...Cardiodynamics Case Study 2 The Big Race At the start: Question 1: Since the race has not actually started, the anticipation of the race is activating the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is stimulating these changes. Question 2: The thought of the race creates enough stress to activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic system. Question 3: The sympathetic division stimulates the fight or flight organs. This means that blood and nutrients are being delivered to areas that might be needed for a fight for your life, or to run for your life. This means that organs needed for non-life saving actions, such as the bladder and digestive systems, will be inhibited so that the heart, limbs, and brain can receive more blood and nutrients for quick decision making and to support fight or flight scenarios. Sympathetic stimulation also increases ADH release which will preserve blood volume and insure greater blood flow to large muscle groups and other tissues. Question 4: Sympathetic stimulation of the liver will stimulate glycogenolysis, which puts more glucose into the bloodstream. Question 5: Sympathetic stimulation decreases the production of saliva. One Minute In: Question 1: With any sort of extreme exertion, such as intense rowing, muscles will have an immediate increase in their demand for ATP. ATP is produced by aerobic cellular respiration, which is the most efficient method. This creates demand for oxygen from the muscles...
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...adjustments are done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic response. The receptors transmit a message to the brain, which in turn sends a message to the effectors, the heart and blood vessels. The heart rate decreases and blood vessels increase in diameter, which cause the blood pressure to fall back within the normal range or set point. (Scince.jrank.org, 2015). Automatic Nervous System In contrast, your heart beats and your intestines digest without your conscious control. Spontaneous actions such as these are regulated by your autonomic nervous system. The autonomic part of your...
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...The autonomic nervous system has two important functions, the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system. Between having a faulty sympathetic system or a faulty parasympathetic system, I would much rather have a faulty sympathetic system and a working parasympathetic system. In the parasympathetic system your body is calmed and conserves energy allowing you to maintain activity. While in the sympathetic system the body is aroused and it expands its energy. I hate the feeling of anxiety when your heart is pumping and your blood pressure is raised before an exam, a race and many other activities. I don’t like to have a constant feeling of stress and desperation. When I am timed on an exam or am nervous before speech, I tend not to do as good when I get this arousing feeling. It makes my stomach hurt and I also feel hopeless. As I get to a point where I am agitated or aroused I cannot concentrate very easily on the task I’m performing. So having a faulty sympathetic system will probably get rid of some of those sensations. In the other hand having a faulty parasympathetic would never give the “relaxing” feeling that everything is ok. My body could not be calmed and rested. I would constantly have anxiety or a panic attacks. I like things to be under control and without this function I would lose that tranquility and concentration. Therefore having a faulty sensation of constantly feeling aroused and having an abundance of adrenaline would be better than losing my feeling...
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...are always making adjustments to regulate normal body function; luckily these adjustments are done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic response. The receptors transmit a message to the brain, which in turn sends a message to the effectors, the heart and blood vessels. The heart rate decreases and blood vessels increase in diameter, which cause the blood pressure to fall back within the normal range or set point. (Scince.jrank.org, 2015). Automatic Nervous System In contrast, your heart beats and your intestines digest...
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...Let’s follow the path of a delicious ham and cheese sandwich with lettuce and pickles as it is eaten and digested! Start at the beginning and discuss the anatomical parts as well as the biochemical roles that contribute to this sandwich being turned into chemical energy. Be sure to include mechanical and chemical mechanisms, along with how they are metabolized in the body! Digestion is the chemical breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules that can be used by various cells within the body. The breakdown is initiated when food is ingested in the mouth and specific enzymes are exposed to components within the food molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth with mastication, or chewing, performed by the teeth. The purpose of chewing is to grant the food more exposure to enzymes, therefore allowing chemical digestion to occur faster. The presence of the food in the mouth stimulates exocrine glands. This causes the mouth to secrete digestive enzymes, namely salivary amylase. These secreted enzymes aid in the breakdown of foods, officially starting the digestion process. Carbohydrates in particular are mostly broken down by salivary amylase. Salivary amylase breaks starch, a popular carb, down to maltose. This means that the bread of the ham and cheese sandwich will notably be chemically altered at this point. It is because of this that bread begins to taste somewhat sweet if it is held in the mouth for some time. Muncins, or mucous, found within saliva help hold the food...
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...blocker does which of the following? | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | Stimulates the autonomic system | | B. | Inhibits the sympathetic response | | C. | Stimulates a sympathetic response | | D. | Stimulates a parasympathetic response | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 3. | | | An agonist drug does which of the following? | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | potentiates an action | | B. | causes a drug interaction | | C. | inhibits an action at the receptor site | | D. | facilitates an action at the receptor site | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 4. | , | | Bethanecol (Urecholine) acts by: | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | blocking beta-receptors | | B. | stimulating alpha-receptors | | C. | stimulating cholinergic receptors | | D. | blocking cholinergic receptors | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 5. | | | Drugs that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AchE) will do which of the following? | | | Student Response | Correct Answer | A. | increase levels of acetylcholine | | B. | decrease levels of dopamine | | C. | increase levels of dopamine | | D. | decrease levels of acetylcholine | | | Score: | 2/2 | | | 6. | | | The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subdivision of the: |...
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...Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a prospective Cure for Parkinson's disease : what do we know so far. INTRODUCTION PARKINSON'S DISEASE Parkinsons disease is considered one of the most prevalent and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1-2 people per 1000 population at any given time. the disease affects 1% of the american population over the age of 60 (an estimated 1 million people) and globally over 3 million patients and caregivers suffer from its burden. parkinsons disease is characterised by an array of motor symptoms ranging from trmors,rigidity,bradykinesia (often akinesia),postural abnormalities (often charecterised by a shuffling gait)as well as many non motor symptoms with some of the most commonly reported...
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...Organization, 2009). This paper will give a summarized desciption of the characterisitics of IBS, as well as a glimpse into the life experience of a patient whom deals with the symptoms of irritable bowel on a daily basis. My hopes would be for people to get a more cathartic understanding of the effects that these constant symptoms have on a regular person. Description IBS is described as, a functional gastrointestinal disorder in which the patient experiences periods of abdominal pain and discomfort, along with changes in their normal bowel movement habits (Longstreth, 2006). However, unlike more serious gastrointestinal diseases, IBS does not bring about bowel inflammation or permanent alterations in bowel tissue; therefore, it does not contribute either to irreversible damage of the colon, or an increased risk of colorectal cancer. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2009). Epidemiology and Populations at Risk Studies suggest that genetic susceptibility plays a role in IBS. Patients with a first-degree relative diagnosed with IBS have an increased risk of this disorder. Approximately 1 in every 5 people in the world suffers from IBS, and it is seen twice as often in women then in men. These statistics infer that hormonal changes play may play a role in this condition (Huether & McCane, 2008). It is common for IBS first be discovered in adolescents and young adults between the ages of 15 and 25 (Schneider PhD & Fletcher PhD, 2008). Pathophysiology Although the pathophysiology...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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...DIVERTICULITIS Essay HISTORY- EPIDEMIOLOGY: Diverticulitis is an intestinal inflammation occurring as a complication to the disorder of diverticulosis. The global epidemiology is associated with the western culture diet, being far more common in industrialized countries like the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and much less prevalent in Asia and Africa. These two conditions were rare in the 18th century and appear to be linked to the reduction of fiber in flour due to the development of roller mills that replaced grist mills in the late 1800’s. Roller mills were a more efficient method of refining wheat into flour; however this resulted in the destroying or removal of most of the fiber from the grain. This type of flour absent of fiber became the staple of most flour products from that time forward. Another theory on the advent of these two conditions was a change in consumption to increased refined sugar and meats in western diets during the same time period. SYMPTOMS: The majority of people with diverticulosis will have no symptoms and will not require any treatment. If the condition is symptomatic, cramping and abdominal pain, typically in the lower left abdomen, within the large intestines or colon can occur. When diverticulitis develops due to material in the divertulum, the inflammation or infection may produce inflamed areas which can result in pus or abscesses which can rupture and cause high fever. Other symptoms may be constipation and...
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...Determinism: Everything that happens has a cause. - Free Will: the belief that behavior is cause by a person’s independent decisions The Mind-Brain Problem - The philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain. - How is brain activity linked with our experienced? - There is a close relationship with brain activity and psychological events - “Do we feel first, or do we think first?” Nature-Nurture Issue - “How do differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment?” Milgram and the shock experiment test Psychiatry - different from psychology in the way that a psychiatrist can prescribe medication and psychologists can not. - branch of the medical field that focuses on the brain and mental disorders **Get to know both of the “What Psychologists Do” handouts from class Quick History of Psychology Early era psychology: - Aristotle Modern day psychology: - Freud Psychology started in 19th century - Main focus was on sensation and perception Wilhelm Wundt - Created the first psychological lab - “What are the components of experience or mind?” - Tested conscience experience Edward Titchener - Thought that the most important psychological question was about the nature of experience...
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...GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY - PERIODS IN DEVELOPING FETUS Embryology studies will develop human from fertilization until birth (gestation-38th weeks, or 40 wks). Periods of fruit development are: preembrionski (lasting from fertilization until the end of the second week), Embryonic (lasts from the third to the end of 8 weeks) and fetal (runs from 9 to 38 weeks). The fruit in the embryonic period is called an embryo, fetus and fetal. The origins of all organs are formed in the embryonic period. In the fetal period comes to strong growth of the fetus, especially in the region of the head, as well as to morphological and functional differentiation of all organs are formed in the embryonic period. Further differentiation processes continue even after birth (postnatal period of development). Part of the embryo and fetus on whose head is referred to as cranial (head), the last part of the caudal (tail), the ventral side of the ventral and dorsal side of the dorsal. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT The main characteristics of development includes processes that occur in the process of creating every tissue and organ in the human body. This includes the following processes: 1. The proliferation - increasing the number of cells that occurs as a result of a number of asymmetric cell division by division (when the mother of one daughter cells are formed identical to the mother cell and daughter cell that directs the differentiation); 2. Growth - weight gain and the size of the formed tissue...
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...Chapter 1 The Dimensions of Psychology Summary: Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, was an advocate of this position and is often considered the founder of structuralism, despite the fact that it was his student, Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate...
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...Preface A well-developed knowledge of clinical microbiology is critical for the practicing physician in any medical field. Bacteria, viruses, and protozoans have no respect for the distinction between ophthalmology, pediatrics, trauma surgery, or geriatric medicine. As a physician you will be faced daily with the concepts of microbial disease and antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology is one of the few courses where much of the "minutia" is regularly used by the practicing physician. This book attempts to facilitate the learning of microbiology by presenting the information in a clear and entertaining manner brimming with memory aids. Our approach has been to: 4) Create a conceptual, organized approach to the organisms studied so the student relies less on memory and more on logical pathophysiology. The text has been updated to include current information on rapidly developing topics, such as HIV and AIDS (vaccine efforts and all the new anti-HIV medications), Ebola virus, Hantavirus, E. coli outbreaks, Mad Cow Disease, and brand-new antimicrobial antibiotics. The mnemonics and cartoons in this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts...
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...TOP TEN CAUSES OF POISONING Section 2-D |Roña, Diandra Krystle B. | |Rosales, Aileen L. | |Rosaura, Franz D. | |Roxas, Marie Florence S. | |Rubio, Hannah Alexis O. | |Rugay, Jesus Emmanuel R. | February 1, 2012 POISONING Poisons are substances that cause disturbances in living organisms and do so by some biologic or chemical reaction in nature. For decades, the use of different substances for various applications lead to the discovery of potential toxic substances that may have caused injurious effects. Poisoning commonly occurs thru ingestion and usually, it was unintentional. Acute toxicity is the single exposure or multiple exposures for short periods to the substance causing the injury. Symptoms may be rapid and are in close relation to the toxic agent. On the other hand, chronic toxicity are caused by repeated or multiple exposure for longer periods to the poison. Signs and symptoms of chronic toxicity may appear even after several years upon the initial exposure. ADULT TOP TEN TOXICITIES 1. CAUSTICS Caustics are strong acids and alkali that when ingested can cause tissue injury by chemical reaction. They damage the tissues by accepting a proton (alkaline substance)...
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