...Causes of Ecstasy Addiction Ecstasy in its purest form is not considered physically addictive in the ‘traditional’ sense. However, ecstasy does affect the brain’s neurotransmitters, which can lead to a chemical imbalance that helps fuel addiction. Ecstasy acts on brain chemicals, known as “neurotransmitters,” that control and balance mood. One important neurotransmitter that ecstasy acts upon is serotonin, responsible for feelings of happiness, calm, and relaxation. Ecstasy floods the brain with serotonin, expending the brain’s serotonin levels, and leaving the person experiencing a deficit of this important neurotransmitter once the drug exits the system. With repeated use, the brain detects the overabundance of serotonin and scales back natural production. Though this effect may only continue for a few days, users with weekly or more frequent use often experience withdrawal-induced depression. This effect, in combination with the intense “euphoric” feeling ecstasy produces and the ecstasy high’s impact on the brain’s reward centers can all combine to create a psychological addiction. Also, many ecstasy pills are not pure MDMA ecstasy’s active ingredient contain cheaper substances, such as speed (amphetamines). Chemical filler drugs may have their own physical addictiveness and can add to ecstasy addiction when used in high doses (often due to heightened tolerance) and high frequency use. Physical signs of ecstasy addiction are dilated pupils, high body temperatures, excessive...
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...In this paper I'm going to compare depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogen. I've chosen alcohol as the depressants. Cocaine is what I have chosen as the stimulant. As my last choice, I've chosen Ecstasy. After I compare the aforementioned substances, I will give a theoretical explanation for why an individual would choose to use one or more of these drugs. Let begin with alcohol. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows down vital functions—resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement, disturbed perceptions and an inability to react quickly. As for how it affects the mind, it is best understood as a drug that reduces a person’s ability to think rationally and distorts his or her judgment. Alcohol overdose causes even more severe depressant effects like: the inability to feel pain, toxicity where the body vomits the poison, unconsciousness, coma, or death from severe toxic overdose. These reactions depend on how much is consumed and how quickly. There are different kinds of alcohol. Ethyl alcohol, ethanol, the only alcohol used in beverages, is produced by the fermentation of grains and fruits. Fermenting is a chemical process whereby yeast acts upon certain ingredients in the food, creating alcohol. Fermented drinks, such as beer and wine, contain from two percent alcohol to twenty percent alcohol. Distilled drinks, or liquor, contain from forty percent to fifty percent or more alcohol. Today, an estimated fifteen million Americans suffer from alcoholism. Next...
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...country and over time. We end by discussing the politics associated with the shift in rave research. Introduction Society has been greatly influenced by many alternative scenes, subcultures, or lifestyles oriented around music, youth and young adults (Epstein 1998). Some of the more notable ones include the English punk scene in the 1970s- 1980s, the U.S. jazz (1930s-1940s) and hippie scenes (1970s), and the 1990s rave scenes in the U.K. and U.S. From them have come musical innovation, social identity, fashion and other aesthetic nuances, and mainstream and alternative cultural production. Increasingly, sociology has used scenes and lifestyles to investigate and clarify many of the discipline’s fundamental concepts and ideas. For example, Becker (1963) used the 1940s U.S. jazz scene to elucidate notions of deviant identity, subculture, and social control. In the U.K., scholars from the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) used the English punk...
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...Compare and Contrast how Cocaine, Ecstasy, Heroin and Cannabis Work in the Brain Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis, are of natural or synthetic origin, which can alter the emotional state, perception, body functioning and behaviour of an individual. Drugs are known to work in the brain by activating certain brain circuits via different mechanisms, and stimulate or inhibit different neurons in the pathway. However, due to the effects of each drug being different, a drug will affect either different pathways and neurons in the brain to that of another, or through a different process, i.e. direct or indirect activity. This essay will discuss the different mechanisms of action that cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis have in the brain, in terms of their similarities and dissimilarities. Recent studies are also discussed in relation to such theories, with findings of research having been derived from both humans and animals. Ecstasy and cocaine are psychostimulants that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They both act as ‘indirect agonists’, which increase neurotransmitter binding to receptors in the synapse. By binding to the transporters that normally remove the excess of these neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap, ecstasy and cocaine prevent them from being reabsorbed by the neurons that released them, and therefore increase their concentration in the synapses. Changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline neurotransmitters...
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...Clinical Case Study Summary of Hyponatremia The drug MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamin, commonly known as ecstasy leads to feelings of euphoria, emotional empathy, and increased energy. Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion concentration in the plasma is lower than normal. Sodium is the dominant extracellular cation (positive ion) and cannot freely cross from the interstitial space into the cell, because charged sodium ions attract up to 25 water molecules around them, creating a large polar structure that is too large to pass through the cell membrane. In this study we looked at the case of one young college student who passed away from using ecstasy, as well as two other different examples from a marathon runner and a post surgical patient. One of the most serious medical complications of ecstasy abuse is related to symptomatic hyponatremia. The cause of hyponatremia seen with ecstasy is dilutional in nature and likely due to several interacting effects. Excessive water intake has been directly associated with ecstasy use. For partygoers the effects of amphetamines induce dry mouth and the sensation of thirst causing the user to over hydrate especially after a long night of dancing. For marathon runners, excess antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin) can be released from the result of strenuous physical activity. The treatment of hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause and whether the patient's blood volume status is hypervolemic...
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...the Club: Ecstasy Use and Supply in a London Nightclub’ Table of contents: 1. Overview 3 2. Qualitative research approach methods and Quantitative research approach 4 3. The strength and weakness of Observation data collection 6 4. The strength and weaknesses of in-depth interview 6 5. Focus group discussion 7 6. Conclusion 9 7. References 10 Overview The aim of this report is to evaluate the qualitative study ‘In the Club: Ecstasy Use and Supply in a London Nightclub’ by Bill Sanders which was published in 2005 in the Sociology journal. The report will give a brief overview of the research aims, a description of the methods used, and explain the main findings reported in the paper that have been selected. A discussion of why a qualitative research approach has been chosen for the research question or questions posed in the study will also be evaluated. Furthermore, the use of an extended evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the method or methods used in the research will focus in particular upon their appropriateness to the project’s key research question or questions posed and the robustness of the claims made in the article. Finally, a consideration of the potential contribution that a different qualitative method could have on the research question asked will be conducted to assess its strengths and weaknesses. The research was to explore what was widely known about those that used the drug ecstasy, those that...
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...whilst many drug users are unaware of the detrimental and irreversible effects that drugs can have on ones health. Young people are increasingly taking drugs in socials settings in an attempt to enjoy the party more and ignoring the possible risks involved. A drug is a chemical substance that has known biological effects on humans. Recreational drug use has always been a dilemma facing our society. Recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the experience. Recreational drugs affect the central nervous system, such as depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens. Irresponsible and illegal use of drugs can result in physical and mental addictions causing long term damage to ones bodily function and health for example, drug use interferes with the functioning of ones brain function as well as disrupt the natural functioning cycles of all vital organs in ones body. Depressants are drugs that slow down the functions of the central nervous system. It cause the user to feel more relaxed when it is used in small quantities, although when used in larger quantities...
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...teenager. So what are club drugs? Club drugs are drugs used at parties, raves, clubs, and discos to maximize their clubbing experience. These drugs help acquire the euphoric feeling by releasing a chemical in the brain called serotonin which makes you feel good. The most common type of club drugs are ecstasy, GHB, Rohypnol, and LSD. In addition to these drugs, there are many more part of the category of club drugs. However, sexual predators can misuse a couple of these drugs as the date rape drug. All these drugs have different effects on everyone. The attractiveness of these drugs have also gone up because of their uses and how increasingly readily available they are. The most common of the club drugs is ecstasy also knows as MDMA. MDMA stands for Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and is the scientific term for ecstasy. Ecstasy is most commonly found in pill form with all different types of colors. Not only are there different colors, they are different designs marked on each pill. Each marking stands for something in order to entice the consumer to take it. For example, a Nike symbol might be seen on it or a picture of a commonly known item or symbol. Ecstasy...
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...refers to a person’s unique style. If an artist have a strong voice people would be able to identify their work easily; it could take years to develop a strong voice but with some people it comes nature. We will find that some artist has similar themes, but if we study them closely we can find the unique differences. My idea about an artist’s voice is that they express themselves by their beliefs, life experiences, and their personality. Communication with God has been a main subject for art in many cultures. For instances, I have heard that conceptual artist link their work to traditions. Some artist drew icons, which were believed to be able to talk to God. The Orthodox Church is an example, it came to maturity...
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...Drug Analysis Kaplan University Danielle DeCook CJ 411 Drugs and Alcohol in the Criminal Justice System Professor Deborah Robinson February 28, 2012 Depressants, Stimulants, and Hallucinogens have many similarities and differences but the main commonality is they are all highly addictive. Depressants are considered downers; they are sedating drugs that depress the Central Nervous System. An example of depressant would be heroin. Heroin is an opioid - a very powerful painkiller. The body and the brain are packed with opioid receptors meant for endorphins, the body's own natural pain-killing substances produced in emergency moments of shock or injury. The body also produces this substance when an individual is engaging in physical activity. Endorphins are also produced when a person is under stress. Heroin mimics endorphins and binds rapidly with endorphin receptors, extending and magnifying their natural painkilling effect (NIDA 1986). The result is a surge of pleasurable sensation, or "rush." This rush is usually accompanied by a warm feeling and a sense of well-being. Humans are pleasure-seeking entities, and are naturally attracted to things that make them feel good. The effects are rapid but will depend on the method of ingestion. Intravenous injection provides the greatest intensity and the most rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8 seconds). Intra-muscular injection produces a relatively slow onset (between 5 to 8 minutes). Sniffing or smoking usually provides peak effects...
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...rather die than experience it, ironic that during a war they are desperate to survive in battle but their living conditions and experiences are so bad that they would rather ‘put a bullet’ in their brains that continue. Sassoon wrote this poem during his military service and after he lost his brother. some may argue that if Sassoon sorrowfully lost his brother due to the war he may automatically have an anti-war feeling against it therefore his poems which are full of anger, melancholy and like an inferno is just a one sided opinion however, in ‘Dulce et decorum est.’ own uses oxymoron’s such as ‘ecstasy of fumbling’ this illustrates to the audience that maybe Sassoon’s poems are not one sided but just the true nature of war. the line ‘ecstasy’ is used to describe pleasure, this is contradicting the subject of what Wilfred Owen is trying to put across from his poem. he used the word ‘ecstasy’ ironically. nothing about war is felicity or blissful however ridiculously he uses a word which is used to mean euphoria and exhilaration even though he wants to describe an abhorrent and harrowing experience. ‘in the memoriam’ mackintosh uses language to show the truth of war. the phrase elucidate the feeling of lose. the line ‘the little helpless babies’ imports the audience that it was not just older men who fought in war but defenseless, unprotected : diminutive people. This is also...
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... I concentrate my best to present this report on my Project which is “Experiential marketing in retail environment”. I tried my best to work sincerely to cover all aspects regarding the matter. However, if you need any clarifications or directions for further improvement of the report, I will be obligate to provide with further explanation. I sincerely hope that you will appreciate my effort. Thank You Sincerely yours Shah Feda Al-Gani ID: 091011141 ULAB School of Business 2 Experiential Marketing in Retail Environment Acknowledgement First of all I would like to thank the great Almighty for giving me the strength to complete my research. Then to my parents after that I am very grateful to the some staff members of Aarong, Ecstasy, MENZ KLUB and Artisti who gave me some important information. Then I would like to thank my elder brother who also gave me moral support. Last but not the least I would like to make my thanks to University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh and Jumana Rezwan my supervisor for being a guideline for me. Without her support I could not be able to finish my report. 3 Experiential Marketing in Retail Environment Executive Summary Experiential marketing gives customers an opportunity to...
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...Shamanism as a Healing Process Pre-20th Century: The history of Shamanism and its role in both religion and medicine Briana K. Strickland Texas A&M University October 7, 2014 Shamanism Healing involves the physical and psychological process of restoring health and has been a part of human existence since prehistoric times. Religion has also been a part of the human experience for centuries, giving people something to believe and trust in. Shamanism is one of the oldest forms of both a healing process and a religion, tracing back to ancient Siberia as early as 800 CE. This magico-religion believes in preserving a strong connection with nature and in the power of shamans who act as mediators between our world and the world of spirits. Despite negative scientific attitudes toward Shamanism today, this primeval restorative technique is an effective practice that is still used today. An Ancient Practice According to Edson, Tibet converted to Buddhism in 800 CE, following suit with the rest of central Asia. While it was not referred to as Shamanism, Tibet Buddhism involved putting spells on lamas under which they would predict the future, corresponding with the magico-religious practice. When Mongols converted to Tibetan Buddhism as well, that faith spread into Siberia, which was inhabited at the time by various groups of nomads (Edson, 2009, p 5). These wanderers at the time presumably introduced the religion to other civilizations, and it was soon practiced...
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...The Drug Business Tawni Masters CJA 384 January 30, 2012 Sherryl Roten-West The Drug Business The illegal drug business in the United States is not a new business. This business has been around for quite some time. In this paper I will discuss the history of illegal drug business in the United States including the types of drugs that involved in the illegal drug business. I will also be discussing illegal drug syndicates and cartels a long with their structures and operational methods. Also I will be talking about some of the modern trends of organized drug trafficking. Finally I will answer, explain, and provide recommendations to the question, is there is a better solution to the ways in which we combat the drug business in the United States. The illegal drug business in the United States consists of all different types of activities from drug use to drug sales to producing and manufacturing to trafficking. Until the 1940’s most Italian Mafia leaders were strict with their rules telling their outfits that they were to avoid dealing drugs. A few leaders, notably Charles “Lucky” Luciano, broke that rule and used their organizations to push other gangs out of the drug trade and developed sophisticated networks for importing and selling illegal drugs in the United States (Mazzeno, 2011). During World War II illegal drugs were becoming less available in the U.S. because traffickers had a difficult time importing the drugs from overseas areas that were already in a conflict...
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...I S S N 1725 - 5767 Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review 1 THEMATIC PAPERS Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review emcdda.europa.eu Contents 1. Introduction 2. Travelling and using drugs Young people Problem drug users 3. Examples of drug-related destinations 4. Prevalence of drug use among young travellers Young holidaymakers in Europe Young backpackers Young clubbers and partygoers 5. Risks associated with drug use while travelling Health risks Risk related to personal safety Legal risks Risks related to injecting drug use Risks to local communities 6. Potential for prevention interventions 7 Conclusions . Acknowledgements References 3 4 4 4 6 9 9 10 11 13 13 14 14 14 15 17 19 21 22 Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review emcdda.europa.eu 3 1. Introduction Recent decades have seen a growth in travel and tourism abroad because of cheap air fares and holiday packages. This has been accompanied by a relaxation of border controls, especially within parts of Europe participating in the Schengen Agreement. As some people may be more inclined to use illicit substances during holiday periods and some may even choose to travel to destinations that are associated with drug use — a phenomenon sometimes referred to as ‘drug tourism’ — this means that from a European drug policy perspective the issue of drug use and travel has become more important. This Thematic paper examines travellers...
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