...What is ethnographic research? State the difference between an ethnographic research and a psychometric research and give example from applied linguistic studies. 1. Ethnographic research and Linguistic ethnographic. - Ethnography is the in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture or social group. It seeks to understand the relationship between culture and behavior; with culture referring to the beliefs, values and attitudes of a specific group of people. - Ethnographic research usually involves observing target users in their natural, real-world setting, rather than in the artificial environment of a lab or focus group. The aim is to describe, analyze, and interpret the culture of a group over time to understand the group’s shared beliefs, behaviors, and language. Wilson (1982) identifies the roots of ethnography in anthropology and sociology. Wilson related the tradition ecological hypothesis and the quantitative – phenomenological hypothesis. - As a term designating a particular configuration of interests within the broader field of socio- and applied linguistics, ‘linguistic ethnography’ (LE) is a theoretical and methodological development orientating towards particular, established traditions but defining itself in the new intellectual climate of late modernity and post-structuralism. According to Rampton (2004, p. 2) Linguistic ethnography generally holds that language and social life are mutually shaping, and that close analysis of situated language...
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...Observation Participant observation is a qualitative method with traditionally associates with ethnographic research and it considered as the foundation method for ethnographic research (Whitehead 2005). Usually ethnographic researchers used the data that collected through the participant observation to build up the design for other method especially interviews (Reeves et al 2008). The participant observation was selected as a primary data collection for the qualitative phase of this study because it helps to identify relevant topics for interview discussions as the topic is new. Moreover, participant observation helps to gain a sense of what exactly happens in that particular context regarding the topic of interest. In ethnography it...
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...at the key research concepts of reliability and validity as they relate to ethnography, and will discuss the importance of context to ethnographic inquiry. In the final part of the chapter, I shall highlight some of the 'central concerns of this topic by contrasting psychometry and ethnography, The chapter seeks to address the following questions: • - What do we mean by ethnography? • - What are the key principles guiding ethnographic research? • - How might one deal with threats to the reliability and validity of this type of research? • - Why is context important to ethnographic research? • - In what ways does ethnography contrast with psychometric research? • Definition: Ethnography involves the study of the culture/characteristics of a group to real-world rather than Laboratory settings. The researcher makes no act to isolate or manipulate the phenomena under investigation, and insight generalizations emerge from close contact with the data rather than from theory of language learning and use. it is a qualitative type of research. Ethnography is provided by LeCompte and Goetz (1982). They use ethnography shorthand term to encompass a range of qualitative methods including study research, field research, and anthropological research. LeCompte and Goetz argue that Ethnography is defined by the use of participant and non-participant observation, a focus on natural settings, use of the subjective views and belief systems of the participants in the research process to...
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...Introduction The focus of my ethnographic research is in the subculture of music festivals. Music festivals are a remarkable community event that attracts people to attend all over the world and has been around for many years as a celebration for any occasion. The atmosphere created at these events has shaped attendees to act differently compared to the ‘real world’ causing them to be more socially confident within the community. The attendance of music festivals has grown exponentially recently, based on the fact the new generation of people value personalized experiences and wish to share with others (Harrison, 2014). Applying mixed research methods will uncover how these social events influence the development of one’s behavior. Examining...
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...Introduction Landscape photography in general is to reflect the external visible forms and shapes of the world, and yet it still connote different aspects of metaphorical meanings, intentionally or not, people will always interpret or being ideologically influenced by that particular meanings inevitably. From serving as bases of various cultures by historical approach, to the reflection of social issues by contemporary approach, metaphorical landscape photography have played a vital role on social development. In general means, just before landscape photography began to be recognized as metaphors, it was first recognized as a tool for geographical science, then interpreted as symbolic, and eventually metaphorical. In this essay, it will be discussed about how such transition progresses in terms of examples of the historical and contemporary metaphorical landscape photography. Changing Degree of Objectivity Before examples-based discussion, the author wants to briefly address the initial situati2on of the scientific landscape followed by how these landscape was then being interpreted as symbol or metaphor. In the early-nineteenth-century, outwardly, geographers adopted landscape photography as a mean to produce and reflect scientific precision geography images of the objective world. It was when people started accepting photographs as the only authentic reproduction of visible reality, a sustainable visual appropriation that could be disseminated among a population far broader...
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...Introduction and Research Questions Ethnography is a reality-focused research method that has become increasingly popular throughout the years. This type of research provides qualitative findings pertaining to consumers, lives, habits and practices by observing people in their everyday lives and in their everyday environments. According to Clifford Geertz, author of Interpretation of Cultures, observations and findings obtained from ethnographic research represent “webs of meaning”, in other words, in-depth understandings of individuals everyday life practices (Geertz, 1973). The research group chose to study behaviors and mannerisms particularly associated with subculture groups seen in gym environments. This topic of research was chosen not just because these subculture groups are unique, since they are only seen within a gym environment, but because fitness and health are very important and relevant topics to the current concerns society faces today such as, obesity. According to the International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association and Industry Insights, Inc (IHRSA), there were over 45 million Americans that belonged to a gym or health club in 2010 (IHRSA, 2010). However, obesity is a growing concern. Shockingly, there are major obesity concerns pertaining to the target demographic group, which is gym-goers between the ages of 18 to 39. The IHRSA found that the largest group of gym members are between the ages of 18 to 45 (IRHSA, 2010). Yet, key findings from...
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...Questions for Tutorial 3 1. What is ethnographic research? State the difference between an ethnographic research and a psychometric research and give example from applied linguistic studies. 2. Find a report of an ethnographic research in applied linguistics and give your comments on the following points: * The research question * The contexts the research was conducted * What is group or case under study? * What conceptual and theoretical frame works inform the study? * What field techniques were used? For how much time? In what contexts? What were the roles of the ethnographer? 3. Find a report of an ethnographic research in applied linguistics and give your comments on: * What field techniques were used? For how much time? In what contexts? What were the roles of the ethnographer? * What analysis strategies were developed and used? what levels and types of context were attended to in interpretation? - What recurrent patterns are described? - What cultural interpretation is provided? - What are the stated implications for teaching? Question 1.What is ethnographic research? State the difference between an ethnographic research and a psychometric research and give example from applied linguistic studies. ------------------------------------------------------------- Ethnographic research is one form of qualitative research which concerns with studying human behavior...
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...When conducting an experiment, there are a number of ways in which it can be carried out. In the movie Awakenings a variety of research methods are displayed. These are used by sociologists, and the majority of the scientific community. It can be seen in the film that certain conflicts erupt when protocol is not maintained. There is a fine line between being a compassionate researcher and becoming too emotionally involved with a test subject; this film demonstrates the problems that may arise when this barrier is broken and whether or not this is the ethical route to take. Sociologists often use the scientific method during a period of analysis. The scientific method is a systematic process used to approach certain problems or questions. It includes identifying the problem, reviewing the known information, formation of a hypothesis, creating a design used in research, collecting data and interpreting it, forming a conclusion, and finally forming new questions for the future. This all must be done objectively and that is critical. Sociological research uses the scientific methods to evaluate certain types of people or groups and their behaviors. As with all kinds of research, there are concerns. Even in sociology, which can be seen as a more mild form of scientific research that draws little concern from the public, there are ethical dilemmas. With humans, there is always the element of privacy and protection. Those individuals participating or under observation of a sociological...
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...Towards a Definition of Socio-Economic Research for the RESPECT Project A draft working paper by Ursula Huws, RESPECT Project Director Introduction The term ‘socio-economic research’ is in widespread use in the European Commission’s work programmes and elsewhere. In the Fourth Framework Programme, for instance, there was a programme entitled ‘Targeted Socio-Economic Research’ (TSER) and in the Fifth Framework Programme there were numerous calls for proposals to carry out socio-economic research related to Information Society Technologies (in the IST Programme) and to other issues of relevance to EU policy. At national level, there are also economic and social research funding councils in most European Countries. However, nowhere in this documentation, as far as I can tell, is any definition offered of ‘socio-economic research’. For the purposes of the RESPECT project, however, it is necessary to have some sort of functional definition. This short discussion paper is designed as the first step towards the development of such a definition. As the project develops, this definition will be tested in relation to the actual practices of socio-economic researchers, whose activities, qualifications and professional affiliations will be profiled as part of the project’s work. In the meantime, a brief survey of projects described as socioeconomic research projects indicates that they cover a very broad range in relation to the backgrounds and qualifications of...
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...Technology Research Proposal Name: Institution Affiliation: Background There has been developing awareness that the power information technology and computing. This must be, and can be, amplified past its customary client base to achieve individuals who up to this point have not had an entry to such innovation. Being digitally joined has gotten to be continually basic to economic, instructive, and social headway. The objective of this exploration subsidizing activity is to create new information that will help stretch the capacities of figuring engineering better to serve social and economic difficulties of underserved groups, both provincial and urban. The expression Data and Communication Technology for Development are likewise utilized as a part of the scholarly research group to depict this same objective. Information and Communication Technologies must be moderate, available, and important. Novel methodologies in figuring engineering have the potential for the extraordinary effect in a scope of regions, including instruction, human services, and economic improvement. The significance that exploration projects can have around there is noteworthy since there are troublesome mechanical issues to be unraveled to understand that vision. For example, work in last-mile organizing bases, making instinctive client interfaces, creating ease processing gadgets and making applicable applications in regions (Werthner, 2009). Research Purpose For my research, I will...
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...RESEARCH METHODS MODULE STUDY GUIDE Module Title: | Research Methods | | Module Leader email: | Sharif.Sheriff@uwl.ac.uk | | Module Code: | BA70020E | Level: | 7 (Masters) | Credits: | Academic Year: | 2012/ 2013 | | School: | West London School of Business | Field: | Post Graduate International Business Management | © UWL 2013 Contents Section A - Overview and Content Page 4 Module Leader and Team details Welcome Office hours / contact details Administrative and Technical support Timetable Venue / rooms Module information Content of the module Aims of the module Learning outcomes Learning resources Pre-requisites Section B – Module programme Page 8 Section C – Assessment and Feedback Page 19 Assessment schedule (including deadlines for submission) Formative assessment opportunities and feedback Plagiarism regulations Evaluation of the module Frequently asked questions Appendix 1 Research presentation: marking criteria for MAHRM & Top up students, MBA, Msc, MIBM. Appendix 2 Research Proposal: marking criteria for MAHRM & ‘Top up’ students, MBA, Msc, MIBM. Details of Module leader Name | Sharif Sheriff | Field & School | Postgraduate IBM Field West London School of Business | Email | sharif.sheriff@uwl.ac.uk | Phone | 0208 231 2243 | ...
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...Primary research is any type of research that you go out and collect yourself. Examples include surveys, interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. A good researcher knows how to use both primary and secondary sources in her writing and to integrate them in a cohesive fashion. Advantages * 1) Targeted Issues are addressed. The organization asking for the research has the complete control on the process and the research is streamlines as far as its objectives and scope is concerned. Researching company can be asked to concentrate their efforts to find data regarding specific market rather than concentration on mass market. 2) Data interpretation is better. The collected data can be examined and interpreted by the marketers depending on their needs rather than relying on the interpretation made by collectors of secondary data. 3) Recency of Data. Usually secondary data is not so recent and it may not be specific to the place or situation marketer is targeting. The researcher can use the irrelevant seeming information for knowing trends or may be able to find some relation with the current scenario. Thus primary data becomes a more accurate tool since we can use data which is useful for us. 4) Proprietary Issues. Collector of primary data is the owner of that information and he need not share it with other companies and competitors. This gives an edge over competitors replying on secondary data. Disadvantages * 1) High Cost. Collecting data using primary...
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...“Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live” (Holloway & Wheeler 2002). An ethnographic approach was necessary for this study because in order to understand the hierarchies and the implications it had on the environment, analysis through observation and interviews formed the best evidence. As Holloway and Wheeler argued, qualitative research is important in order to interpret people’s interactions and understand why they interact and experience things in the way they do. In this new research, climbers of all backgrounds were studied in the University of California Sandy Barbara Rock Gym on campus. This rock gym provides a place...
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...[pic] URCO University Research Coordination Office LS Mezz. 154 - 155 * Local 164 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ RESEARCH PROPOSAL GUIDELINES POINTS TO CONSIDER RESEARCH TITLE 1. Research Title must be reflective of its problem 2. It must answer the following questions: 1. What question will answer THE FOLLOWING 1. What are you trying to investigate? 2. What are you trying to find out, determine or discover? 2. Who question will answer who are the respondents or subjects of the study 3. Where question will indicate the research locale, setting or the place where the research study is conducted. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1. The proponent should describe the existing and prevailing problem situation based on his/her experience. This scope may be global, national, regional and local. 2. The proponent should give strong justification for selecting such research problem in his/her capacity as a researcher. Being a part of the organization or systems and the desire and concern to improve the systems. 3. The researcher should link and relate the background of the study to the proposed research problem. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1. Related literature includes research findings, published or...
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...need to differentiate scientific research from everyday knowledge. Our everyday knowledge-gathering strategies can suffer from a number of weaknesses and cannot be called a complete study, analysis, or a scientific fact. It is important that sociologists observe the ethics of their discipline in carrying out research. They have an obligation to protect their research subjects from risk and harm and to protect these subjects’ rights and dignity. They have to consider many things when delving into their research such as -voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, right to service, etc. To ensure the safety and rights of participants a panel known as Institutional Review Board (IRB) was established. Ethics these days play a much more important role than it did in the days of Tuskegee experiments. As soon as a question arises in someone’s mind another one must follow that traces ethics and morals. Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion. There are Seven Steps of the Research Process- (1) Defining the research problem; (2) Reviewing the Evidence; (3) Making the problem precise; (4) Working out a decision; (5) Carrying out the research; (6) Interpreting the results; (7) Reporting the findings. Lets take a look at each of these steps in detail – (1) Defining the research problem- can be easily defined as...
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