...Noncommunicable Diseases: Chronic Kidney Failure Did you know that your kidneys are like a filter for your body as they work to clear out toxins and excess waste from your system? Kidneys play an important role in your body, and it is a major issue when they start to not function properly. When these vital organs fail, it is called chronic kidney failure which is a noncommunicable disease. I chose to research more on this subject as my grandfather suffered from kidney failure and I wanted to learn and grow awareness about this common disease. As mentioned, chronic kidney failure occurs when your kidneys fail to do their job of filtering out wastes which then exit though your urine. Many individuals do not realize they are suffering from kidney failure until it is in its very late stages, as the symptoms are not definite to the disease and not obvious. Some symptoms can include nausea, shortness of breath, swelling of the feet, changes in urination, and changes in mental status....
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...the walls of the arterioles and small arteries as well as a tightening or blocking of the lumina of the blood vessels in the kidneys. Over time, this change in the blood supply will cause the kidneys to become ischemic which will become grounds for the destruction of the renal tissue. The kidneys will also become atrophic which will deteriorate the overall function that they possess. With the kidneys being deprived of the adequate blood supply and decline in health/function, the body will try to compensate for this by increasing the blood pressure in order to get the proper amount of blood to the kidneys. This will all happen in a slow and gradual manner, but by the time a person realizes that there is something wrong, the damage has already been done (Gould & Dyer, 2011). 2) Mr. H. has been experiencing edema and weight gain due to the fact that he has been losing protein in his urine and just the fact that his kidneys are not functioning properly. The loss of protein in the urine causes the concentration of album in the blood to drop as well. A drop in albumin will cause a drop in blood volume in the blood vessels. The kidneys will sense this drop in blood volume and begin to retain salt. Fluid will then start to move into the interstitial spaces in the body, thus causing Mr. H. to become swollen. Another cause of the edema may be due to impaired kidney function and they can’t effectively excrete sodium into the urine. If Mr. H. is ingesting more sodium than he can get rid...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete...
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...A kidney’s function is filtering the waste products from the blood and converting them to urine. Whenever the kidney loses this ability, waste products are going to build up, which is critically dangerous and can be life threatening (1). The treatment of the chronic kidney disease starts with analyzing the causes of chronic kidney disease (6), and this absence of kidney’s function is known as the end stage of chronic kidney disease or renal failure (kidney failure) and this absence is the most common stage for needing a kidney transplant (1). Furthermore, patients with kidney failure will need to choose the next stage of treatment. However, deciding the type of treatment depends on a few points such as the patient’s lifestyle, availability of resources and the patient’s financial condition (2). Choices the patient will be faced with are dialysis “a means of artificially replacing some functions of the kidney” or a kidney transplant. Kidney transplants can be very successful. For instance, over 94% of transplants are working one year later (2). However, kidney transplantation is a complex process that undergoes three steps, which are waiting for a kidney, testing the donor and the actual surgical transplant procedure....
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...high blood pressure is a symptom of kidney disease. He also has fatigued, his urine output has changed, loss his appetite and he is losing weight. These four symptoms are also signs of serious kidney problems. Acute kidney issues are most often diagnosed during a hospital stay for another cause. Acute renal failure happens quickly whereas chronic renal failure develops over time. 2. The normal RBC in men: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL). George’s is 3.8 millions cells/mcL which is fairly low. His Hgb is 11.0. This is lower than the normal range of 12.4/14.9. These results from the blood test are symptoms of mild anemia. The low RBC and the low Hbg is usually caused by an abnormality or a disease. Cancer and aplastic anemia can cause the body to produce fewer red blood cells. 3. All of George’s urine test results were abnormal. When the kidneys are damaged, they fail to discharge excess creatinine and urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level increase. In patients with damaged Chronic Kidney Failure, their glomerular filtration membrane is damaged seriously and large amounts of protein leak into urine, causing proteinuria. For his age, his GFR is low. This shows moderate decrease in renal function. 4. By stage II, 78-80 percent nephron function is lost and replaced by scare tissue. During End Stage Renal Disease only 10% of nephrons remain functioning. At this stage the GFR is significantly diminished...
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...for my own eyes how this type of technology works. A couple of years ago my mother went in for a routine checkup. A few days after her checkup, she was notified that both her kidneys were deteriorating and that she had about a year to live, if she did not have a kidney transplant. The entire family was in shock, disbelief, how could this happen to us. We did not sit around long feeling sorry for ourselves. Once the dust cleared my two sisters and I began doing research on what we could do to help our mother. It did not matter that I was in Korea, or my older sister was in Oregon and the other in California. We all pulled together and did our homework and shared what each had found. To make a long story short, my mother did have a transplant; the donor was my younger sister. Today both my mother and sister are leading healthy lives. Though my mother needed dialysis it was something that we all looked into before the transplant. Dialysis is a treatment that mimics some of the functions that healthy kidneys perform. This process is needed when our own kidneys can no longer take care of the body’s needs. People receive dialysis treatment because 85 to 90 percent of their kidneys have lost function; this is known as end-stage kidney failure. Doctor’s are able to measure the function and stage of a...
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...Healthy kidneys clean the blood by removing excess fluid, minerals, and wastes. They also make hormones that keep the bones strong and the blood healthy. After removing the water and waste from the bloodstream, it excretes them through urine (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). Various conditions can damage your kidneys, including both chronic kidney disease and other conditions that affect the kidneys. If kidney damage becomes too severe, your kidneys lose their ability to function normally. This is called kidney failure or end-stage renal failure. According to the National Kidney Foundation (2005), more than 378,000 Americans suffer from chronic kidney failure and need dialysis or kidney transplantation to stay alive. End-stage renal disease is the name for kidney failure so advanced that it cannot be reversed. Renal is another word for kidney. The “renal” name is appropriate due to the fact that the kidneys in end- stage renal disease functions so poorly that they can no longer keep you alive (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). End-stage renal disease cannot be treated with conventional medical treatments such as drugs. In chronic kidney disease only two treatments allow you to continue living when your kidneys stop functioning: dialysis and kidney transplantation, but only one offers a longer chance of survival. Dialysis is the term for several different methods of artificially filtering the blood (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). Dialysis is a procedure that replaces some of the...
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...CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Helen T. Ocdol, MD, FPCP, FPSN Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a dreaded condition . CKD includes a continuum of kidney dysfunction from mild kidney damage to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Chronic renal disease is interchangeably used for CKD but to be unifom in usage, we will use the term Chronic Kidney Disease or CKD. In the U.S., there are 20 million adults who have chronic disease and over 400,000 persons have ESRD and require dialytic or transplantation therapy. In the Philippines, annually we have about 6,ooo patients started on dialysis most of which are caused by diabetis mellitus. Complications of this condition have also made this the 9th cause of death in our country. This is how important this disease entity has become over the last decade. Each of us has 2 kidneys, one on each side of our flanks. Chronic kidney disease is a permanent damage to both kidneys that persists for at least 3 months. If the kidney damage is temporary and has occurred less than 3 months, this is referred to as acute kidney or renal failure. Acuteness does not refer to the severity of the condition, but to a recent and temporary event, therefore, almost always reversible. Chronicity implies long-term event that is permanent and irreversible. This is probably why most patients fear to hear that they have kidney disease and would need dialysis. CKD has five (5) stages based on the kidney function as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The best overall...
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...Chronic renal failure is irreversible destruction to the kidneys that gradually happens over a long period of time. A person’s kidney’s normally filters wastes and excess fluids from the blood, which gets excreted in the urine. Since George has chronic renal failure he has dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes that are build up in his body. A couple of signs that are indicating George has chronic renal failure are his increased urinary output, his loss of appetite and his unintended weight loss. He’s also feeling more fatigued and he can’t keep his high blood pressure under control these are also signs. When George went to the doctor he had some blood test done, his results showed that his red blood cell count was low and as a result of that his hemoglobin was a little lower than what it should be. The kidneys play a major role in excreting wastes from the body, but they are also important in the endocrine system by producing essential hormones. One of the hormones is call erythropoietin; this hormone stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells, the red blood cells contain hemoglobin and the hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body. When someone, like George has renal failure, their kidneys will not produce EPO like they did before, thus resulting in reduced levels of red blood cells in the body. The amount of hemoglobin varies according to the number of red blood cells in the blood. George also, had a urine test done, his GFR came out abnormal. This...
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...Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease that destroys the function of the human kidneys. This purpose of this research paper is to present an introductory profile of the disease. The profile includes a description of the disease, leading causes, how it is diagnosed, and its stages. Current statistics of the individuals impacted by the disease and mortality are provided. This paper will also explain the progressive nature of the disease and how the kidneys are damaged. Finally, the treatment goals and actions for the different stages of the disease are laid forth. Chronic Kidney Disease Kidneys are vital organs that regulate the body’s fluid level, filter toxins, control blood pressure, and more. A human cannot live without at least one functioning kidney. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that destroys the operating capacity of the kidneys. CKD impacts millions of Americans and is often undiagnosed until it is in an advanced stage. The human body attempts to compensate for the disease and, in doing so, worsens the condition. CKD is usually caused by another underlying cardiovascular condition. Treatment for CKD seeks to slow the progression of the disease by relieving the underlying condition. Once CKD has reached its final stage, kidney function is insufficient and renal replacement therapy is required. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was formerly known as chronic renal failure (Haynes & Winearls...
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...Polycystic Kidney Disease This paper is about polycystic kidney disease (PKD). It will describe a case scenario about a newly diagnose patient with end-stage kidney failure. The reader will learn about the kidney and function. What would happen if the kidneys stop working correctly? Continue to read to find the answer. A 40-year-old white well-nourished pleasant male presented with nausea, fatigue, shortness of breath has bilateral lower leg edema with chief complains of not urinating on two days. He and his supportive wife have come to the emergency department. John Doe has not been to the doctors in 20 years. He denies smoking or alcohol abuse. He could not give any family history because he came from a closed adoption at birth. He is usually in good health but has been not feeling well the last couple of months. He currently works at a labor ware house as a manager who has worked there for the past 20 years. Him and his family have health insurance provided threw his place of employment. He and his married have two young children. His educational background is high school equivalent. After blood tests, urinalysis, and a computed tomography scan, confirmed he has PKD. I would further assess his and his wife’s needs after the Nephrologists has come firm his diagnoses with him. Some of the teaching methods for John Doe and his wife to learn about PKD would be to explain the anatomy of the human body and what the disease is all about. I would give him a packet he could take...
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...Background Many people, both young and old, utilize Medicare/Medicaid for the treatment of several chronic illnesses such as kidney disease and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) which is the last stage of chronic kidney disease and is characterized by permanent irreversible kidney failure. ESRD patients include those who are treated with dialysis—and those who have a functioning kidney transplant. According to the National Kidney Foundation’s website (National Kidney Foundation, http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/threesimpletests.cfm) the numbers are epidemic as many as 25 million American adults are diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. In an effort to combat kidney disease and to find treatment cures, the National Institute of Health (NIH) spends $655 million on kidney disease research and Medicare spends approximately $24 billion per year or approximately more than $35 billion towards the care for over 525,000 patients with end-stage kidney failure alone. Individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)—irreversible loss of kidney function—require either dialysis or kidney transplantation to survive (add cite). Dialysis replaces the filtering function of the kidneys when they fail to operate properly and transplantation involves the transplanting of a donor kidney to an ill patient. There are two methods of dialysis and both have advantages and disadvantages—no one type of dialysis is best for everyone. The dialysis method that people select are based on what their provider...
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...Renal Failure and Organ Transplant Andy Nguyen, Pradip Gautam The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N4581 Critical Care Mrs. McClellan Clinical Instructor April 09, 2014 Introduction The purpose of this teaching project is to give our clinical group a good review over renal failure and organ transplantation. By the end of our presentation, students will be able to grasp the most important concept of renal failure and transplantations. We have gathered resources from our text books, lecture notes, trusted web pages, and YouTube videos for demonstration. Kidney Failure Overview Kidney failure is the partial or complete impairment of kidney function. It results in an inability to excrete metabolic waste products and water, as well as contributing to disturbances of all body systems. Kidney disease can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute renal failure (ARF) has a rapid onset. Chronic kidney disease usually develops slowly over months to years and renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) is needed for long-term survival (Lewis 1165). ARF is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid loss of renal function with progressive azotemia, such as BUN and increasing levels of serum creatinine. ARF is often associated with oliguria and usually develops over hours or days. It most commonly follow severe, prolonged hypotension, hypovolemia, or exposure to a nephrotoxic agent. Chronic...
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...Abstract: Renal failure can take its toll on those affected patient and family. At the end of 2009, there were 572,569 U.S. resident under treat for End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Among the U.S resident with ESRD, there were 150.5 deaths per 1,000 patient totaling 88,620 deaths in all patients undergoing ESRD treatment. With so many experiencing the disease, understanding how it occurs and progresses might prove useful. Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………..…………………………………..4 Mechanisms of Fluid Regulation………………………………………..7 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….8 Etiology/Cause……………………………………….………….............8 Clinical Manifestations…………………………………………………11 Labs and Diagnostic Tests……………….……………………………..11 Treatment……………………………………………………………………………......13 Pharmacological…………………………………………………..……15 Nutritional………………………………………………..…………….15 Dialysis…………………………………………………………………16 Introduction The kidneys are bean shaped organs that are approximately 12cm long, 6cm wide and 2.5 cm thick. They are highly vascular, receiving 25% of cardiac output. The kidneys efficiently separate the excess of fluids, electrolytes, and metabolic by-products to produce urine. The kidneys’ location is described as retroperitoneal which means they are located outside and posterior to the abdominal cavity but lateral and anterior to the lumbar spine. Both kidneys are protected by the posterior rib cage; with the right kidney slightly lower then the left because of liver...
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...Shortage of Kidneys for Transplantation Introduction As a health care provider, everyday I see patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to renal failure. For kidney failure patients, we at least have the technology to keep them alive using hemodialysis. For liver failure patients, they are often left without real recourse and their mortality is almost certain. While a more permanent solution in the form of organ transplant is technological feasible, few organs are available for needed patients. The inequality between supply and demand is both expensive and fatal. In this paper, I will focus on the problem with insufficient kidney available for transplant, analyze its social and economic effects in the United States and evaluate the problem and a possible solution using economic sociology principles. Social and Economic Costs Currently, there are over 100,000 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant in the United States. (National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Patients have to wait anywhere between 5 to 10 years for a deceased organ. While they wait for available organs, most patients endure a four-hour session in a dialysis center three times per week. In 2009, the annual cost of taking care of an ESRD patient is around $70,000. The total cost was estimated to be over $40 billion. (USA Today, 2009) Because of Medicare rules written in the 1970’s, hemodialysis is a covered service, and no politician who desires to be...
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