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Example of Management

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CONTABILIDAD GERENCIAL 2
RESUMEN CAP # 7

TIPOS DE SISTEMAS DE COSTEO
Este sistema es usado para determinar los costos unitarios, además dependerá en alto grado de la naturaleza del proceso productivo involucrado. En general se manejan dos tipos de sistemas de costeo como respuesta a las variaciones del proceso que se efectúa. Estos sistemas se conocen como: costeo por procesos y costeo por órdenes de trabajo.

COSTEO POR ORDENES DE TRABAJO
Este se usa en aquellas situaciones de producción en las que muchos productos, diferentes trabajados u órdenes de producción se efectúan en cada período.

Ejemplo de empresas que usan el costeo por órdenes de trabajo • Imprentas • Industria de muebles • Empresas de fabricación de herramientas • Industria metalmetálica • Empresas de servicios

Independientemente de si se trabaja con el sistema de costeo por proceso o por órdenes de trabajo, el problema de determinar los costos unitarios implica la necesidad de algún tipo de promedio. La diferencia esencial entre los métodos de costeo está en la manera de lograr estos promedios.

Hay tres categorías amplias de costos involucrados en la manufactura de todo producto: • Materiales directos • Mano de obra directa • Costos indirectos de fabricación

MEDICIÓN DEL COSTEO DEL MATERIAL DIRECTO
El proceso productivo comienza con la transferencia de materias primas desde la bodega o almacén de materiales hasta la línea de producción.

Este volumen de materias primas se asigna de manera directa a los artículos que van produciéndose y por esto se les designa como materiales directos. Otros materiales, en general denominados materiales indirectos, no se cargan a órdenes específicas y se incluyen dentro de la categoría general de los costos indirectos de fabricación. Los materiales indirectos incluyen costos como pegantes, hilos, botones, etc.

Las materias primas se retiran de la bodega mediante la presentación de las formas de requisición de materiales.
REQUISICIONES
Las requisiciones de materiales son formatos básicos y constituyen la documentación fundamental para los registros contables.

HOJA DE COSTOS
El costo de los materiales directos se lleva a una hoja de costos. La hoja de costos es preparada por un auxiliar de costos con base en la información presentada por el departamento de producción sobre cada trabajo específico.

MEDICION DEL COSTO DE LA MANO DE OBRA DIRECTA
Los costos de la mano de obra directa se miden y acumulan como se hace con los costos de los materiales directos. Los costos de trabajo (mano de obra) en general se acumulan por medio de alguna forma de registro preparado día tras día por cada empleado. Estos registros, con frecuencia denominados tarjetas de tiempo u hojas de tiempo.

APLICACIONES DE LOS COSTOS INDIRECTOS DE FABRICACION
Los costos indirectos de fabricación deben considerarse junto con los materiales directos y con la mano de obra directa, para la determinación de los costos unitarios de las órdenes. Sin embargo, la asignación de los costos indirectos de fabricación a las unidades de producto es una tarea más difícil que la realizada con los materiales directos y la mano de obra directa. Hay tres razones para que esto sea así.

• Primera: los costos indirectos de fabricación son un costo indirecto para las unidades de producto y por esta razón no pueden asignárseles directamente a un producto o trabajo en particular. • Segunda: los costos indirectos de fabricación constan de muchos ítems diferentes, los cuales involucran costos fijos y variables, en rangos tan dispares que van desde el costo de la grasa para los equipos hasta el salario del superintendente de producción. • Tercera: las compañías con fuertes variaciones estacionales en la producción encuentran que, no obstante estas variaciones en producción, los costos indirectos de fabricación tienden a permanecer constantes. La razón es que los costos indirectos de fabricación fijos constituyen parte importante del total de costos indirectos de fabricación.

Por todos estos problemas, la manera más aceptable de asignarles los costos indirectos de fabricación a las unidades del producto o a las órdenes de producción es hacerlo de manera indirecta a través de alguna forma base que permita su asignación. Una vez escogida la base, ésta se distribuye ente los costos indirectos de fabricación presupuestados para el período, y se obtiene así una tasa que debe usarse para aplicar estos costos indirectos de fabricación a los trabajos a medida que se procesen. En resumen, la expresión para calcular la tasa es:

|Fórmula: |Costos indirectos de fabricación totales presupuestados |
| |Unidad relacionada de base (horas de mano de obra directa u horas máquina, etc) |
| | |
| |( = ) tasa de costos indirectos de fabricación predeterminada |

La necesidad de los datos estimados. En la anterior expresión, las cifras estimadas se usan en los cálculos de la tasa de costos indirectos de fabricación. Los costos indirectos de fabricación reales casi nunca se utilizan en el costeo de los productos. La razón es que estos costos reales no están disponibles hasta después de la finalización del período. Lo cual es igualmente tarde para calcular los costos unitarios relacionados, pues la gerencia debe tener los costos unitarios disponibles para determinar los precios de los productos y tomar decisiones operativas y de mercadeo necesarias.

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