...By definition electrochemistry is the science that deals with the relation of electricity to chemical changes and with the inter-conversion of chemical and electrical energy (Definition of electrochemistry n.d.). The process of an electrochemical reaction is one which is either caused by the movement of current or a result of the movement of electrical current. This process is commonly known as a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction (Conjecture Corporation 2014). In this process one atom/molecule gives off its electrons to another atom/molecule. The atoms/molecules reacting are relatively far from each other, this forces the electrons being transferred to move a larger distance thus producing and electrical current (Conjecture Corporation...
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...Chemistry, 7th Edition, Pearson Other Reading Sr No Jouranls atricles as compulsary readings (specific articles, Complete reference) 4 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4601 5 http://www.springer.com/chemistry/electrochemistry/journal/10800 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13882481 7 http://www.springerlink.com/content/100224/ 8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00108545 9 http://pubs.acs.org/journal/joceah 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00323861 Relevant Websites Sr. No. (Web adress) (only if relevant to the courses) 11 http://www.klte.hu/~lenteg/animate.html 12 http://dwb4.unl.edu/chemAnime/atomic_orbits.htm Salient Features Chemistry animation and videos Atomic orbital animations 13 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/fla Hybridization animation sh/hybrv18.swf 1 Approved for Spring Session 2011-12 14 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e VSEPR animation _esp/bom3s2_7.swf 15 http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEDLib/WebWare/collection/o Molecular orbital theory animations pen/JCEWWOR019/momovies.html 16 http://dwb4.unl.edu/chemAnime/Electro.htm Electrochemistry animations 17 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/fla Galvanic Cell animation sh/galvan5.swf 18...
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...Electrochemical Analysis Introduction: In 1791 Luigi Galvanic discovered electrical activity in the nerves of the frogs that he was dissecting. He thought that electricity was of animal origin and could be found only in living tissues. A few years later, in 1800 Alessandro Volta discovered that electricity could be produced through inorganic means. In fact, by using small sheets of copper and zinc and cloth spacers soaked in an acid solution, he built a battery - the first apparatus capable of producing electricity. Naysayers were quick to predict that electricity would never serve a useful purpose. Obviously they were very wrong. Electricity has a central role in our lives and to this day Electrochemistry is a standard course of study. While listening to lessons on Electrochemistry, many students may wonder why it was ever invented, if it was really ever necessary to invent it and if the world would be better off without it. With the small experiments that follow, we hope to make peace between these students and the study of Electrochemistry. These fun and simple experiments can teach the fundamental concepts of Electrochemistry without asking much of the student. As you will see, many of these demonstrations are easily adapted to various configurations and each can be done independently or as part of the full curriculum. POROUS VASE - An actual porous vase made for the purpose may be difficult to acquire. It is used to prevent the quick mixing of various solutions, while...
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...Vinegar as a battery of Calculator Uba, Terrence L. Navarro, Loyd V. Ebabacol, Ruben S. Baa, Margaux Eve P. Ompoc, Shamira Jasmine C. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 1 Alubijid National Comprehensive High School Special Science Class Alubijid, Misamis Oriental January 8, 2014 Mrs. Ma. Romila D. Uy Research Adviser Abstract Battery is a device used to store electrical energy. Battery can also be called a cell in which the reaction between two different substances can be made to occur in such a way that some of the chemical energy is converted into a useful electricity. Since its invention and inception, battery has become the most common power source for many household and industries. The vinegar battery is constructed out from simple components or materials. Adding an amount of vinegar to a strip of different metals like copper, from copper wires and zinc, from nails can form a simple battery. This battery has a low amperage output which can supply power on a low amperage/low voltage device like a calculator. It is easy to construct. The following steps should be followed in constructing the vinegar battery: 1. Prepare all the materials needed like: * Vinegar * Strip of Zinc from nails * Strip of copper from copper wire * Vinegar container (non-metallic) * Multi-tester 2. Place the vinegar inside the container. Make sure that it is deep enough to suspend the two different metals on it. 3. Cut a piece of copper...
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...Electrochemistry Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (the electrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). These reactions involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution. If a chemical reaction is driven by an externally applied voltage, as in electrolysis, or if a voltage is created by a chemical reaction as in a battery, it is an electrochemical reaction. In contrast, chemical reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules are called oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. In general, electrochemistry deals with situations where redox reactions are separated in space or time, connected by an external electric circuit. Principles Oxidation and reduction The term "redox" stands for reduction-oxidation. It refers to electrochemical processes involving electron transfer to or from a molecule or ion changing its oxidation state. This reaction can occur through the application of an external voltage or through the release of chemical energy. Oxidation and reduction describe the change of oxidation state that takes place in the atoms, ions or molecules involved in an electrochemical reaction. Formally, oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. An atom or ion that gives up an electron to another atom or...
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...AP Chemistry Review Sheet Test 3 1. How long will it take a current of 2 amperes to plate out 1 mole of Copper from CUSO4 2. F2 + Cl- → F- + Cl2 Write all the possible conclusions you can draw from this equation based off your electrochemistry knowledge. 3. Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) Eo = 0.34 V Cr3+(aq) + e- Cr2+(aq) Eo = - 0.41 V, Write the cell reaction and calculate EMF. 4. M(s) + 3 Ag+(aq) --> 3 Ag(s) + M3+(aq) | E = +3.16 V | M+(aq) + e¯ --> M(s) | E = +0.20 V | According to the information above, what is the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction M3+(aq) + 3 e¯ --> M(s)? 5. Half-cell 1: strip of Al(s) in 1.00 M Al(NO3)3(aq) Half-cell 2: strip of Cu(s) in 1.00 M Cu(NO3)2(aq) Half-cell 3: strip of Fe(s) in 1.00 M Fe(NO3)2(aq) Galvanic cell Half-cells Cell reaction Ecello( V) X 1 and 2 2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s) ? Y 1 and 3 2 Al(s) + 3 Fe2+(aq) 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Fe(s) 1.22 Z 2 and 3 Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s) 0.78 Calculate the cell potential of Galvanic cell X? In all the three cells X, Y and Z, What reaction takes place at the three half cells like oxidation or reduction or neither or both. 6. What are the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions? 7. How does a catalyst speed up a chemical reaction? 8. Define order and write its characteristics. 9. Write the rate law for NO(g)...
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...suitable electron acceptor. The chemical reactions that take place in corrosion processes are reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. Such reactions require a species of material that is oxidized (the metal), and another that is reduced (the oxidizing agent). In oxidation, the metal loses electrons. The zone in which this happens is known as the anode. In the reduction reaction, the oxidizing agent gains the electrons that have been shed by the metal, and the zone in which this happens is known as the cathode. (Brown, 2000) The presence of water is necessary in order to transport ions to and from the metal, but a thin film of adsorbed moisture can be sufficient. A corrosion system can be regarded as a short-circuited electrochemical cell in which the anodic process is something like Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2 e– and the cathodic steps can be any of O2 + 2 H2O + 4e– → 4 OH– H+ + e– → ½ H2(g) M2+ + 2e– → M(s) where M is a metal. (Brown, 2000) Which parts of the metal serve as anodes and cathodes can depend on many factors. In this report, the effects of the following factors on the corrosion of iron will be observed: 1. acidity and basicity of the solution in contact with the metal; 2. mechanical stress applied on the metal; and 3. contact with other metals. II. Materials A. Reagents * NaOH * NaCl * HCl * KOH * KNO3 * HNO3 * H2SO4 * NaSCN * Na3PO4 * Phenolphthalein * K3Fe(CN)6 B. Apparatus ...
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...that causes impairment of the function of the metal, the environment, or the technical system. Corrosion is the result of an electrochemical reaction that requires an electrolyte solution and a metallic conductor between two separate areas with different potentials (anode and cathode). The formation of ferrous oxides (rust) is a well-known consequence of the corrosion process when iron and steel corrode, but many other metals are also subject to corrosion. The green-colored patina on copper and the white rust on zinc are other examples of corrosion products. The standard electrode potential may be used as a measure of the thermodynamic vulnerability of metals towards corrosion. This knowledge has been applied in the construction of the galvanic series in sea water, which lists metals and alloys according to the potential they exhibit in sea water. On a steel surface, some areas are anodic while other areas are cathodic. At the cathode, oxygen is reduced on a catalytically active surface of oxidized metal, mainly to hydroxyl ions as given in reaction (1), but other reaction also products such as peroxides, super oxides, and radicals may be formed. At the anode, several corrosion reactions take place, and the net result is the production of ferrous ions and electrons given in reaction (2). 2H2 O(I) + O2 (aq) + 4e ̅ → 4OH ̅ (aq) (1) Fe(s) → Fe2 + (aq) + 2e ̅ (2) The first step in the oxidation...
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...knowledge about the topic and concept related to this particular Term Paper. Without his guidance I cannot imagine to complete my Term Paper on time. In the last, I want to thank my parents, without whom nothing was possible. Contents 1. What is TEM. 2. Principle of TEM. 3. Working of TEM. 4. Uses of TEM 5. Limitations of TEM. 6. References The Transmission Electron Microscope: The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a scientific instrument that uses electrons instead of light to scrutinize objects at very fine resolutions. They were developed in the 1930s when scientists realized that electrons can be used instead of light to "magnify" objects or specimens under study. View inside cell via sections magnification 120,000 * 50,000X Principle: The transmission electron microscope (TEM) operates on the same basic principles as the light microscope but uses electrons instead of light. What you can see with a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light. TEMs use electrons as “light source” and their much lower wavelength make it possible to get a...
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...EDAHOD5 ASSIGNMENT 2 UNIQUE NUMBER : 198446 DUE DATE 18 SEPTEMBER 2013 QUESTION 1 Assessment Activity : Conduct a practical investigation to determine the effect on the rate of a chemical reaction by one of the factors of temperature, surface area or concentration. Assessment Checklist Learners Name & Surname : Physical Sciences Task : Practical Investigation of Effect on Rate of Reaction by temperature, surface area or concentration Date : Criteria Investigative Question Hypothesis Variables Correctly Identified Table of Results Graph of Results Conclusion Yes/No Grade 12 Assessment Grid Learners Name & Surname : Physical Sciences Task : Practical Investigation of Effect on Rate of Reaction by temperature, surface area or concentration Date : Criteria Investigative Question clearly stated Hypothesis Formulated Independent, Dependent and Constant Variables Correctly Identified and stated Experiment designed and steps clearly set out Results of experiment tabulated Results represented graphically Conclusion and Evaluation TOTAL MARKS : 20 Marks 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 Grade 12 RUBRIC TO ASSESS PRACTICAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT ON RATE OF REACTION BY TEMPERATURE, SURFACE AREA OR CONCENTRATION NAME OF LEARNER : DATE : CRITERIA LEVEL0 LEVEL1 LEVEL2 LEVEL3 LEVEL4 GRADE 12 Conducts a practical investigation Did not attempt or completely incorrect. Correctly plans a practical investigation by identifying correct investigative question, hypothesis, variables and apparatus...
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...CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M The University of Dodoma, Tanzania Teaching Compendium on General Chemistry (CH 111) by Dr. AnandaMurthyM.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural &Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma. UDOM- Study Material 2013-14 Page 1 CH 111: General Chemistry Dr. Ananda M Preface The importance of learning chemistry cannot be overemphasized. In this regard, all branches of chemistry contribute to the overall role that chemistry plays in daily life. The course content of CH 111 is designed to bridge the gap between the high school and the undergraduate chemistry, with respect to some fundamental topics in chemistry for first year chemistry students. This compendium will be helpful to the students, due to its relevance to the course content and will promote better understanding of the subject matter. It is intended to enable students to achieve the learning objectives and learning outcomes of CH 111 by being a quick reference to learners. The author of the compendium has presented the contents in a simplified manner by using various illustrations, including structures, tables, figures, and other relevant information to help the learner understand easily. This compendium will, to greater extent, help in understanding the basic concepts in chemistry. Dr. J.J. Makangara Senior Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, Former Dean, School of Physical Sciences, College...
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...CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI–XII) Rationale Higher Secondary Stage is the most crucial stage of school education because at this stage specialised discipline based, content oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of mostly for pursuing their career in basic sciences or professional courses like medicines, engineering, technology and studying courses in applied areas of science and technology at tertiary level. Therefore, at this stage, there is a need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the higher secondary stage. National Curriculum Framework for School Education – 2005 recommends a disciplinary approach with appropriate rigour and depth with the care that syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international level. It emphasizes a coherent focus on important ideas within the discipline that are properly sequenced to optimize learning. It recommends that theoretical component of Higher Secondary Science should emphasize on problem solving methods and the awareness of Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels 22 historical development of key concepts of science be judiciously integrated into content. The present exercise of syllabus development in Chemistry at Higher Secondary Stage is based on this framework...
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...Current Electricity Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Electromagnetic Waves Optics Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atoms and Nuclei Electronic Devices CHEMISTRY S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. CLASS XI Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions Hydrogen s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Some p-Block Elements Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Hydrocarbons Environmental Chemistry CLASS XII Solid State Solutions Electrochemistry Chemical Kinetics Surface Chemistry General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements p- Block Elements d and f Block Elements Coordination Compounds Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Biomolecules Polymers...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...CHM 1101 Introductory Chemistry Dawn Fox Medeba Uzzi August, 2007 Compiled and edited by Medeba Uzzi Authors’ Note This document is an initiative by the authors in an attempt to deal with what they think may be one of the reasons contributing to the relatively high failure rate in the introductory Chemistry course (CHM 1101) at the University of Guyana. It was brought to our attention that many first year students taking CHM 1101 are unable to efficiently cope with the frenetic pace of the Semester system and even less able to deal comprehensively with the large content in CHM 1101. It is hoped that by providing this paper, students will not need to make lots of notes in lectures and so they can focus on grasping the concepts taught. The document is meant to be a guide to the topics covered in CHM 1101 and is by no means exhaustive. Students are still required to attend classes regularly and punctually and to engage meaningfully in lectures and tutorials. Further, supplemental reading of these topics in any good General Chemistry text is expected. Dawn Fox Medeba Uzzi 2 SECTION 1 – Modules A – D: section deals with the foundation for chemistry. It introduces students to matter & its classification, Atom & its structure, Periodic table and chemical rxns. Introduction to Science and Measurement What is Chemistry? – Chemistry is the study of matter and its transformations Natural sciences refer to the systematic study of the natural world (our...
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