...Episodic memory is a form of long-term memory that refers to facts, data, personal experiences, or specific events that are tied to particular times and places and can be recalled at will. This form of memory is thought to be connected to self-awareness in an animal. The most important feature in this form of memory is the ability to recall past events or experiences after the incident had occurred. This is a form of memory that is well known and explored in humans, but its existence in non-human animals is heavily argued over. Due to the difficulties that come with designing an experiment to test this self-awareness in non-human animals it is often called episodic-like memory rather than episodic memory. This recall ability can be assessed by using an unexpected recall test in which the event being tested is encoded incidentally, the creation of a memory without purposely knowing that memorization is...
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...Episodic memory in animals, Are they capable of mental time travel? Sarah-Jane Fahed American University Of Beirut Mental Time Travel in animals Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory, it’s the memory for personal events and is distinguished from semantic memory: memory for facts. What characterizes episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel also termed “Chronesthesia”: it is the capacity to mentally project oneself in the past to remember events that took place and projecting oneself to try and predict the future. It is commonly thought to be specific to humans but some studies have been done to research this specific type of memory and see if it can be attributed to animals. The study of episodic memory in non-humans led to many contradictory results and depends on how it is defined. The main focus of this paper is to study the different researches done on the Chronesthesia component of episodic memory in animals: mental time travel to the past and to the future and show their limitations. Tulving originally defined episodic memory in terms of the kind of information it appears to store: what where and when something happened (the www criterion) and later added the concept of autoneotic awareness to the definition (as cited in Suddendorf & Corballisb, 2007): the sensation that a memory was personally experienced In their book Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness Terrace...
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...Quiz. Forms of memory, Ogden and Corkin paper. 1. Episodic and semantic memory make up what form of memory? Episodic and semantic memories are sub types of declarative memory, which is also known as the explicit memory. These memories can be consciously recalled. 2. What brain structures support these 2 forms of memory? Both semantic and episodic memory depend on the temporal lobe. Episodic memory mainly depends on the Hippocampus, whereas the overlying cortices of the hippocampus, the entorhinal and peri-rhinal cortices, have more influence over the semantic memory. Another structure known to support semantic memories is the basal ganglia. 3. What brain structure(s) support procedural memory? The basal ganglia support procedural memory by communicating information from the sensory systems to the motor cortex via thalamus. Pre-motor area and the cerebellum are also significant to supporting procedural memory. From the Ogden and Corkin paper 4. Give one example for H.M. of: a. Retention of immediate memory H.M. was able to retain immediate memory by rehearsing what he learned, as long as...
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...Coding, capacity and duration of memory Coding – the format in which info is stored in the various memory stores. Capacity – The amount of info that can be held in a memory store. Duration- the length of time info can be held in memory STM – coding is acoustic Capacity between 5 and 9 Duration between 18 and 30 seconds LTM – coding is mainly sematic Unlimited capacity Stores memory up to life time Multi store model – representation of how memory works in terms of three stores – sensory register- STM – LTM Describes how info is transferred from one store to another , how it is remembered and forgotten Multi- store model Atkinson and Shiffrin’s ( 1968 , 1971) Three stores Sensory register Stimulus from environment will pass into sensory register Main stores are iconic memory ( visual memory ) ( coded visually ) Echoic memory ( sound memory ) ( coded acoustically ) Memory lasts only briefly duration is less than half a second High capacity Key processes is paying attention Short term memory limited capacity capacity is between 5 and 9 items info is coded acoustically lasts about 30 secs unless rehearsed maintenance rehearsal – occurs when we repeat material if rehearsed long enough it will go into the LTM Long Term Memory capacity is unlimited memory can last many years When we want to recall memory it has to be transferred back into STM by retrieval. ...
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...The Effects of Emotion, Imagery and Negative Feelings on Memory Retrieval My Memory Here I was, at the 2013 U.S. Synchronized Figure Skating Championships, standing in the well-known “kiss and cry” area with my team. We just skated our second program of the competition, the long program, and it felt absolutely incredible. I remember completing each element and taking a deep breath of relief each time knowing we made it through another section of our program without a fall. Our team’s goal this season was a pewter medal, 4th place, and we were moments away from achieving it. The short program, which we skated the night before, was also incredible and it gave us close to a four point lead ahead of the team behind us. All we needed to do was get our scores and celebrate. I remember the image of the stands where our organization’s younger team and our parents stood, cheering and going crazy and waiting for our scores as well. Brooke and Alexis had those silly Shamu whale costumes on in honor of our music to a song from one of the SeaWorld shows. They started doing that silly Shamu hand signal and the rest of our cheering section did it too. I held the hands of two of my teammates, one of them my sister, tighter than I’ve held anything in my life. We stood there, anxious, staring at the screen hanging above the crowd, waiting and waiting for the announcer to come on and our scores to appear. They showed recaps of some of our best moves we performed just a few minutes ago and...
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...extended amount of time due to their eidetic imagery ability. The short -term memory is the part of the memory that stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred or forgotten. Displacement is when the short memory is completely full. A example of short-term memory is when you look up a phone number in the phone book, dial it and then forget it. The long-term memory is the part of our memory that is capable to store a lot of our information for as long we live. Our long-term memory is divided into two parts Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory. Declarative is stores all our information that we intentionally and consciously collect. The Declarative Memory is divided into two parts, which are Episodic and Semantic Memory. Episodic Memory is the type of memory that we collect over experiences in our lives. Semantic Memory is information for general information. Nondeclarative Information stores our habits. A example of long-term memory is remembering your name or your way home. Memory has the ability to store our information or a long time. Memory is how we learn from our past experiences. In order for us to store information there are three distinctive process that are Memory have to go complete. The first process is encoding which is changing the information into a way that we can store it. The next process is storage that is how we...
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... Volkswagen, MetLife and others use the concept of old advertising. On this chapter I have learned about episodic memory which is the knowledge about ourselves and things that have occurred to people in the past, including emotions and sensations tied to past experiences. Meow used 16 years old advertising jingle because people would recall these memories involving visual images, sounds, smells, tastes and tactile sensations. According to the case study 50 percent of consumers surveyed before the new ads aired said they have heard the jingle during the previous 18 months. This showed me how positive it is to go back to old advertising after people can associate the brand positively. In my opinion, I think this is a good strategy for Meow because we all have unique and different set of experiences and episodic memory is more personal. Meow renovated the old commercial to a newer version and this would help them to advertise its brands with the new product better. By using this technique of episodic memory marketers are able to reinterpret past consumption experiences. Customers support brands that have a positive attitude towards ads because it preserve personal memories. 2. What role do episodic and sematic memory play in the use of nostalgia marketing? Episodic and sematic memory are long term memory, this is where information last longer for later use. Episodic memory involves visual images, sounds, smells, tastes and tactile sensations. On the other hand sematic memory...
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...ect A The correct answer is: A. sensory memory. 5 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. directing the flow of information. 6 cor r ect B The correct answer is: B. primacy. 7 cor r ect B The correct answer is: B. Hebb. 8 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. the loss of the ability to form new memories. 9 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. episodic buffer. 10 i ncor r ect B The correct answer is: A. True. 11 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. unlimited. 12 i ncor r ect E The correct answer is: C. meaning. 13 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off. 14 cor r ect B The correct answer is: B. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material. 15 cor r ect C The correct answer is: C. you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces. 16 i ncor r ect E The correct answer is: B. spacing effect. 17 i ncor r ect D The correct answer is: B. episodic memory. 18 i ncor r ect B The correct answer is: C. flashbulb memories are no more accurate than memories for more mundane life events. 19 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. support Bartlett’s idea of memory as a constructive process. 20 cor r ect A The correct answer is: A. True. 21 i ncor r ect C The correct answer is: A. participants who learned letter strings...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 2 Review Worksheet The Process of Memory In the spaces provided beneath the flowchart, list the term that corresponds with the definition in each box. [pic] 1. Store____________________ 2. Encoding_________________ 3. Short term memory________ 4. Consolidation______________ 5. Declarative Memory________ 6. Chunking_________________ 7. Segmentation________ 8. Rehearsal Computing IQ Essay Consider the following scenario: Kara is 10 years old. She has been given an intelligence test. Her mental age is 13. According to Sternberg, what is Kara’s IQ? Conduct research and interpret her score. Choose two theories of intelligence. Write a 150- to 200-word discussion on the components of each theory, and how they differ in relation to Spearman’s g factor. According to Sternberg, Kara’s IQ is 90 because at ages 10,11,12,13 the level of IQ is more than ages above 17 because of initiation to adulthood. Kara’s scores will be high because children with elevated levels of intelligence are more likely to learn in the school setting comparatively to their peers with lower scores. This gives evidence to the relationship between IQ scores and school performance. The triarchic theory of intelligence was created by Sternberg while he was piloting research on human intelligence. The triarchic theory is made up of three components. The first component addresses the relationship between intelligence and experience...
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...AP Psychology Midterm Study Supplements Unit I: Psychology’s Perspectives & Treatments [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] | | | | |MECHANISM |DESCRIPTION |EXAMPLES | |1. denial |Failure to accept reality |Refusing to accept the death of a close | | | |friend or relative; refusing to accept that| | | |your relationship with a romantic friend is| | | |over | |2. displacement |The transfer of negative feelings about someone to |You are very angry with your mother and you| | |someone else |take out that anger in dealing with your | | | |sister or best friend | |3. projection |Putting (projecting) negative feelings on someone else |Blaming your teacher for failing a test | | ...
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...A Look into the Human Memory Process Jasmin Chopper American Intercontinental University Abstract The memory process is comprised of different aspects which a person uses to acquire, retain, store, and later retrieve information. There are different systems of the memory process that are in charge of different types of memories. A stage model is used to help better understand the 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long- term memory. There are ways to help one improve the process of information flowing into the next stage of memory. Some factors contribute to a person’s inability to properly retrieve information as well as cause a person to forget information. Memory is a complex process that pertains to more than just looking at an object and remembering what you saw. A Look into the Human Memory Process The human memory is a process in which we use to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. Memory has to deal with different systems that are in charge of different types of memories (Sayre, 2011). A way of understanding more about memory would be to look at the stage model of memory, which is often used to explain the basic structure as well as function of memory. The model was initially proposed by Atkinson and Shiffron in 1968, this theory outlines 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory where sensory information from...
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...Has God ever given me a mental image to figure out a piece of my life’s puzzle? Thinking deeper on the subject I can only wonder how many times this has actually happened and I didn’t realize it was God’s way of helping me get through something. Further reading on the retrieval of autobiographical memories I realized that this form of episodic memory pieced my life puzzle together better. I have always been able to remember special events in life with ease. I can at least pinpoint the time of year and what surrounded me during the event. I have always been able to do this. I continuously replay my life’s events in my head from as early as I can remember. It is possible reading from the text that I do this do dwell more on positive aspects of my life. I did in fact have a rough life and can see now why I would want to replay happier memories in my head and remember them forever. Prof Donovan stated near the end of her video “just wait for God’s timing and he will tell you where it goes”. She was talking about that puzzle piece that gets us through a difficult situation. Having an autobiographical memory is a true gift from God helped me get through losing my mother last year. I didn’t realize what he was preparing me for in the future but the simple task of replaying events in my head helped a lot. I was able to remember some great things about my mother and was able to make sure her true wishes were met. It helped me honor her for the great woman she was in life. I know...
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...1981, K.C. was involved in a single-vehicle accident on his way home from his job at a manufacturing plant when the motorcycle he was riding veered off of an exit ramp. He suffered a traumatic brain injury. Upon arrival at a hospital, K.C. was experiencing clonic seizure and was unconscious. Surgery to remove a left-side subdural hematoma was successful. After a few days in the hospital, K.C. was able to respond to simple commands. After one week he was able to recognize his mother. A follow up CT scan revealed a chronic bilateral frontal subdural hematoma, enlarged ventricles and sulci, and left occipital lobe infarction As a result of his neurological damage, K.C. suffered severe cognitive deficits that hindered his ability to form new episodic memories. Both his semantic memory and noetic consciousness remained unimpaired. The research conducted on K.C. has shown that he is able to recall factual information that he learned prior to his accident, such as his ability to know the difference between stalactites and stalagmites. However, he is unable to remember emotional details of events from his past such as his brother’s death and a dangerous fall he had at his home. K.C. also suffers from severe impairment of his autonoetic consciousness. This means that he is unable to envision himself in the future. When asked what he would be doing later in a given day, month, or even a year, he was unable to respond with an answer. Just as he cannot remember being physically involved with...
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...and retrieved. Computers use Rapid Access Memory, or RAM and Read Only Memory, or ROM. In 1968 Richard Arkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed the stage model of memory. This model has three different memory systems; sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory [ (Editorial Board, 2011) ]. Sensory memory is a very brief memory of something sensed through one of our five senses that if not passed on to short term memory and is forgotten quite quickly. Short term memory lasts a bit longer than sensory memory but doesn’t have the capacity of sensory memory [ (Course Materials, n.d.) ]. Finally, long term memory is the memory that last longer than sensory memory and short term memory. Episodic memory and semantic memory are two types of long term memory. Episodic memory is memories of past events in our lives such as family vacations or holidays. Semantic memory is memories of learned events that we did not personally experience. Semantic memory is used in recalling things we have learned in school over the years such as history lessons. In order for information to be transferred from sensory memory to short term memory...
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...Draft Hoerl Vs Craver It seems to me that Christoph Hoerl and Carl Craver are taking two sides to the same side of the fence. Carl Craver and Christoph Hoerl are concerned with the nature of temporal orientation in the sense of a being’s ability to tie its identity to its past, present, and future. Concerned with a more stringent set of criteria for what constitutes a sense of time, Hoerl claims that people who lack an episodic memory cannot grasp a sense of time in a way that more “normal” individuals can. Craver, accepts that amnesiac individuals may lack an episodic memory, but sets out to systematically refute the notion of this type of memory as a requirement for being an agent. I believe that the definition for episodic memory is far less constraining than either of these two philosophers are willing to give. I suggest that on an individual level, time and memory are interdependent and only if memory is completely nonexistent, will a person be relieved of their identification as an agent. Given this, Craver’s defense of amnesiac persons hold true, and further, these people indeed do hold a sense of time. Craver takes several angles from which to refute the absence of agency in amnesiacs. First Craver takes Locke’s diachronic view of identity and discusses the requirements for what constitutes a memory. These are: a) The person has an apparent memory of an experience, b) The content of the apparent memory is identical (or very similar) to the past experience ...
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