...For L18: 8.19, 21.4, 11.1 , 6.13, 10.9, 11.3, 3.16 For L19: 11.3, 8.9, 8.1, 8.2, 4.3 For L20: 8.8, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7 For L22: 8.7, 8.8 and 11.17 For L23: 4.16, 8.8, 10.4, 11.10, 11.17, 11.18 For L24: 27.1, 27.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.12 For L25: 8.1, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13 For L26: 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15 and 27.3 For L27: 8.12, 8.13, 8.15 and 27.3 For L28: 27.3, 27.4, 27.5, 27.9, and 27.15 For L29: 27.7, 27.8, 27.15, 27.16 and 27.17 Exam 3 (11/9/15) Supplemental Reading: 26.4 (Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands) 27.6 (Menstrual cycle) For each question below you need to be able to write a paragraph answer that is clear, accurate and detailed and in many cases draw, label and explain an answer with detail, clarity and accuracy, or create a detailed accurate table. Have someone who will give you honest feedback read your paragraphs and listen to your explanations for clarity, especially those that you are having trouble with. Check your notes and book for accuracy, or have someone who knows confirm you are accurate. To confirm you have enough detail, make sure you use all of the terms that follow each question in your paragraph and in your drawing and explanation. If you are missing or incorrectly use one term in ten that is a grade of A-, two terms in ten is a B, three terms in ten is a C, and if you miss or incorrectly use more than four terms in ten you are headed for failing the exam and need to study more. Before the exam you need to be able to...
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...morphologically, producing black perithecia containing asci with eight dark ascospores in a linear arrangement. These species share a number of characteristics that are advantageous for genetic studies. They all have a short life cycle, usually 7–12 days, and are easily grown in culture. Most species are self-fertile and each strain is isogenic. All kinds of mutants are easily induced and readily obtainable with particular ascospore color mutants. These visual mutants aid in tetrad analysis, especially in analysis of intragenic recombination Eukaryotic cell cycle The division cycle of most cells consists of four coordinated processes: cell growth, DNA replication, distribution of the duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells, and cell division. In bacteria, cell growth and DNA replication take place throughout most of the cell cycle, and duplicated chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells in association with the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes, however, the cell cycle is more complex and consists of four discrete phases. Although cell growth is usually a continuous process, DNA is synthesized during only one phase of the cell cycle, and the replicated chromosomes are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events preceding cell division....
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...Chapter 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The creation of offspring carrying genetic information from a single parent is called A) asexual reproduction. B) sexual reproduction. C) a life cycle. D) regeneration. E) spontaneous generation. Answer: A 2) Which of the following statements regarding sexual and asexual reproduction is true? A) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. B) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. C) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction. E) Only asexual reproduction results from the union of a sperm and an egg. Answer: D 3) Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to A) all forms of reproduction. B) sexual reproduction only. C) asexual reproduction only. D) production of gametes from a premeiotic cell. E) sexual reproduction between different species. Answer: C 4) Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual (s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 Answer B 5) With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because we have A) identical chromosomes, but different genes. B) identical genes but different chromosomes. C) the same combination of traits...
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...10th 2011 The Cell Cycle Directions: Answer the following questions. Cite references as needed. Be sure to read the required Module 3 readings and view the required Web sites before completing the assignment. Cell Cycle Questions for Cell Cycle 1) . Briefly describe all phases of the cell cycle and tell what happens in each. a) Interphase: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase Interphase: Before a cell can enter cell division, it needs to take in nutrients. All of the preparations are done during the interphase. Interphase proceeds in three stages, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase. Cell division operates in a cycle. Therefore, interphase is preceded by previous cycle mitosis and cytokinesis (Module 3 Readings). a. G1 phase: The cell increases the supply of proteins and increases its organelles. b. S phase: Linear chromosome is replicated. c. G2 phase: Increases protein preparing to replicate. (Module 3 Readings) b) M phase: M phase is a method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. 2) Which phase is the shortest? Anaphase is the shortest phase of mitosis because its where the chromatids twins are all pulled apart at the centromere by the spindle fibers. 3) What is G0 (Gap 0/Resting phase)? A resting phase is when or where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing. 4) If a cell never entered the...
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...N Driving the Cell Cycle Through Metabolism Ling Cai and Benjamin P. Tu Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012.28. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Ecole Polytechnique Federal Lausanne on 06/20/12. For personal use only. Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038; email: benjamin.tu@utsouthwestern.edu Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012. 28:3.1–3.29 The Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology is online at cellbio.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154010 Copyright c 2012 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 1081-0706/12/1110-0001$20.00 Keywords cell growth, cell proliferation, metabolic cycle, growth control, nutrients, yeast Abstract For unicellular organisms, the decision to enter the cell cycle can be viewed most fundamentally as a metabolic problem. A cell must assess its nutritional and metabolic status to ensure it can synthesize sufficient biomass to produce a new daughter cell. The cell must then direct the appropriate metabolic outputs to ensure completion of the division process. Herein, we discuss the changes in metabolism that accompany entry to, and exit from, the cell cycle for the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Studies of budding yeast under continuous, slow-growth conditions have provided insights into the essence of these metabolic changes at unprecedented temporal resolution. Some of these mechanisms by which cell growth and proliferation...
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...Biology Final Exam Review Sheet a) The identity of each element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus a. The physical and chemical properties of each element are defined by: i. Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus ii. Number of electrons orbiting the nucleus Proton = mass of one & a positive charge Neutron = mass of one and no charge Electron = negligible mass and a negative charge Isotopes of an element a) Isotopes are different forms of the same element a. Same number of protons b. Same number of electrons orbiting c. Different number of neutrons Chemical Bonds & Interactions a) Covalent bonds – sharing of electron pairs b) Ionic attraction – attraction of opposite charges c) Hydrogen bond – electrical attraction between a covalently bonded H atom and an electronegative atom d) Hydrophobic Interactions – interaction of non – polar substances in the presence of polar substances e) van der Waals Interaction – interaction of electron of non-polar substances Fatty Acids Have Long Tails Formed by Covalently Linked Carbons a) All bonds between carbon atoms are single in a saturated fatty acid (chain is straight) b) The straight chain allows a molecule to pack tightly among other similar molecules c) Double bonds between two carbons make an unsaturated fatty acid (carbon chain has kinks) d) Kinks prevent close packing Condensation and Hydrolysis of Polymers a) Covalent bond is formed between monomers b) Water is removed in condensation ...
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...environment Biomonitoring use of living organisms or their responses to determine the quality of environment Examples: mayfly nymphs, alderfly larvae, caddisfly larvae plus lots of aquatic worms. Dissolved oxygen (DO): concentration determined by temperature and the amounts of water mixing or turbulence, decomposing organic matter, and pollution Low DO water is polluted. Biotic Index pollution tolerance index to access health of a stream. High phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, not useful for other forms of chemical pollution. Riparian Zone land adjacent to rivers, streams, and lakes. Buffer for disturbance, aid in stability, erosion Biodiversity rare types of plants that can’t survive elsewhere LAB A: Protists: Unicellular eukaryotes Amoeba group- use pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) for locomotion and feeding Nucleus:...
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...WHAT IS CELL REPRODUCTION AND WHY IT HAPPENS According to our text book, Essentials of Biology, we begin life as a single cell but over the period of several months, we become a collection of trillions of cells. This process continues as we grow up and as we reach a fully mature adult age, old cells are replaced with new ones. Many cells divide at least once during their short life span and some divide many times before they die. This is known as cell division (parent cells and daughter cells) which are given the names of binary fission, meiosis and mitosis. New red blood cells, skin cells and digestive track cells are also generated. Reproduction is also how organisms are able to reproduce through meiosis which involves the replication of DNA and the splitting of molecules. Mitosis involves the cell division which produces two of the same identical cells from one single cell and happens as a result of a process that cells go through to form to nuclei with each of the nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes. Many eukaryotic organisms use this process for reproduction. Cells go though many cycles but all of the cycles happen in a specific event, some of which I partially mentioned above. The first in the Interphase cycle which is time it takes for a cell to perform its normal functions, depending on where it is in the human body. The next stage is the M state which includes both the division of the nucleus and the division of the cytoplasm—this is where...
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...Multimodal Treatment for Cancer and It’s Nursing Implication Cure: Complete eradication of malignant cells Control: prolonged survival and containment of cancer cell growth Palliate: relief of symptoms associated with the disease Surgery 2. Chemotherapy 3. Radiation therapy Surgery A. Diagnostic Biopsy: to obtain a tissue sample for analysis of cells suspected to be malignant Actual tumor Lymph Nodes 3 Most Common types of Biopsy Excisional: most frequently used for easily accessible tumors of the skin, breast, upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, and upper respiratory tract. : removal of the entire tumor and the surrounding marginal tissues as well Incisional: when the tumor mass is to large to be removed. : a wedge of a tissue from the tumor is removed for analysis Needle Methods: performed to sample suspicious masses that are easily accessible, such as some growth in the breasts, thyroid, lung, liver and kidney : fast, relatively less expensive and easy to perform and usually require local anesthesia. B. Surgery as a Primary Treatment: Local Excisions (Debulking) Wide or Radical Excision (en block dissection) removal of the primary tumor, lymph nodes, adjacent involved structures, and surrounding tissues that may be at high risk for tumor spread C. Prophylactic Surgery: involves removing nonvital tissues or organs that are...
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...disease caused by an uncontrolled division of unusual cells in a part of the body. It is a disease of mitosis, which begins when one cell is transformed from a normal cell to a cancerous cell. Mitosis is a type of cell division which has 6 steps (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis) that result in two daughter cells that are clones of the parent. Cancerous cells do not abide by the normal instructions of mitosis. Instead, the cells speed through many of these stages and continue to divide excessively. In a typical cell cycle, there are about 3 check points. The first checkpoint is in the first resting phase, and then the cell starts synthesis. The next checkpoint is after another resting stage, if the cell is big enough, and has a suitable environment, then the cell will start mitosis. The next check point is the metaphase check point, where you must make sure that the chromosomes are aligned on the spindle. Then, the cycle goes into repeat. In cancerous cells, the cells would speed through these checkpoints and go into division. Normal cells and cancerous cells are very different. Besides the fact that cancerous cells can be fatal, there are a lot of other differences. For example, normal cells have a large cytoplasm, while cancerous cells have a small cytoplasm. Normal cells have a single nucleus, while cancerous cells have multiple nuclei. Cancerous cells have coarse chromatin, and normal cells have fine chromatin. There are over 200 types of...
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...BY 101 Study Guide Chapter 9 – Cell Division Cell division is an elegant process that enables organisms to grow and reproduce. Through a sequence of steps, the replicated genetic material (chromosomes) in a parent cell is equally distributed to two daughter cells. While there are some subtle differences, mitosis is remarkably similar across organisms. Before a dividing cell enters mitosis, it undergoes a period of growth called interphase. Interphase is the "holding" stage or the stage between two successive cell divisions. In this stage, the cell replicates its genetic material and organelles in preparation for division. The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication). The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's chromosomes are divided between the two daughter cells, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides forming distinct cells. Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one. Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G0 phase. Mitosis is composed of several stages: * Prophase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase Prophase ...
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...Marcy has a 50% chance of being a carrier. Marcy’s children in turn have a 50% chance of receiving a copy of the X chromosome. Thus, there is a 25% chance that any of the children would receive a copy of the recessive X allele from Marcy. Tom does not have hemophilia, so we know that the gene on his X chromosome is normal. Therefore, only Marcy and Tom’s sons could have hemophilia. The total probability of Marcy and Tom having a child with hemophilia is 12.5% which brakes down mathematically (0.5)(0.5)(0.5) = .125. 6. 7. 8. The drugs for chemotherapy target the rapidly dividing cells of the body, which include not only the cancer cells but the hair cells. Those drugs are used specifically to seize the ongoing replication of fast growing cells. This means that these drugs affect the fast replication of hair cells and new growth cannot occur because of the intensity these drugs apply to the cells. Fortunately hair loss is just when the chemotherapy is repeated throughout the body. Shortly after chemo is no longer used or needed hair will return though it may grow in thicker/thinner, a different color, and/or might have a different curl. 9. Based on Table 5.1 oral cancer has a better prognosis because 84,000 out of 30,750 or 27.3% people with oral cancer pass away. That compared to almost nearly 50% of people who are diagnosed with colon cancer do not over come the battle....
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...Mastering Concepts 8.1 1. Explain the roles of mitotic cell division, meiosis, and fertilization in the human life cycle. Mitotic cell division allows for tissue repair/replacement and for an organism’s development from a fertilized egg (zygote) to an adult. Meiosis creates genetically variable gametes that each contain half the genetic material of a nonreproductive cell. The male gamete fertilizes the female gamete during sexual reproduction, forming a zygote with a full set of genetic material. 2. Why are both cell division and apoptosis necessary for the development of an organism? Cell division produces the new cells that make up an organism. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) carves out structures such as fingers and toes; it also protects an organism by eliminating damaged cells that might otherwise become cancerous. 8.2 1. Why does DNA replicate? DNA replicates before a cell divides so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. 2. What is semiconservative replication? Semiconservative replication means that only one strand of a DNA molecule is newly formed. The other strand is original DNA from the parent cell. 3. What are the steps of DNA replication? The helicase enzyme unwinds and separates a double-stranded DNA molecule; binding proteins keep the strands separate. The primase enzyme forms a short stretch of complementary RNA on each DNA template. Starting at the end of the RNA primer, DNA polymerase adds...
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...The difference between the cell cycles of a normal and cancerous cell is that the cancerous cell is uncontrolled when it reaches the cell division or anything else goes wrong threwout the cycle(can be very dangerous) and the normal cell is controlled throughout the whole cycle. In the g1 phase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. When the cell reaches the end of the G1 phase it is controlled at a checkpoint called G1/S, G1/S is when the cell decides whether or not to replicate its DNA. At the checkpoint the cell is checked for DNA. Cells with no damaged DNA (normal cells) continue to S phase, in S phase cells with damaged DNA (cancerous cells) that cannot be repaired die. G2 is when cell is about to divide. the M is...
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...THE CELL CYCLE WORKSHEET Name: Catherine Dauw Date: 3 Novmeber 2015 Per: A A) The diagram below shows six cells in various phases of the cell cycle. Note the cells are not arranged in the order in which the cell cycle occurs. Use the diagram to answer questions 1-11. M Phase 1. Cells A & F show an early and a late stage of the same phase of the cell cycle. What phase is it? C 2. Which cell is in metaphase? A 3. Which cell is in the first phase of M phase (mitosis)? D (interphase), A (prophase), F (prophase), C (metaphase), E (anaphase), and B (telephase) 4. List the diagrams in order from first to last in the cell cycle. 5. In cell A, what structure is labeled X? spindle fibers 6. Are the cells depicted...
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