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Et Dukkehjem

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Et Dukkehjem
Typisk for det moderne gennembrud er, at forfatteren skildrer et problem i samfundet. I dette tilfælde er deres lagt fokus på kvindens rolle i hjemmet. Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), som har skrevet stykket, var en norsk dramatiker. Han stykker er inspireret af samfundets problematikker i forbindelse med det moderne gennembrud, som betegner tidsperioden fra 1870 til 1900. Det var som følger af det moderne gennembrud at kvinder fik større indflydelse på samfundet.Stykket er skrevet i 1879 og det lægger stor vægt på forholdet mellem mand og kvinde i et samfund i Norge i 1800-tallet. Henrik Ibsen regnes for at være en af hovedforfatterne og dermed en af de vigtigste forfattere i det nittende århundrede og i det hele taget en af de vigtigste dramatikere i europæisk historie.
I den følgende litterære artikel vil der fokuseres på analytiske elementer, som komposition af stykket og personkarakteristik af en af hovedpersonerne, Nora. Analysen og fortolkningen vil være baseret på samfundsmæssige forhold, med henblik på forholdet mellem manden og kvinden i en familie. Jeg vil undersøge hvad der får Nora til at handle som hun gør i udvalgte situationer og hvordan det afspejler hendes status i samfundet.
Nora er en kvinde på omkring 30 år, hun er gift med Torvald, som hun har tre børn sammen med. De er en typisk familie i 1900-tallet, hvor manden i huset tjener til føden, mens kvinden går hjemme. Ifølge Torvald er Nora ikke en særlig selvstændig kvinde, han respekterer hende ikke, som han ville respektere enhver anden mand i samfundet, det er på grund af de normer der er i samfundet, men Nora ser sig selv som langt mere selvstændig end Torvald ser hende. Hun har nemlig reddet sin mand uden han ved det. Udadtil virker Nora, som en lykkelig gift kvinde. Da hun taler med fru Linde får man det indtryk, at hun har styr på sit liv og, at hun er tilfreds med det, som det er. Nora er meget fremstillet meget energisk og livlig. Hele karakteristikken af personer i dramaet er naturligvis baseret på hvad personerne siger og gør og ikke gennem en fortællers syn på personerne. Det gør at vi har mulighed for at danne vores helt eget indtryk af personerne, uden fortælleren har sat os noget i hovedet. Nora virker ret barnlig i den måde hun agerer overfor Torvald og i særdeleshed også ved de ting hun siger, men det virker som om, at det er en facade hun sætter op overfor Torvald for at han skal føle sig som den ansvarlige i huset. Nora gør i det hele taget meget for at opretholde freden og ikke være til besvær. Samtidig med at hun ved enhver lejlighed forsøger at lokke penge ud af Torvald.
Nora lever som enhver anden kvinde på denne tid, efter sin mands ønsker og velbefindende, men i løbet af stykket går hun gennem en udvikling. I første akt er hun kvinden der render rundt og tænker kun på, at hendes mand har det godt. ”Nora: Jeg kunne da ikke falde på at gøre dig imod.” (p. 15 l. 5 fra bunden) Nora er meget bange for at sige sin mand imod. Man får hurtigt indtryk af, at penge betyder meget for forholdet mellem Nora og Torvald. Senere finder man ud af, at grunden til at pengene, som Torvald giver Nora til indkøb og tøj osv. er meget vigtige fordi hun har taget et lån i banken bag hans ryg. ”Nora: Pappa gav os ikke en skilling. Det var mig, som skaffed pengene tilveje.” (p. 24 l. 8). Det er vigtigt for Nora, at Torvald ikke ved at hun har skaffet pengene til at rede ham fra sin sygdom, fordi hun ved at Torvald ville føle, at han stod i gæld til hende. Det var også normerne i samfundet at mænd tog sig at pengesager og mænd forsørgede familien, ikke omvendt. ”Fru Linde: Og har du aldrig siden betroet dig til din mand? Nora: Nej, for himlens skyld, hvor kan du tænke det? Han, som er så stræng i det stykke! Og desuden – Torvald med sin mandige selvfølelse – hvor pinligt og ydmygende vilde det ikke være for ham at vide, at han skyldte mig noget. Det vilde ganske forrykke forholdet imellem os; vort skønne lykkelige hjem vilde ikke længer blive, hvad det nu er.” (p. 25 l. 6 fra bunden). Dette citat er meget vigtigt for, hvordan Nora ser sin egen position i ægteskabet. Hun er godt klar over at det ville ydmyge Torvald at vide at det var hende der havde skaffet pengene. Derfor fortæller hun ham det ikke, men derimod ved hun med sig selv at hun duer til noget, og det har hun tydeligvis behov for at fortælle noget, i dette tilfælde Fru Linde.
Da teksten er et drama-stykke er det typisk, at handlingen foregår kronologisk. Der er hverken spring i tid eller flashbacks. I første akt bliver vi kastet ind i handlingen og allerede i begyndelse bliver vi præsenteret for Noras interesse for at få penge af Torvald.
Nora er klar over sin status i hjemmet og i hele samfundet, men hun har ikke noget ønske om at bryde med normerne. Hendes liv går stille og roligt fremad uden de store konflikter. Den eneste konflikt hun har haft var da hun lånte pengene til Torvalds ”redning” fra sygdommen, men hvis alt går godt er Nora gældfri til nytår og livet kan gå videre uden Torvald behøver at vide noget om det. Desværre for Nora bliver hun næsten tvunget til at fortælle Torvald om lånet, da Krogstad afpresser hende med at afsløre hendes hemmelighed mod at hun redder ham fra en fyring af Torvald, men da Nora ikke kan opfylde Krogstads ønske ser det ud til at hun må konfrontere Torvald. Krogstad vil ellers kalde brevet tilbage, men her træder Fru Linde i karakter, idet hun prøver at ”hjælpe” Nora med at være ærlig i sit ægteskab. Fru Linde spiller altså efter normerne og tror at det er det bedste for Nora. Hun har selv mistet sin mand, og dermed er det blevet meget svært for hende. Man kan sige, at på den anden side kan det være, at Fru Linde har tænkt så langt, at Nora ville være bedre tjent uden Torvald. Fru Linde har selv oplevet at miste sin mand, og dermed være ”sin egen herre” uden at rende rundt og spille lykkelig husmor. Det er svært for kvinder at være uden mand i et samfund, som det man havde i 1900-tallet, fordi det var svært for kvinder at finde job og det var svært at blive respekteret hvis man ikke var gift.
I tredje akt ser man Noras udvikling fra konfliktsky kvinde, der bare gjorde hvad hendes mand sagde, til at kræve en alvorlig snak om tingene. Nora vil hermed bryde med normerne i samfundet. Det går op for Nora at hun ikke har været andet end en dukke i et dukkehus, som også refererer til titlen på stykket. ”Nora: (…) Men vort hjem har ikke været andet end en legestue. Her har jeg været din dukkehustru, ligesom jeg hjemme var Pappas dukkebarn.” (p. 95 l. 19) Nora tager en vigtig beslutning om at rejse væk fra Torvald og opdrage sig selv, og finde ud af hvem hun er. Nora begynder at stille vigtige spørgsmål til sin tilværelse, hun viser at hun har udvikles sig i den rigtige retning. ”Nora: Jeg ved jo ikke andet, end hvad præsten Hansen sagde, da jeg gik til konfirmation. Han fortalte, at religionen var det og det. Når det kommer bort fra alt dette her og bliver ensom, så vil jeg undersøge den sag også. Jeg vil se, om det er rigtigt, hvad præsten Hansen sagde, eller i al fald, om det er rigtigt for mig.”(p.94 l. 22) Nora ser udover sin situation i hjemmet og stiller spørgsmål til religion, hvilket også er, at bryde med normerne i samfundet. Man kan også se på Torvalds reaktion: ”Du taler som et barn, du forstår ikke det samfund du lever i.” (p.98 l. 5).
Man kan diskutere om det er Torvald eller Nora der har ret. Man kan argumentere for at Nora handler meget drastisk i forhold til situationen, for når man ser på Torvalds sidste replik: ”Torvald: Tomt. Hun er her ikke mere. Det vidunderligste -!?” det virker umiddelbart som om Torvald inderst inde elsker Nora, men han har bare haft svært ved at udtrykke det. Netop på grund at, at han har været bundet af normerne i samfundet. Han har slet ikke overvejet at tingene skulle fungere anderledes end de gjorde, for sådan var det jo bare dengang. Anden mulighed er, at han ikke elskede hende, men at han behøvede hende, for at opretholde et image i form af sin status som gift mand, som han netop mistede.
Set fra Noras side handler hun, som mange andre kvinder på dette tidspunkt. Samfundet har nået et punkt hvor det er blevet så moderne at kvinder ikke længere er dukker der bare render rundt derhjemme. Jeg har valgt at perspektivere til ”Eveline”, af James Joyce, som er skrevet i 1914. Det skildrer næsten samme problematik, idet en kvinde forsøger at bryde med normerne i samfundet. Til forskel fra Nora lykkedes det ikke Eveline, at følge sine drømme, da hun var for bundet af samfundets normer.

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