...atoms composed of charged particles is integral to the understanding of electrical forces. The lesson begins with traditional activities of charging objects by friction and comparing electrostatic forces to magnetostatic forces. The traditional experiments are explained in terms of the model of an atom, and the “attract and repel force rules” are explored and expanded. Devices to create, store, and measure charge are utilized in experiments. The formal theory of Coulomb’s law is introduced, and problems are assigned utilizing that theory. Elements of the historical development of electrostatics and planetary model of the atom are researched, and students have an assignment describing contributions of historically important scientists. Additional concepts of electric fields, potential difference, and properties of conductors and insulators are developed through experiment, demonstration, and discussion. TEKS: |P.5 |The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: | |P.5A |Research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear | | |forces. Supporting Standard | |P.5C |Describe and calculate how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance ...
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...Magnetic Induction Lab Complete the lab below. Background – Electricity is vital to our everyday life in the modern in the industrial world. Most electricity is generated by using magnets. Today we will look at what a magnetic field needs to do to create electricity. Learning Goals – The students will: * Develop an understanding of how electricity can be generated using a magnetic field * Develop an understanding of how varying conditions influence the amount of electricity generated. These conditions include: * The number of coils * The area of the coils * The speed of the magnet * The polarity of the magnet * The strength of the magnetic field Procedure – do the following activity using this web site http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phet/simulations/faraday/faraday.jnlp 1. Getting started. Open the website listed above and on the top of the screen select the tab marked Pickup Coil. 2. Make observations & draw conclusions. Add a field meter to the default screen and drag that field meter so it measures the magnetic field in the middle of the pickup coil. Your screen should look something like what you see to the right, on Screen 1. When the light bulb lights up it indicates the electricity has been generated. Grab the magnet and move it around and observe what happens to the strength of the magnetic field and to the light bulb. Based on your observations what conditions must happen for electricity to be...
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...AC TRANSFORMER Southern Luzon State University College of Industrial Technology September 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Title Page II. Table of Contents III. Abstract IV. Introduction V. Statement of the Objective VI. Records of Data, Sketch, Photos of Lab Project VII. Result/Output of test VIII. Conclusion IX. Recommendation X. References XI Appendix Abstract A transformer is an electrical device that is used to change the voltage in alternating current (AC) electrical circuits. The ability of this device to change voltage is a major advantage of AC electricity over direct current (DC). A transformer needs an alternating current that will create a changing magnetic field. A changing magnetic field also induces a changing voltage in a coil. This is the basis of how a transformer works: The primary coil is connected to an AC supply. Wrap two, equal-length bars of steel with a thin layer of electrically-insulating tape. Wrap several hundred turns of magnet wire around these two bars. You may make these windings with an equal or unequal number of turns, depending on whether or not you want the transformer to be able to “step” voltage up or down. I recommend equal turns to begin with, and then experiment later with coils of unequal turn count. Join those bars together in a rectangle with two other, shorter, bars of steel. Use bolts to secure the bars together (it is recommended that you drill bolt holes through the bars before you wrap wire around them). Check...
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...Name: Jennifer Broussard Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated (stimulated) by You correctly answered: c. motor neurons. 2. A single action potential propagating down a motor axon results in You correctly answered: d. a single action potential and a single contractile event in the muscle fibers it innervates. 3. In resting skeletal muscle, calcium is stored in You correctly answered: c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. During the latent period for an isometric contraction You correctly answered: c. the cellular events involved in excitation-contraction coupling occur. 11/10/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question: As the stimulus voltage is increased from 1.0 volt up to 10 volts, what will happen to the amount of active force generated with each stimulus? Your answer : c. The active force will first increase and then plateau at some maximal value as the stimulus voltage increases. Stop & Think Questions: What do you see in the active force display when the stimulus voltage is set to 0.0, and why does this observation make sense? You did not answer this question. Correct answer: a. 0.00 g; there was no activation of skeletal muscle fibers by this stimulus. What is the lowest stimulus voltage that induces active force in the skeletal muscle...
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...Savage__________________ Faraday Induction – Lab 21 Go to http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phet/simulations/faraday/faraday.jnlp and click on Run Now. Directions 1. Screen 1 Screen 1 Getting started. Open the website listed above and on the top of the screen select the tab marked Pickup Coil. 2. Make observations & draw conclusions. Add a field meter to the default screen and drag that field meter so it measures the magnetic field in the middle of the pickup coil. Your screen should look something like what you see to the right, on Screen 1. When the light bulb lights up it indicates the electricity has been generated. Grab the magnet and move it around and observe what happens to the strength of the magnetic field and to the light bulb. Based on your observations what conditions must happen for electricity to be generated. Answer: Observations-As the magnetic field is moved from the bottom of the coil and moves around the coil from left to the top and then the right, the strength of the magnetic field increased; therefore, it can be concluded that the strength of the magnetic field affects the amount of electricity generated. 3. Make observations & draw conclusions. Move the magnet back and forth, fast and then slow. What general rule can you make about the speed of the magnet and electrical generation? Answer: Observations- Flux is proportional to the field strength. It depends on the rate of change of the magnetic field, moving the magnet quickly will result...
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...Conor Glettenberg English 101 Professor Turner 23 July 2014 Lightning Rod Attraction: Blunt Tip vs. Pointed Tip Abstract: This paper explores the effects that lightning rod tip geometry has on lightning. To determine the most effective tip geometry various types of rods including pointed, concave, blunt, flat, and conical were tested with electric pulses in a lab and in real lightning situations. It was observed that the blunt shaped rod was the most efficient shape for creating a path for lightning to the ground. In real lightning situations a smaller surface area generates far more corona emissions than a larger area. The increased corona emission almost prevents lightning from traveling the directed path. In the case of the blunt rod, the lesser emissions provided a desired path for the lightning to travel down. A lot of research was put in to find the ideal tip shape for lightning rods, and it was determined that the increased surface area directly correlates to how strong the electric field is at the tip of the lightning air terminal (LAT). Introduction: It is a beautiful and deadly natural occurrences. With a shock of several million volts per strike, and the capability to reach temperatures between fifteen-thousand and sixty-thousand degrees, lighting is one of the most powerful forces known to man. With all of that power lightning can cause a lot of damage. In North America lightning damage to equipment results in losses exceeding twenty-six billion dollars...
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...Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.685 Electric Machines Class Notes 1: Electromagnetic Forces c 2003 James L. Kirtley Jr. September 5, 2005 1 Introduction Bearings Stator Stator Conductors Rotor Air Gap Rotor Conductors Shaft End Windings Figure 1: Form of Electric Machine This section of notes discusses some of the fundamental processes involved in electric machinery. In the section on energy conversion processes we examine the two major ways of estimating electromagnetic forces: those involving thermodynamic arguments (conservation of energy) and field methods (Maxwell’s Stress Tensor). But first it is appropriate to introduce the topic by describing a notional rotating electric machine. Electric machinery comes in many different types and a strikingly broad range of sizes, from those little machines that cause cell ’phones and pagers to vibrate (yes, those are rotating electric machines) to turbine generators with ratings upwards of a Gigawatt. Most of the machines with which we are familiar are rotating, but linear electric motors are widely used, from shuttle drives in weaving machines to equipment handling and amusement park rides. Currently under development are large linear induction machines to be used to launch aircraft. It is our purpose in this subject to develop an analytical basis for understanding how all of these different machines work. We start, however, with a picture of perhaps...
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...known as vacuum tube but was later brought down to a much lower production scale for a variety of industrial, economical and business related reasons. Bell Laboratories, the research arm of telecommunications company American Telephone and Telegraph’s (AT&T) director Mervin Kelly put together the first team of researchers and scientists placed on the task of research and development of a solid state-semiconductor later called a transistor that would supersede vacuum tubes and provide numerous advantages. The success of this development would prove to change the computing, electronics and telecommunications systems altogether. Up until the invention of the transistor a vacuum tube was used in the control, amplification and generation of electrical signals. Vacuum tubes are tubes usually made from glass and designed in an airtight manner as to keep the flow of “cathode rays” from external disturbance as they pass from each terminal and laid the foundation for numerous technical innovations, such as the light bulb discovered by Thomas Edison (fig. 1). Joseph John Thomson further made a vacuum tube and placed a third terminal to attain a grasp of knowledge on the nature, composition and behavior this would play on cathode rays (for although they were being used at the time there was little known on them), a research which saw him receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 1906 (nobeprize.org). Lee de Forest, an American inventor was the first to put triode vacuum tubes to use...
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...The origins of the Universe The Universe originated from a violent explosion of extremely high density and temperature approximately twenty billion years ago. That is the common understanding of the beginning of time, and it is called the Big Bang Theory. Students are taught this from Elementary to College as if it were a fact. There are many problems with this theory that the Plasma Theory can scientifically explain. The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. The Big Bang Theory violates this law by stating that all matter and energy was created in an explosion. From Elementary to College students are taught that laws of physics cannot be violated, but are taught a theory that clearly violates one of them. The Plasma Theory on the other hand does not have a explanation as to how the Universe started leaving room for future discoveries to fill in the blank. The law of conservation of linear momentum states that the total momentum of a closed system of objects is constant. One of the consequences of this is that the center of mass of any system of objects will always continue with the same velocity unless acted on by a force from Cannon 2 outside the system. Galaxies are found at varying distances, moving in different directions at different velocities and almost always in clusters containing millions of Galaxies. This is not possible...
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...and Resistance The 19th century was as very good era of discovery in electrical knowledge, and technology that laid the foundation for what we see today in our society. Scientist like Luigi Galvani for his work with frogs led to his discovery in 1781 of galvanic or voltaic electricity. Galvani found he could make the muscles of a dead frog twitch when he touched them with different metals or the current from a nearby static electric generator. Alessondra Volta for creating the first battery laid the foundation for many other great discoveries in this field. Some other great concepts that came later in 19th century was Ohms law, Electromagnetism, Faraday law, and many more. A discovery of great significant was done by Samule Hunter Chrisite in 1833 and improved by Charles Wheatstone in 1843. This discovery used a device know as a wheat stone bridge, which gives a precise method to measure resistance against a known standard. In the Wheatstone a comparative device measures two additional relative resistance from two separate resistors. The relative resistance equals the lengths of a divided wire wound in a coil of ten-turns within a potentiometer, a device allowing the manipulation of this resistant ratio. The goal of the this lab is to accurately use the methods created by the inventors by simulating their method in discovering this new phenomenon . In the lab we measured the electrical resistance using Wheatstone bridge, which was commonly used to measure unknown...
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...16 Upon curing they shrink more as compared to amorphous thermoplastics. Examples are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) [1]. S. Amin and M. Amin In order to resolve the problem of low thermal and chemical stability of thermoplastic elastomers, dynamic vulcanization techniques were used in late ] plastic. In dynamic vulcanization the thermoplastic and elastomers are both cross-linked and physically mixed together. This gave rise to a second generation of thermoplastic elastomers which had better tensile strength and oil resistance as compared to those formed by physical mixing only [8]. ] ] ] _ were introduced which were made by same dynamic vulcanization process but using natural and butyl rubbers in place of EPR and EPDM. Natural and butyl rubbers have the advantages like low cost, very good over molding properties, reusable and very easily recyclable scrap [9,10]. Butyl rubber based thermoplastic elastomers have excellent adhesion with other thermoplastics hence it is still used to date for many over molding applications [11]. A list of common thermoplastic elastomers used in modern world is given in Table 1. 1.2.2. Amorphous thermoplastics They are usually transparent and have diffused melting point. The molecules are arranged randomly and ] ] _ to crystalline polymers. Upon curing they shrink less as compared to crystalline thermoplastics [3,4]. Examples are polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), acrylonitrile...
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...college (such an advanced-level class was not available in high school) and earned an A. It seemed only logical that I pursue a career in electrical engineering. When I began my undergraduate career, I had the opportunity to be exposed to the full range of engineering courses, all of which tended to reinforce and solidify my intense interest in engineering. I've also had the opportunity to study a number of subjects in the humanities and they have been both enjoyable and enlightening, providing me with a new and different perspective on the world in which we live. In the realm of engineering, I have developed a special interest in the field of laser technology and have even been taking a graduate course in quantum electronics. Among the 25 or so students in the course, I am the sole undergraduate. Another particular interest of mine is electromagnetics, and last summer, when I was a technical assistant at a world-famous local lab, I learned about its many practical applications, especially in relation to microstrip and antenna design. Management at this lab was sufficiently impressed with my work to ask that I return when I graduate. Of course, my plans following completion of my current studies are to move directly into graduate work toward my master's in science. After I earn my master's degree, I intend to start work on my Ph.D. in electrical engineering. Later I would like to work in the area of research and development for private industry. It is in R & D that I believe I...
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...institute i.e. an engineering college. The college will be located at Jamshedpur, a tier 2 Industrial city in the state if Jharkhand in eastern India. As per the business plan, the team envisions a high quality education infrastructure, to cater to the needs of the students from the states of Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal as well as other nearby states. Mr Pattrick D’souza with his immense experience as an educator and an administrator will be the director of the Buddha Institute of Technology for the first five years after its Inception. The institute will be starting off with three branches of engineering at first viz. Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering. Buddha Institute of Technology aims to expand in coming years into more branches of engineering at first, followed by expansion into other fields of education like medical sciences and Management studies. The administrative body of the Institute was formed a few months ago and is currently involved in recruiting faculties as well as other staffs. This body is also looking after the application process for approval from All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)...
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...conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.[3] The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly more complex equation than the one above (see History section below) to explain his experimental results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law. In physics, the term Ohm's law is also used to refer to various generalizations of the law originally formulated by Ohm. The simplest example of this is: where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric field at that location, and σ is a material dependent parameter called the conductivity. This reformulation of Ohm's law is due to Gustav Kirchhoff Ohm's law is an empirical law, a generalization from many experiments that have shown that current is approximately proportional to electric field for most materials. It is less fundamental than Maxwell's equations and is not always obeyed....
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...A desire to aggrandize my knowledge and a technology enthusiast in me, motivated me to pursue Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering. I believe that my previous education has inculcated qualities that are necessary to meet the diligence and also the tenacity required to meet the needs of this program. I possess a strong fundamental knowledge in Electrical Engineering, a desire to learn, a predilection for teamwork and leadership, and enthusiastic enjoyment in challenges. My ultimate goal is to complete my doctorate so that I can disseminate knowledge and make a contribution to the improvement of electrical education. Over the past few years, my journey towards this goal is at its best. It was time for me to take one of the biggest decisions...
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