...Organ Transplant This thesis paper is about organ transplant. This paper is going to provide information on the history organ transplants and what’s going on right now. The simple definition is this: the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or absent organ. Successful human transplants have a relatively long history of operative skills were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered. Rejection and the side effects, such as infection were and still is the key problem. Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The Chinese physician Pien Chi'ao reportedly exchanged hearts between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man. Roman Catholic accounts report the 3rd-century saints Damian and Cosmas as replacing the gangrenous leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased Ethiopian. The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a gazelle model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a keratoplastic operation, was performed by Eduard Zirm at Olomouc Eye Clinic, now Czech Republic, in 1905. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the...
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...Organ Transplant in the United States Stephanie Daniels UCA Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in preparing this report is fully acknowledged. I have also cited in APA format all sources of data, data analysis, ideas, words, phrases, or sentences. I also hereby certify that I have not submitted this paper to any other professor, at Webster University or elsewhere, during the course of my educational career. I have properly cited and acknowledged material that was presented in previous papers of my authorship. Signature: __________________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page # Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3 Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………………………..4 What Organs and Tissues Can Be Donated……………………………………………….6 Organ Transplant Cost…………………………………………………………………….10 Ethical Issues: Organ Transplant…………………………………………………………..11 Strength and Weaknesses……………………………………………………………….....14 Alternatives and Key Challenges: Organ/Tissue Transplant……………………………...15 Summary and recommendations…………………………………………………………...17 References…………………………………………………………………………………19 Abstract Organ transplant experiments began in the 1800’s on animals and humans as a need...
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...an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the person's own body, to replace the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the person's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called auto grafts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allograft. Allograft can either be from a living or cadaveric source. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, brain dead, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of bioethical issues, including the definition...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Ollie Cook Strayer University BUS 309 Prof. Mark McMullen June 18, 2014 Commercialization of Organ Transplants 1. Briefly summarize the arguments for and against the commercialization of transplants that you found in your research. There are many who have expressed their feelings on the subject of commercializing organ transplants. One argument for the commercialization of organ transplants is “the possibility to supply 100% of the demand for organs.” An argument for those against the commercialization of organ transplants is,” the less fortunate (poor) whose organs now have monetary value and are vulnerable to exploitation in a growing industry known as “transplant tourism” (Corydon Ireland, Harvard News Office). The outcome of commercialized organ transplants may seem beneficial to all, but it is actually not for those affected by the illegal actions taken to obtain said organs. 2. Formulate your position on the debate of whether or not the sale of organs should be permitted. I feel that everyone has a right to choose whether he/she wants to sell organs for monetary gain or simply be a Good Samaritan by donating organs. Although many donors, which is a highly positive thing- you can help save several lives and touch many more. I believe that the stipulations that are in place today should be better enforced and monitored for those who make the choice to profit from organ transplants. The seller should not...
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...The commercialization of organ transplants have been a subject of ethical debate amongst healthcare professionals, ethicists and economists alike. There have been arguments made for and against the sale of organs. This paper will examine the ethical arguments associated with purchasing organs and determine whether it is ethical to do so. Arguments for and against the commercialization of organ transplants Supporters of the commercialization of organ transplants argue that it could effectively assist in greatly reducing the organ donor waiting lists. Kidneys, for example has a waiting list of 99,201 people in the United States (kidney.org, 2014). Some supporters, such as Julio J Elias, an economist at the State University of New York, Buffalo believes that marketing organs can work, it is less a matter of morals than it is a matter of social cost (Ireland, 2008). He believes that once society sees the benefits of commercializing transplants, they will no longer view it as unethical. Arguers against the commercialization of organ transplants believe that the sale of organs will ultimately prompt the exploitation of the poor. In a bulletin of the World Health Organization, it states that the neediest in poorer countries are often exploited by countries with a thriving market for organs (Garwood, 2007). Arguers worry that by commercializing transplants, it will cause a mass decent on those poor countries for the willing, yet uninformed, agreeing to sell their organs. ...
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...Commercialization of Transplants Introduction The 1983 Human Tissue Act 65 regulates every aspect concerning organ transplants (Schicktanz, and Chair in Bioethics (Ḥefah), 2013). Since its last amendment in 1989, there have been tremendous developments in medical science. Presently, organ transplants are nearly routine operations in various hospitals. Commercializing human part for transplantation has also seen an increase in demand for sperms, hair, plasma, eggs, among others. Even so, there are arguments for and against the commercialization of human organs such as marrow, kidney, and sundry, with both sides of the arguments facing criticism. It is imperative to investigate ethical aspects regarding commercialization of human organs. To reach a conclusion on whether it is ethical or unethical, this paper summarizes both sides of the argument and later presents a moral argument and rationale for commercialization of transplants. Without commercialization, there would be few potential donors willing to give out their organs to a dying patient who needs the specific organ urgently, which is contrary to human dignity. This is the moral argument in this report. Arguments for commercialization In 2009, a group of cancer patients, bone-marrow donation advocates, and parents filled a lawsuit against the US government. The federal law had banned buying and selling of human organs. One of the parents had three daughters suffering from a blood disorder called Fanconi anemia, whose...
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...MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Heart Transplant Patient FROM: Jarrah P. Sanders Lead Surgeon TO: Cynthia Simon Professor It has just been aware to me that a Heart has become available for one of the three canidents on our Transplant list. After extensive consideration, it is my recommendation that the newly found heart be given to Jerry. Jerry is a better fit for this transplant; he has better chances and a better outcome with getting the transplant. After reviewing Ozzie’s chart, I felt as though he would not be a good recipient for this heart. I really appreciated the fact that he has been tutoring and mentoring to the youth, and he has signed a contract stating that if he got the transplant he would continue to tutor and stay clean for at least a year after the transplant. My concern is what happens after that year? The benefits to Ozzie getting the transplant would be he can continue to tutor the at risk youth that he has been helping and continue to make a difference in their lives. The harms of Ozzie getting this transplant would be him having a relapse and only waiting out that year before he began to use again. Even though this transplant would give him another 10 years or so to live Ozzie also has Recidivism which is sever with abuse and if he were to return to using again it would be a waste of the heart and he would die in a matter of months. Ozzie is a 38 year old man who has already wasted his life away on the choices that he has made with drugs, and...
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...appropriate candidates for transplant. POLICY: Candidates for transplant surgery will be evaluated according to a standard set of medical, financial and psychosocial criteria, from referral through work-up to listing for transplant with United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). Candidates will be accepted or denied for listing based on established absolute or relative exclusion criteria. PROCEDURE: 1. An application for transplant may be initiated by referrals such as physicians, healthcare facilities or by patient self-referral. (Minimal referral information needed includes: Demographics, complete insurance information, contact numbers, emergency contact, and height and weight) 2. After completing the application, the patient must sign a release of information. A signed recommendation is also needed. The transplant financial coordinator will verify financial reimbursement prior to the scheduling of the transplant. 3. The patient’s medical records and history will be requested. (Minimal referral information needed includes: most recent History and Physical (addresses history of lung disease, cancer and heart disease), most recent labs, psychosocial assessment, and BMI. 4. Obvious medical and psychosocial barriers to transplant will be assessed prior to a work-up. A patient may be excluded from transplant work-up based on established absolute contraindications or evident inability to actively complete evaluation. A. Absolute Contraindications for transplant include: 1. Active...
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...Organ transplant is when a doctor surgically removes a person’s organ and places it in the recipient’s body. But this can only happen when the donors were agreed to donate their organ or tissue to the recipient. People need organ transplant because it is often the only treatment for end state organ failure, such as heart and kidney failure. This can happen because the person is having an illness or injury and there is no other treatment for it. I strongly believe that it is right to transplant human organs, because organ transplant can save many people lives and it’s a solution to many illnesses. Donating your organs is basically, giving someone a second chance at life. The best thing is that everyone can donate organs at almost any age – anywhere between a newborn baby to 65 years old can donate, whether that person is alive or dying. Organ transplant is more important than many of us realise- for our society. Today millions of people in the world are in need of an organ or tissue transplant....
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...Maci Baker To Transplant and Beyond The need of a heart transplant is a very frightening, mind draining task that some people have to overcome. This medical inconvenience affects not only the transplant recipient, but their family as well. The long months in the hospital that are spent awaiting the arrival of the “perfect heart” can seem like they last forever. I believe $1,000,000,000 should be donated to the To Transplant and Beyond charity because of all the help they provide for transplant recipients and their families. The To Transplant and Beyond charity is a nationwide organization. It was established in August of 2000 by John Fisher, a heart transplant recipient. Then in August of 2004, the foundation became a registered charity....
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...of Organ Transplants Nicholas Owens Professor Kenneth Pino Business Ethics 05-04-14 I’ve recently done research regarding the commercialization of Organ Transplants. I’ve found many arguments for and against this subject. Some individuals find the act to be unethical, and other’s think it will save lives. The problem is that a new policy was proposed to allow sale of organs by consenting individuals to patients in need and to medical institutions. When it comes to the subject of human organs, there are a few ethical standards to consider. There are religious standards, social norms, ethical code, morals, and policies in which we should follow. Critics argue that permitting organs to be bought and sold is unethical. Meaning that to commercialize organs transplants would violate an ethical code and social norm. During my research I’ve found many pros and cons concerning the commercialization of Organ Transplants. One of the pros would be that it shortens the waiting time for those in need of transplants. For example, if you have been on a waiting list to receive a kidney and there are more donated organs you will receive one quicker to save your life. Another pro for commercializing organ transplants are an individual’s rights to have the freedom to do what they wish with their body organs. Some people might equate this example to abortion stating that the government shouldn’t be able to tell you what to do with your body. During NOTA (National Organ Transplant) act of 1984...
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...and lack ofinterstitial fibrosis with significantly lower levels of creatinine, urea, and potassium andhigher urine output early after transplantation. IGF and better function of the right kidneywas correlated with shorter time to reach a creatinine level of 2 mg%. In the postoperativeperiods, we also observed a difference between renal function depending on gender. Thepresence of acute tubular necrosis, arterial fibrosis, lack of inflammatory infiltration in thepre-0 biopsy correlated with worse late renal function. Among explantation biopsies 65.5%showed signs of CAN, and 37.93%, histologic marks of ARE.SEE TABLE 1( NOTICE presence of GS.correlate with IGF.no diff. in DGF or NGF between GS –ve and GS +ve. | | | Donor Biopsy and Kidney Transplant Outcomes: AnAnalysis Using the Organ Procurement andTransplantation Network/United Network for OrganSharing (OPTN/UNOS)...
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...Commercialization of Organ Transplants Rosetta Jeter Professor Rufus Robinson BUS309 - Business Ethics May 1, 2014 The commercialization of human organs for transplantation is a possibility with the potential to supply one hundred percent of the demand for organs. The ethical debate if whether to commercialize the sale of human organs has been prohibited in the United States since 1984 by the National Organ Transplantation Act. The principle fact that the heart, blood, corneas, skin, semen, tissue, female eggs, liver, hair, and lungs could be sold at a price which the rich people would exploitate and take advantage of poor people. However, the trading of human organs is being done any way. Putting the market into the open will open the door f or safety of the donor and the recipient. There are a vast majority of pre-trial medical studies being done with patients that have a certain type of diseases every day in the United States and are paid for the use of the study on them and the supplies are free as well as the services. Opening the market may control some of the illegal organ trading and if the trade is done legally and safe it would benefit them both even thru the death of the donor would benefit with a proper burial and compensate their family. The position of whether the sale of organs should be permitted or not should involve the donor, recipient, and medical authority for each one of them, for safe...
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...Renal Transplant and Medication Compliance: Patient-Centered Nursing Interventions will Facilitate Better Patient Compliance of Medications in Post-Renal Transplant Recipient Yonica Jamieson Jersey College Abstract Patient in compliance with prescribed medications or treatments is warrant, in any medical condition. This research paper, focused and took a look at the effects of non-compliance with immunosuppressant medications in post-renal transplant recipients, such as graft rejection. Identified some barriers to compliance and discussed how patient-centered nursing interventions should be used to alleviate these barriers and bring about compliance with immunosuppressant medications, at the same time decreasing graft rejection in renal transplant recipients. Renal Transplant and Medication Compliance: Patient-centered Nursing Interventions will Facilitate Better Patient Compliance of Medications in Post-Renal Transplant Recipients In medicine, the term non-compliance is commonly used in regard to a patient who does not take a prescribed medication or follow prescribed course treatments (MedicineNet, 2012). This is one of the major issues with post-renal transplantation recipients. Renal transplant is a surgery done to implant a healthy kidney into a person with end-stage renal disease. End-stage renal disease is when the kidney stops function all together, that makes the person unable to live without dialysis...
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...make it to the top of the organ transplant waiting list. Up to eight people can be saved from organ failure from one donor. This all changed on December 23, 1954 when the first organ transplant, a kidney, took place (Plumb). Leading the surgery was a talented doctor named Doctor Joseph Murray, who received The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990....
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