...of waste for energy production becomes increasingly interesting both from a waste management perspective - to deal with increasing waste amounts while reducing the amount of waste deposited at landfills and from an energy system perspective to improve the flexibility of the energy system in order to increase the share of renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The object of analysis is waste which is not reused or recycled, but can be used for energy production. Different Waste-to-Energy technologies are analyzed through energy system analysis of the current Danish energy system with 13-14% renewable energy, as well as possible future Danish energy systems with 43% (2025) and 100% renewable energy (2050), respectively. The technologies include combustion, thermal gasification, anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and transesterification technologies producing electricity, heat, or transport fuel. In the USA, according to the US energy recovery council, there are 87 WTE plants producing 2,700 megawatts that results into 17 million of kwh per year which is enough to meet the needs for power for 2 million households. In the EU incineration is more popular. According to the confederation of European Waste to energy plants (CEWEP) the plants in Europe can supply annually about 13 million inhabitants with electricity and 12 million inhabitants with heat. Waste to energy is produced mainly by biological material and thus the energy produced is mainly biomass energy along...
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...Waste and Energy Paper Name ENV 100 April 11, 2011 Tamue L. Gibson, M.S. Waste and Energy Paper Pollution introduces contaminants or pollutants into the natural environment that causes unsteadiness and long-term effects to the ecosystem. Waste is slowly polluting the environment and killing humans, plant life, and animals. Waste comes in many forms: solid waste; plastic, hazardous waste material; nuclear waste, and fossil fuel; oil. The world has become a gigantic trashcan. With the expansion of technology, humans are gutting out the earth’s resources, the results are creating an imbalance in the climate, and millions are suffering from ill health. Biological diversity in parts of the world has become an important issue of discussion to environmental activist. Recommendations for illuminating waste are concerns of nations worldwide. Alternative solutions will make way for improvement to the environment and health for millions of people. Plastic bottles are washing ashore on beaches and polluting the oceans. Plastic bottles are the largest source of pollution (Plastic Pollution Collation, 2010). Such items as plastic utensils, straws, lids, and bottles are releasing chemicals into the ocean and destroying the marine life beneath. Although designed for temporary use, they remain around forever. The American Chemical Society studied water samples and found polystyrene, a commonly used plastic found in cutlery and Styrofoam, and went on to say that plastic is a new source...
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...Waste and Energy Paper Team A ENV 100 February 13, 2012 Instructor - Onesimus Otieno Waste and Energy Paper Oil is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. Oil is then refined and separated into different products – such as gases, jet fuel, heating oil, diesel, and asphalt. Oil is also used to make petrochemicals, compounds used to make products such as fertilizers, plastics, paints, pesticides, medicines, and synthetic fibers (Berg & Hager, 2009). Most environmental problems associated with oil are caused by burning and transporting it. Burning oil produces carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, so it contributes to global warming. It can also lead to acid deposition because the combustion of oil is the leading cause of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides inhibit plant growth and they are involved in photochemical smog and acid deposition (Berg & Hager, 2009). They can also lead to acidification of soils, affecting the plant varieties that are able to grow in the soil. This leads to a decrease of diversity in the environment. Plants that cannot handle acidic soils die off. In turn, animal species in the area decrease as only the species that can live off of those particular plants will thrive. Others will move on to new areas looking for plants that they have become accustomed to. Another...
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...EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL WASTE TO ENERGY NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT University of Maryland University College Spring 2009 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Waste to energy definition/history/uses 1.2 Agricultural / Animal waste production 1.3 Graph, chart, quantities produced in United States, etc.. 2.0 Conversion of w2e 2.1 Conversion Pathways 2.1.1 Thermochemical 2.1.2 Biochemical 2.1.3 Physico-chemical 2.2 Factors affecting energy recovery 3.0 Agricultural Residue 3.1 Introduction to residue 3.2 What is it 3.3 Where is it produced 3.4 What is role in environment 3.4.1 Environmental risks 3.4.2 Health risks 3.5 Conversion of agricultural residue to energy 3.5.1 Process 3.5.2 Risks 3.5.3 Benefits 3.5.4 Future as energy source 4.0 Animal Wastes 4.1 Introduction to animal waste 4.2 What is animal waste comprised of 4.3 Where is it produced 4.4 What is its role in environment 4.4.1 Environmental risks 4.4.2 Health risks Table of Contents (Cont’d) 4.5 Conversion of animal waste to energy 4.5.1 Process 4.5.2 Risks 4.5.3 Benefits 4.5.4 Future as Energy source 5.0 Processes/Regulations/Technology 5.1 Availability of w2e facilities, costs 5.2 Technological benefits/risks 5.2.1 Other information on technology of w2e, production, transportation, environmental implications 5.3 Regulation governing w2e 6.0 Recommendations 6.1 Policy recommendations/guidelines...
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...The impacts from waste products and our nonrenewable resources of energy have an impact on the biological diversity or health of the environment, in many ways. The food waste is thrown away and makes it into landfills it rots and creates methane gases. These methane gases create a “potent greenhouse gas with 21 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide” ,according to the EPA(2013). The positive side of food waste if properly recycled is can be turned into compost and help improve soil by increasing the drought resistance and reducing the need for additional fertilizers and pesticides. By reducing the need for pesticides, one would be helping reduce the effects that these dangerous chemicals can have on humans and the environment. Although intended to be good, pesticides have been linked to multiple health problems such as headaches, dizziness, systemic poisoning and sometimes even cancer. These are just the effects on human life, the effects on the environment include air pollution, killing of actual beneficial insects such as worms for the soil and reducing vital nutrients for soil such as nitrogen and phosphorus (“Toxic Action Center”, 2012). The impacts from pesticides and food waste are dangerous to the environment, but they do not compare to the impacts from the mining and use of coal. Coal mining can is responsible for destroying very large areas of land and even the removal of whole mountaintops. After the mining is complete, there is no more top soil...
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...EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: AGRICULTURAL AND ANIMAL WASTE TO ENERGY Kathleen Cimino, Kimberly Andros, Teresa Bartley NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT University of Maryland University College Spring 2009 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Waste to energy definition/history/uses 1.2 Agricultural / Animal waste production 1.3 Graph, chart, quantities produced in United States, etc.. 2.0 Conversion of w2e 2.1 Conversion Pathways 2.1.1 Thermochemical 2.1.2 Biochemical 2.1.3 Physico-chemical 2.2 Factors affecting energy recovery 3.0 Agricultural Residue 3.1 Introduction to residue 3.2 What is it 3.3 Where is it produced 3.4 What is role in environment 3.4.1 Environmental risks 3.4.2 Health risks 3.5 Conversion of agricultural residue to energy 3.5.1 Process 3.5.2 Risks 3.5.3 Benefits 3.5.4 Future as energy source 4.0 Animal Wastes 4.1 Introduction to animal waste 4.2 What is animal waste comprised of 4.3 Where is it produced 4.4 What is its role in environment 4.4.1 Environmental risks 4.4.2 Health risks Table of Contents (Cont’d) 4.5 Conversion of animal waste to energy 4.5.1 Process 4.5.2 Risks 4.5.3 Benefits 4.5.4 Future as Energy source 5.0 Processes/Regulations/Technology 5.1 Availability of w2e facilities, costs 5.2 Technological benefits/risks 5.2.1 Other information on technology of w2e, production, transportation, environmental implications 5.3 Regulation governing...
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...Sustainable Cities – A Focus on Gurgaon By Annet Serena Eric, Jyothish Jacob, Rahul Buddala, Rejith Ravindran, Robin Rajan Great Lakes Institute of Management, Gurgaon TABLE OF CONTENTS A BRIEF HISTORY OF GURGAON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND HVAC WATER – FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT REFERENCES 2 3 12 18 24 27 1 GURGAON – A BRIEF HISTORY The name of this town emerged on the world map in 1972, when world fame Maruti Industry was set up in Gurgaon with the collaboration of Suzuki Company of Japan. Now with the coming up of multinational companies like Hero Honda Motor, Honda Motors Limited, Denso etc. in automobile sector and Microsoft, I.B.M. Nokia, Canon, DuPont, Sapient, British Airways, American Express, ABN Amro Bank, Alcatel, Nestle, Convergys, Hewitt, Vertex, Fidlity Investment, E.Vallue, Keine World India, Becton Dickinson India Private Limited in software development sector. With the result, the biggest cyber city of India spreading in an area of about 90 acres in addition to numerous cyber parks are being developed in Gurgaon itself within a radius of 15 kilometres from the International airport in private sector to accommodate the needs of software development units of multinational companies. The availability of high level infrastructure of Airways, Railways, Highways, world famed medical and educational institutions in its close proximity at National Capital of Delhi have become the main factors of attraction...
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...Board (DCB), are responsible for solid waste management in Delhi. MCD alone manage almost 95 % of the total area of the city. The above authorities are supported by a number of other agencies. The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is responsible for siting and allotment of land to MCD for sanitary land filling. Delhi Energy Development Agency (DEDA) under Delhi Administration (DA) is responsible for solid waste utilization projects aiming at bio- gas or energy generation in consultation with the Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES), and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India. The Department of Flood Control of Delhi Administration looks after the supply of soil to be used as cover for sanitary landfills by the MCD. Apart from the above public agencies there are other important agents who play their part in the overall scheme of solid waste management in the city. They are private sweepers and garbage collectors employed by the people for cleaning privately owned premises, waste pickers, waste dealers and recycling industries, which consume recyclable waste to produce recycled products. Existing Public Private Partnerships SPML Enviro is an integrated environment solution provider arm of Subhash Projects and Marketing Limited (SPML).SPML Enviro together with it’s joint-venture partners, has proven capabilities to successfully execute projects on turn-key basis involving Solid Waste Management Solutions -Collection...
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...Company name: Biffa .The business was founded in Wembley by Richard Henry Biffa in 1912. The company, then called Richard Biffa Limited, was engaged in the removal and sale of ashes and clinker from London power stations, later adding sand & gravel and waste disposal to its operations. In 1958 Richard Henry Biffa's 19-year-old grandson, Richard Charles Biffa joined as a general trainee with duties including tea boy, yard boy, fitter's mate, driver's mate and routing clerk. From 1960-1963 he took over responsibility for plant operations and maintenance and was made Manager in 1963. He spent the rest of the decade building the company, now called Biffa Waste Services, by acquisition and organic growth and consolidated the company's position the waste management market. He is also widely credited with introducing the now ubiquitous waste skip to the UK, making Biffa a household name. 1/1 Mission To do this we are placing recycling at the very heart of our business, along with a strong focus on providing excellent service to our commercial, industrial and municipal customers. Vision We want to build on our reputation for delivering sustainable solutions that help our customers meet their legislative and corporate responsibility requirements. To be known as a company which looks after the needs of our customers and of the environment. Objectives: Biffa believe that all accidents are avoidable and our objective is to plan, controland monitor activities in such a manner...
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...of large amount of waste, then identify different ways to reducing the amount of waste people produce. By Latchaya Paknam Earth is confronting with many environmental crises, for instance global warming, overpopulation, resources depletion, energy and pollution. Luis F. diaz (2011) points out “These crises are interrelated and connected to waste and waste management”. World bank (2012) states that “Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025.” Large amount of waste generated leads to serious problems. The world immediately needs effective sustainable methods to tackle this problem for our next generation. Firstly, this essay will examine 3main impacts of waste disposal and then will provide effective solutions based on this examine. Waste is not always a broken or expiration but waste is unwanted or un-useful material that human throws away. Waste disposal causes enormous environmental impacts. The first impact is Environmental impact. Waste creation drains a large number of natural resources. Giljum et al.,(2008),cited in Zaman, Lehmann 2013,p.124) state that a great deal of natural resources are consumed daily. 120-130 billion tonnes of those raw materials are used for news products and generate approximately 3.4 to billion tonnes of municipal solid waste every year. Energy is one of the resources significantly depleted by deposing waste. According to Zaman...
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...ISWA – The International Solid Waste Association Introduction and Perspectives on Integrated Waste Management, Recycling and Recovery of Energy from Waste Dr. Helmut Stadler Vice-President of ISWA International stadler.helmut@utanet.at www.iswa.org Table of Content l l l Introduction of ISWA International and ISWA Austria Problems and Challenges Perspectives on Solutions Sources: Franz Neubacher, David Newman, and others ISWA‘s Mission ISWA – the International Solid Waste Association – is a global, independent and non-profit making association, working in the public interest to fulfil its declared mission: “To Promote and Develop Sustainable and Professional Waste Management Worldwide“ ISWA achieves its mission through: Promoting resource efficiency through sustainable production and consumption Support to developing and emerging economies Advancement of waste management through education and training Promoting appropriate and best available technologies and practices Professionalism through its program on professional qualifications. More than 1,400 Members in More than 90 Countries WWW.ISWA.ORG ISWA Membership Benefits ISWA members have access to a variety of benefits as for instance access to: • Waste Management & Research • Waste Management World • ISWA Newsletter • ISWA Working Groups • ISWA's Job Exchange Platform • Large International Network • Discount on Registration Fees • Member Discount Program ISWA Membership Categories •...
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...Delong Zhai January 2015 Francis Lewis high school Tables of content I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..page 3 II. Food waste…………….………………………………………………..…..…page 3 III. Developing countries handling waste………………………………………….page 5 IV. Developed country……..………………………………………………….…..page 6 V. Conclusion……………………..……………………………………………….page 7 VI. Reference……………………………………………………………………….page 7 1. INTRODUCTION Why is more environments destroyed in the 20 century & 21 century than before? Primarily, industrial revolution had turned hand-made into mechanization. The machine required energy to work. To get energy, people continuous depleted energy sources such as forest, and coal mine which need ten thousand years to generate. Consequently, this actions lead to a malignancy which environment is destroyed. I learned that in the nineteenth century, River Thames had a crisis. Because of the industrial revolution, factories littered the chemical materials in the river. Also as populations in London city grew, the amount of waste it produced expanded exponentially. British government didn’t recognize how serious it is, and there were no law to permit this action. For centuries, various wastes that came from human, animal, and industrial polluted England’s most famous river. Also River Thames had long been using as a water source even the water was polluted. River Thames had directly affected resident’s life. It brought diseases that caused...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: THE WAY FORWARD A position paper submitted to Northern Delegates at the National Conference Abuja By Yusuf Abdullahi Rigasa (PhD) yusuf.rigasa@gmail.com An Associate Chief Lecturer at the Department of Environmental Science Kaduna Polytechnic, currently on secondment to National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency, NOSDRA, Federal Ministry of Environment Abuja. 2014 Introduction Northern Nigeria was a British protectorate which lasted from 1900 until 1914 and covered the northern part of what is now Nigeria. The protectorate spanned 255,000 miles (410,000 km) and included the states of the Sokoto Caliphate and the Kano emirate and parts of the former Bornu Empire, conquered in 1902. The protectorate was ended in 1914, when it was unified with Southern Nigerian Protectorate and Lagos Colony, to become Northern Province of the colony and protectorate of Nigeria or the Northern region. The Northern Region was one of Nigeria's federating units. It was created before independence in 1960, with its capital at Kaduna. In 1962, it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, who voted to become part of Nigeria. In 1967 the region was split into states - Benue-Plateau State, Kano State, Kwara State, North-Central State, North-Eastern State and North-Western State. Currently, the region comprises of 19 states and Federal Capital Territory Abuja. The climatic conditions in the northern part of Nigeria exhibit...
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...solid waste. They have transformed from simple piles of hazardous, unsanitary trash into reliable, engineered foundations. Even as the annual rate of trash landfilled per capita rises, the amount of landfills has decreased dramatically from twenty thousand in the 1970’s to the remaining two thousand eight hundred today. This is due to the benefit of the interstate shipment of trash in environmental, ethical and economic perspectives. Subtitle D of the Resource and Conservation and Recovery Act requires strict environmental protections. These strict laws lead to the replacement of small landfills with expensive, regional mega landfills that can generate enough trash to afford the technology required to conform to the law. The new privately owned landfills therefore, lead to the interstate shipment of trash since landfills across state borders are more accessible for a city than an inner state landfill. This increase of mega landfills is environmentally beneficial since there are fewer landfills, making it easier to regulate under the more strict laws. New landfills also benefit the environment by converting emitted methane to electricity, compressing more trash into the same volume as old landfills, decreasing ocean dumping and reducing urban areas use of incineration. These engineered landfills also provide sloped cells that allow for a controlled collection of leachate, which prevents it from contaminating water sources. There are debates that waste to energy facilities...
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...Table of Content Q1 & Q2: Data Interpretation & Analysis ............................................................................ 1 Q3 & Q4: To Pack or Not To Pack ......................................................................................... 7 Recycling & Rewards .............................................................................................................. 9 Go Green to Gain “Greenback” ........................................................................................... 10 Tierra y Fuego – Earth (Land fill) and Fire (Combustion) ............................................... 13 Money, Money, Money........................................................................................................... 14 Cul-De-Sac .............................................................................................................................. 15 Leachate Attack...................................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 17 Reference ................................................................................................................................ 18 Q1 & Q2: Data Interpretation & Analysis As shown in the table, anomaly data in year 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2011 and 2012 is assumed to be unknown...
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