Blending in with the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution, The age of Enlightenment, phrase coined by Immanuel Kant, represents the period of where the modern Western world began and science replaced superstition. The Enlightenment advocated reason as a means to establishing a system of government and morality, where individuals should be free to be authors of their own life stories, giving them the autonomy. It was a set of intellectual movement that would promote liberalism and human beings to obtain objective truth about the whole of reality.

Concepts of ‘universalism’ and ‘humanism’ were centered on the Enlightenment, which ultimately gave rise to the idea of human rights and human welfare which is now apparent in the Western world. …show more content…
Michel Foucault claimed that the individual who thinks freely can also arrive at illegitimate reasoning; to him reason is the product of particular cultural circumstances. This kind of thought can lead to moral relativism however, which has caused numerous sufferings in human history. It is not that humans need authority from a religious textbook to act morally, but people who think freely are less likely to be dogmatic since religion is the biggest cause of evil. The Western world, which is seen as the most democratic and peaceful region on Earth, has gone through the Enlightenment with Christianity over 400 years ago to which now the Middle East is going through the same stage with …show more content…
David Hume introduced that one cannot directly derive values from facts, which is formally known as the ‘is-ought’ fallacy. But this doesn’t mean there is no relationship between is and ought which Hume does not argue. In fact, a simple solution is through the addition of an axiom, or a simple if: “if X is what you want, you should do Z.” If they don’t, then, as Sam Harris explains in his book ‘The Moral Landscape’, what reason, arguments, or evidence can be used to persuade someone who doesn’t value any of