1. Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed
a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes. b. the waning of monarchical power.
c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
d. "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in
France.
e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissezfaire types of government.
2. During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right
a. remained a strong basis for government.
b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government.
c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of
Austria.
e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.
3. France in the eighteenth century
a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and
Louis XVI.
b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of
Louis XV.
4. Louis XV's most famous mistress was
a. Marie Antoinette.
b. Madame de Pompadour.
c. Mary Wollstonecraft.
d. Madame Guillotine.
e. Comtesse de Boigne.
5. In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were
a. appointed by the King.
b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
c. chosen in different ways in different districts.
d. elected by a vote of all adult males.
e. elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female. 6. In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a
a. good job.
b. pocket borough.
c. sinecure.
d. tenured seat.
e. gerrymander.
7. The 2006 movie Marie Antoinette was directed by
a. the Coen Brothers.
b. Sofia Coppola.
c. Francis Ford Coppola.
d. Lisa Azuelos.
e. Juliet Berto.
8. By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic
a. established a system of male democracy.
b. saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
c. continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
e. permanently expelled the House of Orange.
9. A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was a. the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy. b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility. c. an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great.
d. social mobility for the peasants through the civil service. e. the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.
10. Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia
a. saw the size of its army diminish.
b. reduced the size and scope of government.
c. witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts. d. failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy.
e. became a highly centralized European state.
11. Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to
a. high-ranking Lutheran churchmen.
b. members of the nobility.
c. university-educated bureaucrats.
d. French philosophes.
e. commoners who showed outstanding ability.
12. The Austrian Empire under Joseph II
a. reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother,
Maria Theresa.
b. rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
c. saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
e. saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened
Despotism.
13. In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued
a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy.
b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats.
d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary.
e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.

14. The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the
Great in her Instruction
a. succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
b. succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all
Russian citizens.
c. instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
e. abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.
15. Catherine the Great of Russia
a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the
Turks.
b. instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
c. weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms. d. successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
e. established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.
16. Pugachev's rebellion broke out after
a. a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland.
b. Prussia successfully invaded Russia and stole half of the Ukraine.
c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.
d. Catherine II tried to draft peasants into the army.
e. Peter the Great imposed new taxes on the people.
17. Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:
a. Austria
b. Prussia
c. England
d. Russia
e. a and c
18. The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General
Kosciuszko.
c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
d. resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors.
e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.
19. During the eighteenth century, Spain
a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.
b. continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed.
c. fought a series of successful wars against France.
d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba.
e. lost all of its American colonies.
20. Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was
a. Charles III of Spain.
b. Joseph II of Austria.
c. Gustavus III of Sweden.
d. Frederick William I of Prussia.
e. George III of Great Britain.
21. Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century
a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.
b. was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices.
c. successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility. d. was unable to implement legal reforms in many
European states.
e. was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.
22. European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that
a. sea power was the basis of real power.
b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.
c. a country's empire determined its greatness.
d. the charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy.
e. the largest army always wins.
23. The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when
Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of
a. Transylvania.
b. Bavaria.
c. Silesia.
d. Bohemia.
e. Haupstadt.
24. The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was
a. Eleanor.
b. Elizabeth.
c. Marie Antoinette
d. Maria Theresa
e. Zita.
25. The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of
Austria refused to recognize the loss of
a. Hungary, and fought the Spanish.
b. Galicia, and took on the Bohemians.
c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance.
d. Bosnia, and allied herself defensively with England.
e. Venice, and invaded Italy.
26. Which war do some historians regard as the first world war? a. War of the Austrian Succession.
b. The French and Indian War.
c. The Seven Years' War.
d. Queen Anne's War.
e. The Crimean War.27. As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France
a. gained India.
b. lost California.
c. gained the Ohio River Valley.
d. gained Louisiana.
e. lost Canada.
28. European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by
a. the continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland. b. ideological fervor leading to bloody battles.
c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.
d. massive direct confrontations and pitched battles.
e. extensive trench warfare and many military casualties.
29. Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was
a. Prussia.
b. Austria.
c. Russia.
d. France.
e. Great Britain.
30. European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century
a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except
Russia.
b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates. c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases.
d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century. e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.
31. All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except
a. a decline in the death rate.
b. new crops from America such as corn and potatoes.
c. the end of typhus and smallpox.
d. the end of the bubonic plague.
e. an increase in women who married during their childbearing years. 32. A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was
a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
b. a lower total amount of British government debt.
c. a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in
Britain.
d. no real curbs on state borrowing in France.
e. the abolishment of the Bank of England's influence in economic matters.
33. All of the following were persistent trends in the upperclass eighteenth-century European family except
a. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
b. the use of wet nurses.
c. the decline in the total number of children per family.
d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops.
e. the use of a variety of birth control techniques.
34. European society in the eighteenth century witnessed
a. a pattern developing of marriage at earlier ages for brides and grooms.
b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family.
c. the declining importance of the woman in the "family economy." d. rapidly declining rates of illegitimate births and a consequent decline in infanticide due to stringent laws prohibiting either.
e. the growth of the extended family.
35. New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except
a. changes in the ordinary clothing of children.
b. the production of more games and toys for children.
c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
d. the great interest of lower-class mothers in breastfeeding infants. e. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
36. Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?
a. fish.
b. tomatoes.
c. wheat.
d. rice.
e. potatoes.
37. The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the
a. manorial system.
b. cottage system.
c. mercantile system.
d. laissez-faire.
e. the putting-in system.
38. A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was
a. the creation of insurance policies.
b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.
c. international currency markets and arbitrage speculation. d. deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms.
e. the increased use of specie in preference to less reliable paper money.
39. All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except
a. international trade had become greater than trade within
Europe.
b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade. c. there was a dramatic increase in trade between
European nations and their colonies.
d. the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of
European cities.
e. overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.
40. Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?
a. Bordeaux
b. Marseilles
c. Rome
d. Lisbon
e. Liverpool
41. A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was
a. the dowry fund for poor women.
b. neighborhood confraternities to support social welfare programs. c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.
d. church schools to teach the poor obedience to authority.
e. the establishment of safe retreats for prostitutes desiring to leave their profession.
42. Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was
a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders. b. deemed contrary to Christian teaching.
c. least apparent in Prussia.
d. abolished in Britain by Parliament in opposition to the king. e. became dramatically more equal as the century progressed. 43. The European peasantry in the eighteenth century
a. comprised nearly half of Europe's population.
b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789.
c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern
Germany.
e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial
Revolution.
44. The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except:
a. judgment by peers.
b. immunity from severe punishment.
c. exemptions from most forms of taxation.
d. guarantees against becoming poor.
e. access to military and civil offices.
45. Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian
a. general.
b. courtier.
c. architect.
d. musician.
e. composer.
46. The Grand Tour
a. saw French aristocrats travel through Britain to learn good manners and observe a modern economy.
b. avoided Italy as it diverted young men from the tour's education goals in northern Europe.
c. was greatly facilitated by more convenient forms of personal travel in the eighteenth century.
d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.
e. was reserved for ambitious members of the bourgeoisie. 47. Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?
a. They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city.
b. They were decreasing dramatically in population.
c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.
d. They were becoming more democratic in their government. e. They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchial control.
48. By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was
a. Berlin.
b. Paris.
c. St. Petersburg.
d. Amsterdam.
e. London.
49. The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was
a. most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief.
b. solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities.
c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.
d. solved in France in the 1770's through massive royal public works projects.
e. entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.
50. At the beginning of the eighteenth century,
a. the old order was under severe attack.
b. the old order still remained strong.
c. republicanism was in ascendant.
d. enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure.
e. democracy was spreading