearly all family tasks. On the contrary, Gerson states a neotraditional family style, “stresses permanent marriage and clearly defined gender boundaries” (105). A neotraditional family style could possibly stick to those gender boundaries of old where there is a breadwinner husband and a stay-at-home mother...
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