...PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 	The idea that one can understand and comprehend the development of an individual is profound and abstruse, but very few people have actually had success dealing with such a topic. From obstacles such as proper test subjects to the whole stigma of taboo attached in trying to understand the human mind, researchers and psychologists have had success. One of the most notable successes is that of Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, as we know it. Freud’s in depth pioneering journey into the minds of people, and how the mind itself develops with the passing of time and events. Other modern psychologists have elaborated on Freud, including the psychologists Erik Erikson and Karen Horney. Their thoughts on the personality development of people relate directly to Kate Chopin’s book, The Awakening. In this book, the theories discussed by Freud and his successors are shown explicitly and implicitly. 	Obviously, Sigmund Freud’s work in the field of personality development was by far the most prolific and controversial. The father of modern psychology, Freud broke all barriers to expose what he thought to be the real reasons for human behavior. His theories of personality development can best start with the discussion of the conscious and the unconscious mind. The conscious mind—along with the lesser preconscious mind—is that part of the mind that one has control, or knowledge of. Ironically, this is the least part of the mind that...
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...My Life as a Dog In the film, My Life as a Dog (1985) directed by Lasse Hallstrom, we meet twelve-year-old Ingemar. Ingemar exists within and is influenced by an array of complex relationships and interacting environments as he deals with lack of control and loss in his life. This paper will explore the internal world and social environment of Ingemar and attempt to understand his world from several perspectives. Ingemar Ingemar is an early adolescent twelve-year-old boy with expressive eyes framed by strong eyebrows and a hair cowlick that rules his forehead. Although physically small for his age, Ingmar is athletic, intelligent, and emotionally resilient. As Ingemar confronts the loss of family members, home, and a beloved dog, he reads stories and tries to gain a perspective. He demonstrates the ability to reason about the social world but sometimes has difficulties with role taking and communication. Despite the chaos in his life, Ingemar is working hard to make sense of the world and actively construct this knowledge. Micro Analysis of Nuclear Family At the beginning of the film, Ingemar is living with his mother and older brother Eric, in an urban community. His father is gone; his mother, sick with tuberculosis is raising the two boys alone. A disorganized family apartment lacks warmth and is a window into their chaotic life. As a single parent, Ingemar’s mother has trouble dealing with the everyday responsibility of the boys. Ingemar and his brother...
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...MIDLIFE: A TIME OF CRISIS OR THE NEW PRIME OF LIFE EPSY 5460 Introduction The concept of a “midlife crisis” has been a well-known way of describing a time of stress and difficulties that may occur during middle adulthood. This study discusses views of the concept of midlife crisis in the past and the present. It will also compare and contrast Carl Jung, Elliott Jaques, Erik Erikson and Robert Peck’s view of middle age development. One of the most popular contradictions in society has been whether middle age is a peak period of life or the beginning of a downward slide. Many people change careers at midlife. Is this change because of a decrease in self-esteem or because one wants to find a new outlook on life and greater satisfaction? This paper will argue that middle age is not a time of loss and crisis but of new possibilities and fulfillment. The most common view of a midlife crisis has been a male in his 40’s who leaves his wife for a younger woman and runs off in a sports car; or a woman in her 40’s or 50’s that gets a face lift, breast lift and tries to reinvent herself. These views have been promoted in magazines, television shows and movies. Our society as a whole has promoted youth and beauty as one of the most important things in life. The purpose of this study is to provide information contrary to this popular belief. This paper proposes that the knowledge and confidence that comes with age is actually more important to most middle age people than physical...
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...Different schools of Psychology to the advancement of the field of Psychology Psychology began or has its roots in philosophy, the mother of all sciences. Aristotle in his works speaks rather remotely on different aspects of psychology. Among some of Aristotle’s major and famous works namely metaphysics, De Anime; he speaks of the soul which in profound consideration could come to the conclusion that it sounds synonymous with our modern understanding of ‘mind’. Thus psychology was a part of philosophy from the very beginning through it stands independently now. Further long before Aristotle existed; philosophers like Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclites and Parmenides spoke on the same subject even though it was not that much elaborated. Here we cannot forget the contribution made by Plato. He very clearly explains in his dialogues further on this matter. Psychology originated very simply as a result of the development of the metaphysical approach of the people of different times. In sociology it is an acceptable fact that the prevailing circumstances and state of a particular social milieu make a great impact on a particular matter. This impact varies from place to place time to time depending on the social characteristics. By inferences the aforementioned is the reason why there are different schools in psychology. When we analyses it stands to reason that all psychologists were trying to deal with the same matter. They have seen the same problems or the issues with regard to ‘mind’...
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...influence it, and the unconscious. Adler was always changing his mind on the personality. One thing that never changed was his belief that people have control over their own lives. Adler also believed that there was also motivating force behind our behavior. Alder’s had a theory called Individual Psychology. He believed everyone was different and that not all theories applied to people. Adler’s theory had four aspects: the development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health, and the unity of personality. Erik Erikson had 8 psychosocial crisis stages. These were: 1)trust vs mistrust, 2) autonomy vs shame and doubt, 3) initiative vs guilt, 4) industry vs inferiority, 5) identity vs role confusion, 6) intimacy vs isolation, 7) generativity vs stagnation, and 8) integrity vs despair. Erikson would use play therapy, anthropological studies, and psychohistorical analysis, for his research. Theories of Personality The basic principle of feminism means men and women should be equal. Equal work and equal pay. Feminism is a very interesting topic. I do not think it is either you support or you do not. I believe in certain parts of it and other areas I do not support it. I believe women and men are equal, but I also believe there are certain jobs a woman should not be doing. I do not think men control everything. Maybe a hundred years ago, but not now. We have women senators, congress women, women going to war...
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...Identity theory applies to all creeds and cultures. We all develop understandings about ourselves, the type of person we are and wish to be and indeed do not wish to be. This essay examines the strengths and weaknesses of the social constructionist theory of identity, wherein it is proposed that our identities are constructed though language and social relations. In doing so, we shall also consider the psychosocial perspective, demonstrating that the evidence does indeed support the statement made although not overwhelmingly so. A core component of social construction identity theory is that our identity is continually evolving throughout our lives (Phoenix, 2007, p. 76). Such identity -movement does not stop per se, it is neither fixed nor rigid but fluctuates continually. Our numerous social interactions directly impacts our identity –thinking to such an extent that our identities are constantly shaped and re-shaped as a direct result of these interactions. In fact, social identity theory goes a step further and proposes that we actively create our identities though our language and essentially through the many forms of social communications, voice, written, electronic (tweets etc), (Phoenix, 2007, p. 71). We interact with people oftentimes in the manner which we wish to be perceived by others, not just in what we say but in how we say it, what we write and how we wish to portray ourselves to others all of which is evidenced through our social behaviourisms. In other words...
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...methods; and that is,the sincere desire to find out the truth, whatever it may be. —Charles Sanders Peirce, Collected Papers, vol. 5 Did You Know . . . Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Theoretical Perspectives * Theories are never “set in stone”; they are always open to change as a result of new findings? * Children shape their world as it shapes them? * Cross-cultural research enables us to determine which aspects of development are universal and which are culturally influenced? * An experiment is the most definitive way to demonstrate that one event causes another? * The results of laboratory experiments may be less applicable to real life than experiments carried out in a home, school, or public setting? These are just a few of the interesting and important topics we will cover in this chapter. Here, we present an overview both of major theories of human development and of research methods used to study it. In the first part of the chapter, we explore major issues and theoretical perspectives that underlie much research in child development. In the remainder of the chapter, we look at how researchers gather and assess information so that, as you read further in this book, you will be better able to judge whether research findings and conclu- Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective 2: Learning Perspective 3: Cognitive Perspective 4: Contextual Perspective...
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...l University of Phoenix Material Personality Theories Matrix THEORY | Psychoanalytic | Neo-Freudian | Trait | Biological | Humanistic |Behavioral/ Social | Cognitive | |School of Thought (List the factors that each school believes influence personality development) |Psychosexual stages: 1.Oral-Focus on mouth and a satisfaction of sucking and biting. 2. Anal-Pleasure of anus and a concern with feces. 3.Phallic-Fear and anxiety of castration from his father because of sexual desires for one’s mother. 4. Latency-Repression of infantile sexuality. 5.Gential-Maturity of sexuality, capable of genuine love. Concepts of Mental structure: 1. Id-Basic impulses, sexual and aggressive. Impulsive and irrational. This is also known as the pleasure principle when one seeks immediate satisfaction regardless of the consciences. 2. Ego-Test reality, seeks safety and survival, rational, and logic. 3. Super-Ego-Ideal and moral, strives for perfection, dictates, incorporative, imposes limitations on satisfactions. Unconscious Conflict: This is when a person may have a fear of certain things and may use other things to describe the fear. Example: If someone was afraid of an animal that they have never been in contact with. This may be a sign of a fear that is revealed as an unconscious conflict with something they know nothing about. |Alfred Adler: Strive for superiority: Born with a sense of inferiority. Striving to overcome these deficiencies of weakness and helplessness...
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...PSYCHOLOGY PROPOSED TOPIC: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON ASSERTIVENESS NAME: ABDALLAH MUNIRA INDEX NUMBER: 10272035 SUPERVISOR: DR ADOTEY ANUM CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As we grow up, we learn to adapt our behavior to accommodate the norms of our societies. We model ourselves upon those around us, example parents, teachers, peers and other influences such as television and magazines. In the early years of a child’s life, parents are the most influential people until his teen years where peers replace parents. Children therefore model themselves to conform to the norms of their parents. Example in a typical Ghanaian society, it is a norm for children to obey their elders without challenging their opinions and judgments regardless of the situation. Internalizing these norms reflect in aspects of the child’s personality such as his self-concept and assertive skills, a norm like not expressing your opinions, feelings and beliefs openly and honestly is likely to hinder assertiveness in an individual. This study investigated the effects of parenting styles on assertiveness. Assertiveness is the act of expressing genuine feelings, standing up for your legitimate...
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...transformation of the Juvenile Justice System over the past century and how it impacts today’s youth. Juvenile delinquency has become a well-known phenomenon as youth have taken experimentation and violence to a new level. More adolescents are being diagnosed with medical disorders while many find themselves not having the means to access the proper treatment. Family and moral standards are not as they were a century ago and the economic strain of today can make it difficult for children to develop the necessary skills to transition through their developmental stages. Chaos, confusion and loss of identity play a significant role in many of the adolescents that find themselves in contact with the Juvenile Justice System. New interventions for these adolescents are greatly needed to improve not only their own well being, but to create a prosperous community. Juvenile Reentry Juveniles are released from institutions across the country everyday, but many do not have the knowledge required to make permanent changes for themselves, their families, and their communities. The first Juvenile Court in the United States was established in Cook County, Illinois in 1899 and within 25 years all but two states had established separate juvenile justice systems. The Juvenile Court of Chicago became the model for the various state juvenile justice systems that followed it. “This doctrine was used to explain the state’s interest in distinguishing between adults and children in its dispensation of justice...
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...Student Learning Guide Counselling Methods 1 © South African College of Applied Psychology (Pty) Ltd Developed and produced by the South African College of Applied Psychology Sunclare building, Claremont, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa. 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means of electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Copyrighted materials reproduced herein are used under the provision of the South African Copyright Act 98 of 1978 section 12 (1) (a)(b) (3), for private study only by students. STUDENT LEARNING GUIDE: COUNSELLING METHODS 1 2 Table of contents How this guide works ........................................................................................................................ 10 Module Readings .............................................................................................................................. 11 Prescribed text book ......................................................................................................................... 11 Prescribed and recommended readings ........................................................................................... 11 Session One: An Overview of Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling ..................................... 14 Reading for the session .....................................................................
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...[material artifacts] * Biological anthropologist [origin and evolution] Science * System of knowledge covering general truths [scientific method] Scientific Method * Procedure for the systematic pursuit of knowledge Social Research * Done to gain a body of information which helps us understand behavior and society Quantitative Research * Numeric data and precise statistical analysis Qualitative Research * Nonnumeric information is used to describe * Done as they happen Experiments * Research situation designed to elicit some sort of behavior Field Research * Observe events as they occur * Non-participant observation [without interaction] * Participant observation [with interaction] Surveys * Consists of a series of questions to respondents Unobtrusive Research * Hawthorne effect [change in behavior due to the knowledge that they are being observed] * Examination of social evidence that people leave behind * Statistical Analysis [using data gathered earlier or by someone else for a different purpose] * Content Analysis [study of recorded communications]...
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...Development The Newborn CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.1 Before and Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Challenges to Piaget’s Stage Theory Social Development The Power of Touch Attachment Theory Disruption of Attachment Family Relationships Peers After Birth 12.2 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.2 Stages of Cognitive Development 12 Learning Objectives Development Throughout the Life Span 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Describe the development of the field and explain the prenatal and newborn stages of human development. Discuss physical development in infants and newborns. Examine Piaget’s stage theory in relation to early cognitive development. Illustrate the importance of attachment in psychosocial development. Discuss the impact of sexual development in adolescence and changes in moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. Examine the life stages within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Illustrate the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of aging. Describe the multiple influences of nature and nurture in human development. 12.3 Adolescence and Young Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social Development Continuity or Change Relationships Ages and Stages of Adulthood 12.5 Nature and Nurture Summary of Multiple Influences on Development ...
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...Chapter 1 SIGMUND FREUD AN INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud, pioneer of Psychoanalysis, was born on 6th May 1856 in Freiberg to a middle class family. He was born as the eldest child to his father’s second wife. When Freud was four years old, his family shifted and settled in Vienna. Although Freud’s ambition from childhood was a career in law, he decided to enter the field of medicine. In 1873, at the age of seventeen, Freud enrolled in the university as a medical student. During his days in the university, he did his research on the Central Nervous System under the guidance of German physician `Ernst Wilhelm Von Brucke’. Freud received his medical degree in 1881and later in 1883 he began to work in Vienna General Hospital. Freud spent three years working in various departments of the hospital and in 1885 he left his post at the hospital to join the University of Vienna as a lecturer in Neuropathology. Following his appointment as a lecturer, he got the opportunity to work under French neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases...
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