...Delhi) http://so.sagepub.com S O ! A P B OX E D I TO R I A L E S S AY S Why managers need an evolutionary theory of organizations Peter J. Richerson University of California–Davis, USA Dwight Collins Presidio School of Management, USA Russell M. Genet Orion Institute, USA Introduction Most observers have agreed that the theory of human behavior derived from the assumption of selfish rationality is inadequate to describe human behavior and human organizations (Rousseau et al., 1998). The issue is what other approach to theory building will provide an adequate theoretical toolkit for human behavior. We argue in this essay that evolutionary theory is the proper foundation for the human sciences, particularly a theory that includes an account of cultural evolution. This theory shows how the limited but real altruistic tendencies of humans arose by tribal-scale group selection on cultural norms followed by coevolutionary responses on the part of our genes. Our tribal social instincts in turn act as a moral hidden hand that makes human organizations possible. We introduce this theory and describe some implications of it for strategy and organization. In effect, managers want to control the cultural evolution of organizations so as to make them perform better. Understanding the tribal roots of our social instincts and the dynamic properties of cultural evolution should lead to a better understanding of the potentials of humans to create functional organizations and to a better...
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...Lecture 2 Quality Theory Ming-Hung Shu, Professor Kuas-IE&M 1 Understanding Quality Concepts 3/1/2014 Outline Quality Theory What is Theory? Inductive Reasoning v.s. Deductive Reasoning Leading Contributors to Quality Theory Dodge; Fisher; Shewhart; Deming; Crosby; Juran; Feigenbaum; Ishikawa; Taguchi; Conclusion Quality Management Evolution Lean Six-Sigma Evolution; Holistic Views of Quality Evolution Viewing Quality Theory from a Contingency Perspective Quality Theory Implementation Depends on ambient Environment 2 Understanding Quality Concepts 3/1/2014 Quality Theory Defining Theory Inductive Reasoning v.s. Deductive Reasoning 3 Understanding Quality Concepts 3/1/2014 Defining Theory A coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena. An example for quality theory Quality Improvement Worker Morale Proposition Explain Phenomena 4 Understanding Quality Concepts 3/1/2014 Induction v.s Deduction Induction Collect data and then find out general phenomena (Chs. 2 and 10) Deduction State hypotheses and assume models, and then collect data to support the statements. (Chs. 11-12) 5 Understanding Quality Concepts 3/1/2014 Leading Contributors to Quality Theory Dodge: AS Fisher: DOE Shehwart: Control Chart Deming: Application Crosby Juran Feigenbaum Ishikawa Taguchi 6 Understanding Quality...
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...Financial Management means the efficient and effective management of money (funds) in such a manner as to accomplish the objectives of the organization. It is the specialized functions directly associated with the top management. The significance of this function is not only seen in the 'Line' but also in the capacity of 'Staff' in overall administration of a company. It has been defined differently by different experts in the field. It includes how to raise the capital, how to allocate it i.e. capital budgeting. Not only about long term budgeting but also how to allocate the short term resources like current assets. It also deals with the dividend policies of the share holders. Financial management has emerged as a distinct field of study only in the early part of this century, as a result of consolidation movement and formation of large enterprises. Its evolution may be divided into three phases. The Traditional phase, The Transitional phase and The Modern phase The Traditional Phase: This phase has lasted for about four decades. Its finest expression was shown in the scholarly work of Arthur S. Dewing, in his book tilted the Financial Policy of Corporation in 1920s. In this phase the focus of financial management was on four selected aspects. It treats the entire subject of finance from the outsider's point of view (investment banks, lenders, other) rather than the financial decision maker in the firm. It places much importance of corporation finance and too...
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...Management theories from past to present The classical approach which began in the late 1800’s has two components they are scientific management and administrative management where Frederick Taylor contributed his theory based on observation from soldering among steel mill workers. Taylor classical theory approach was to 1) Develop the one best way to perform any task. 2) Scientifically select, train, teach and develop each worker. 3) Cooperate with workers and provide an incentive to insure that the work is done according to the one best way. 4) Divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and labor (Evolution Management). Classical management theories are broadly grounded in the assumption that work is a rational undertaking that is done in order to make money and given that, the behavior of people at work will be fairly predictable and easy to understand. The trouble is that isn’t always true. Work often isn’t a rational, logical or reasonable process and to many people, work is more than just a means of making money (Evolution Management). The behavioral approach in the early 1900’s is a view of management that stresses understanding the importance of people’s needs and attitudes within formal organizations. The experiment by Professor Elton Mayo at the Electric’s Hawthorns Plants by changes in lighting, numbers of hours the employee worked, rest periods and incentive pay and hot lunches, workers were feeling more adequate and valued by their...
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...UNDERSTANDING CORPORATE REBRANDING: AN EVOLUTION THEORY PERSPECTIVE Alexander C. Tevi, M.Sc. Faculty (Marketing Communications) School of Media and Communication Pan-African University 3, Ahmed Onibudo St. Victoria Island Lagos Nigeria 00234 802 300 2328 alextevi@yahoo.com Olutayo Otubanjo, PhD Senior Lecturer (Marketing) Lagos Business School Pan-African University Km 22 Lekki Epe Expressway Ajah, Lagos, Nigeria. 00234 808 608 6816 totubanjo@lbs.edu.ng Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2197664 Abstract Purpose: This paper seeks to create an epistemologically grounded understanding of the causes and process of corporate rebranding via the lens of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Approach: A review of the factors that trigger corporate rebranding, as reported in academic literature, is made. Following the review, a case is made for the absence of an epistemologically grounded understanding of why firms rebrand. Consequently, the theory of evolution by natural selection is brought forward as a platform for the development of a new model that explicates the causes and process of corporate rebranding. Findings: A new model anchored on the theory of evolution by natural selection, and a new definition of corporate rebranding is advanced. Essentially, the model offers epistemologically grounded reasons for ascendancy of corporate rebranding in the environment. Limitations: This is a conceptual paper – meaning that the model suggested in this...
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...19.2.2013 г. The fundamentals ! STRATEGIC RETAIL MANAGEMENT TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT Retail institution types vary based on retail characteristics such as products, scale of operation, and mix of store attributes. The primary retail institution types are as follows: Department store, discount store, and specialty store. According to the U.S. Bureau of Census classifications of product developed in1924, product categories were named based on the retail institution type where they were displayed and sold (McNair & May, 1978). For example, products, which were sold in neighbourhood stores, such as grocery stores, drug stores, and hardware stores, have become convenience goods. Products, which were sold in large department stores, have been named as shopping goods. Specialty goods have become products sold in specialty stores, such as shoe stores, men’s clothing stores, and jewellery stores. THEORIES OF RETAIL CHANGE 1 19.2.2013 г. CYCLICAL THEORY Cyclical theory basically explains the different phases in a company. According to this theory, change follows a pattern and all phases have identifiable attributes associated with them. There are three primary components associated with the theory: wheel of retailing, retail life cycle and retail accordion. While wheel of retailing refers to a company entering the market with low prices and affordable service in order to challenge competitors, retail life cycle addresses the four stages that a company goes through when...
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...Project Management 1. Introduction As a discipline and professional subject, project management has gained unprecedented prevalence throughout the world as a consequence of its role in assisting the organization to efficiently utilize limited resources, resolving sophisticated technology and enhancing its survive in the increasingly competitive market. Specifically, implementing project management techniques assists the organization in curtailing the overheads costs, satisfying project deadlines and customizing the project workplace and so forth. Some 4500 years ago, projects had been undertaken with the pyramids construction by the ancient Egyptians, but it is universally accepted that the period of 1950s is an indication of the arrival of modern management era and the commencement of utilizing formal project management tools and techniques (Awan, 2010). Economic pressures of the industrialized world, competition between rival companies and greater regard for the value, well-being and hence the employment costs of working people have all contributed to the development of new project management ideas and techniques. The purpose of this essay is to identify the major developments in the domain of project management over the past five decades and to explain how these historical developments influence the understanding of modern project management. 2. Crucial Developments in the Field of PM and Repercussions on Understanding Modern Project Management Prior to 1950s...
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... The Evolution of Management Learning Objectives * Describe how the need to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness has guided the evolution of management theory * Explain the principle of job specialization and division of labor, and tell why the study of person-task relationships is central to the pursuit of increased efficiency * Identify the principles of administration and organization that underlie effective organizations * Trace the change in theories about how managers should behave to motivate and control employees * Explain the contributions of management science to the efficient use of organizational resources * Explain why the study of the external environment and its impact on an organization has become a central issue in management thought. What is an Organization? * An organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve individual and organizational goals * Individual goals * Organizational goals What is Organizational Behavior? 2 * Organizational behavior (OB): the study of factors that have an impact on how people and groups act, think, feel, and respond to work and organizations, and how organizations respond to their environments. What is Management? * Management is the process...
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...International Journal of Project Management 26 (2008) 38–43 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman Organisational project management: An historical approach to the study of PMOs Monique Aubry *, Brian Hobbs 1, Denis Thuillier Received 3 August 2007; accepted 9 August 2007 2 ` ´ ´ ´ Universite du Quebec a Montreal Business School, Department of Management and Technology, Montreal (Quebec), Canada, H3C 3P8 Abstract This paper aims at providing a grounded theoretical foundation on which to base a better understanding of organisational project management. This paper delivers empirical evidence that project management offices (PMOs) and organisational project management can be understood as part of an historical process within an organisational context, departing from the traditional boundaries of positivist project management theory. The history of PMOs in four organisations is documented and analysed. The evolution of the organisations and their PMOs is punctuated with events, tensions and changes. An historical process provides a better basis for the development of a theory on PMOs and more globally on organisational project management. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved. Keywords: PMO; Organisational project management; History; Process approach 1. Introduction Rethinking project management! This paper is aligned with the present vitality found in the movement to rethink the field of project management [1]. The project management research literature is opening...
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...HRM The evolution of human resource management as a distinct profession dates back to the industrial revolution when factories established personnel departments to look into wages and welfare of workers. * slide 1 of 5 To understand the evolution of Human Resource Management, one must first understand its basis. The origins of workforce management lies in the arrangements made for the welfare of apprentices working with the master craftsmen in the putting out system that prevailed during the medieval ages. The industrial revolution that led to the establishment of factories displaced the putting out system. The workers in the early factories faced long hours of works under extremely unhygienic conditions, and mostly lived in slums. This soon resulted in several labor riots, the most famous being Ludds riots of 1811 in Nottingham, England, precipitated by reduced wages. The government soon intervened to provide basic rights and protections for workers, and the need to comply with such statutory regulations forced factory owners to set up a formal mechanism to look into workers wages and welfare, and redress other issues concerning labor. This led to the emergence of Personnel Management as a distinct profession. * The Personnel Management Approach The Personnel Management approach that remained in vogue for much of the 20th Century remained administrative in nature. Arising out of the need to enforce statutory compliance, it concerned itself primarily with ...
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...The Evolution of the CPA Practice Introduction According to Pepe (2011), everyone understands that accounting is the mode of communication in business. It is the channel through which investors and businessmen get to understand whether their investments are worth it or not. It helps in giving the value of an investment at any given time. The contemporary accounting practice and methods are quite diverse. However, they have not been so since the beginning. According to Waweru (2010), there are numerous changes that have marked the evolution of accounting. This research paper seeks to look into the accounting evolution process. Reese and Janes (2012) indicate that accounting has changes both in terms of accounting theories, as well as application of technology in accounting. Therefore, when looking at the history and evolution of accounting, it is imperative to look at the changes that have occurred. These changes are both in theory, and the application of technology in accounting. It is also worth looking at the various accounting theories that have come up. These have to be related to the changes in technology, higher literacy levels, and more complex business operations which call for the review of accounting practices. The need to protect the interest of the public is also a chief reason why changes in the accounting practice needed to occur. This essay looks at the changes both in practice and application of technology. Evolution in Theory and Practice According to...
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...Organizational Behavior/Human Resources Management The OBHR is the study of people, process and outcomes within thoe rganizational behavior and human resources management. Through research, collaboration and dissemination of knowledge, students understand how to impact organizational effectiveness in a variety of different environments, industrie s and across multiple levels of analyses. Our expectation is that students within the OBHR major will craft a program of research that is built upon rigorous theory as well as strong methodological skills that are both necessary for effective scholarship. We encourage collaboration with OBHR faculty that has a proven track record of publishing within a variety of top outlets (Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Labor Research, Harvard Business Review; Human Resource Management; Industrial and Labor Relations Review; Sloan Management Review). Organizational Behavior/Human Resources Management Behavior Systems and Management Thought The objective of this course is to explore the evolution and development of management theory with particular emphasis on the design of behavioral systems in organizations. It is a core premise of the course that the design of systems to manage people in organizations is based on a set of assumptions about humans that are part of the managerial theory that guides the formation and operation...
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...Running head: Evolution of Management Principles The Evolution of Management Principles Tim Akers American Public University 20 April 2013 ABSTRACT In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Evolution of Management Principles The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was...
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...PhD Program in Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management University of Pittsburgh's Katz Graduate School Organizational Behavior PhD Program Video The OBHR doctoral program focuses on preparing students to impact the study of people, process and outcomes within the fields of organizational behavior and human resources management. Through research, collaboration and dissemination of knowledge, students understand how to impact organizational effectiveness in a variety of different environments, industries and across multiple levels of analyses. Our expectation is that students within the OBHR major will craft a program of research that is built upon rigorous theory as well as strong methodological skills that are both necessary for effective scholarship. We encourage collaboration with OBHR faculty that has a proven track record of publishing within a variety of top outlets (Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Labor Research, Harvard Business Review; Human Resource Management; Industrial and Labor Relations Review; Sloan Management Review). Organizational Behavior/Human Resources Management PhD Program Curriculum Behavior Systems and Management Thought The objective of this course is to explore the evolution and development of management theory with particular emphasis on the design of behavioral systems in organizations. It is a core premise...
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...Introduction With the development of business, we can easily find that the role of purchasing and supply management has become increasingly important. Over the past years, as a discipline, purchasing and supply management has largely changed many companies. The significance of supply chain management is mainly due to the large cost on supply chain. ()On average, fully 70% of a firm’s sales revenues are spent on supply chain-related activities from material purchases to the distribution and service of finished products on the final customer. Other than that, there are several factors resulting in the evolution of supply chain management. First of all, in order to gain more market share, it is vital for companies, especially for multinational companies, to focus on building stable and effective supply chain as each segment of supply chain are likely to influence the products or service of companies. Moreover, the development of communications and transportation technologies, such as mobile communication and Internet, have forced the evolution of supply chain management. The purpose of this essay is to explore the influence of supply chain management on companies. Also, both sustainability and risk management are crucial in supply chain management, Objectives Through journals, monographs and related theories and articles on the website of the search, organize and summarize, discussed the importance of the supply chain in the contemporary business. In addition, based on...
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