...especially questionnaires. Topics where social desirability bias is of special concern are self-reports of abilities, like personality, sexual behaviour and drug use, just to mention a few. For example, when confronted with the question, “ How often do you masterbate? Respondents may be pressured by the societal taboo against masturbation, and either under-report, the frequency or avoid answering the question, therefore the means of masturbation derived from self report survey are likely to be severe underestimates. Social desirability bias is one of the most common sources of bias affecting the validity of experimental and survey research findings. From a self-presentational perspective, social desirability can be regarded as a resultant of two separate factors which are self-deception and other deception. Two main modes of coping with social desirability bias are distinguished. The first mode comprises two methods aimed at the detection and measurement of social desirability. A second category comprises of seven methods to prevent or reduce social desirability bias, including the use of forced choice items, the randomized response technique, the bogus pipeline, self-administration of the questionnaire, the selection of the interviews and the use of proxy subjects, Belli et al (1999). QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE: These are numerically in form. Therefore arithmetic operations can be formed. According to...
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...preference have always significantly influence industries’ strategies, the organizations who can make the good audience consideration usually can achieve a better performance. However, with the rapid development of new technologies, the audiences becoming elusive – hard to pin down; define; measure and manage. (Lecture Notes, 2015) It has indicated that to consider how can different research methodologies help or affect industries to describe and understand the audiences could be necessary. This essay will discuss 2 types (Quantitative and Qualitative) of methodology which used often to research on audience, to analysis their benefits and disadvantages; make the statements based on examples and give the conclusion. Quantitative survey Research Firstly, quantitative research is a common and useful methodology to research on audience, this methodology has basically include survey research; content analysis and so on. In order to analysis why quantitative research method is useful, to define what does audience research has included is necessary. As Rose (2013) has indicated: “Audience research usually can be defined as a type of communication research that is conducted on specific audience segments to gather information about their attitudes;...
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...COM3706/103/2/2015 Tutorial letter 103/2/2015 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH COM3706 Semester 2 Department of Communication Science IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This tutorial letter contains important information about your module. CONTENTS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: ASSIGNMENT 01 3 2.1 Feedback on assignment 01 4 3 CONTACTING LECTURERS 11 4 CONCLUSION 11 SOURCES CONSULTED 2 12 COM3706/103 Dear Student 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this tutorial letter is to provide feedback on assignment 01. We are very concerned with the large number of students who started too late with the assignment, who underestimated the assignment, and who thought it is too easy to be true. “The lecturers are just trying to scare us”. Those of you, who did not do well in Assignment 01 need to please send us your e-mail with questions, ask for clarification and explanation, and also actively participate on myUnisa. We have also created a forum on myUnisa we ask what help you need in order to be successful with the portfolio. Although nobody can force anyone to utilise any of these additional options, we believe it is to your benefit. Please read all your tutorial letters, use the discussion class notes provided up-front and read the postings on myUnisa. 2 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: ASSIGNMENT 01 Academics commented on your submitted assignments individually in the documents returned to you. Use the feedback...
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...1. Module Name: Introductory Econometrics Code: P12205 Credits: 10 Semester: Spring 2011/12 Delivery: 16 one-hour lectures + 4 one-hour workshops Aims: The main aims of this module are: to introduce students to the principles, uses and interpretation of regression analysis most commonly employed in applied economics; to provide participants with sufficient knowledge of regression methods to critically evaluate and interpret empirical research. On completion of this module students should be able to: demonstrate understanding of the assumptions and properties underlying regression analysis and the principle of ‘least squares’; interpret and manipulate the coefficients of multiple regression and performance criteria; conduct diagnostic checking of the validity of regression equations coefficients; appreciate the problems of misspecification, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. Content: 1. Simple Regression Analysis 2. Multiple Regression Analysis 3. Dummy Variables 4. Heteroscedasticity 5. Autocorrelation Main Textbook: Dougherty, C. (2011). Introduction to Econometrics, 4th edition, Oxford. 2. Module Name: Computational Finance Code: P12614 Credits: 10 Semester: Spring 2011/12 Programme classes: 12 1-2 hour lectures/workshops Aims: The module aims to describe and analyse the general finance topics and introduces students to implement basic computational approaches to financial problems using Microsoft Excel. It stresses...
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...Samantha Roberts Student Number: Word count: 1,289 There has been an ongoing paradigm debate between quantitative and qualitative research amongst social scientists for a number of years. Qualitative Research is a particularly new concept developed to obtain and analyse data however many researchers are yet to take a liking to this concept (Bryman, 1984). Qualitative research refers to studies that are conducted in natural settings and include participant observation, focus groups and in-depth interviews. (Whitley & Crawford, 2005). These techniques provide a strong insight into how participants view events and experiences to obtain a deeper meaning into the area being studied (Willig, 2001). Quantitative research focuses on the Scientific Method which is based on a series of steps that are followed systematically to acquire data such as experiments that are then analysed and presented into numerical form. This essay will examine both research paradigms while also determining the epistemological underpinnings that determines the methods used to collect and analyse data. Qualitative researchers are mainly concerned with the social world and the influence of events and experiences that has on an individual’s perspective of the world. These researchers are not concerned with answering a specific question, more so to develop a rich understanding of a certain topic mainly through the methods of in-depth interviews, participant observation and focus groups. In-depth interviews...
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...4/8/2014 4/8/2014 Assignment of research methodology Qualitative and quantitative Assignment of research methodology Qualitative and quantitative Research: Noun: 1. The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Verb: 1. Investigate systematically. Definitions: John .W. Best: Research is a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories and concepts, resulting in prediction for seeing and possibly ultimate control of events. Clifford woody: Research is a careful enquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something. Methodology: is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. It, typically, encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques. Research methodology: The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information. THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH: The main purpose and role of research is to help plan and...
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...dissertation, so this section discusses the types of research you might undertake for your dissertation. The use of literature and case studies is considered and the merits of primary research are debated and advice is given on the use of existing research data. You may not be fond of statistics, but the potential relevance of a quantitative approach should be considered and similarly, the idea of qualitative analysis and conducting your own research may yield valuable data. The possibilities of using quantitative and qualitative data are also discussed. What approach should I take - qualitative or quantitative? Your approach, research design, and research question are all connected. 'Approach' means something more than the type of data you use – it refers to your overall orientation to research and the type of claims you will make for your study. Dissertations can be based on either quantitative or qualitative data, or on a combination of both. How you choose this may depend on your preferences and abilities, and the suitability of particular approaches to your topic. You need to be able to justify why you have chosen to use such data. Quantitative data is particularly useful when you wish to discover how common particular forms of behaviour such as illegal drug use are for a particular age group. Qualitative data is particularly useful when you wish to find out why people engage in such behaviour. Think about the Research Methods modules you have taken so far. Think about...
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...summarize your research design for the class and evaluate what you would consider when choosing a data analysis plan. How are family and close relationships affected by Bipolar Disorder? I will use the mixed methods design, which includes quantitative and qualitative research. The convergent parallel design will allow for the quantitative, numerical, and qualitative human experience data to be collected simultaneously, analyzed separately, compared, and interpreted to fully understand the problem. Due to my topic, sampling methods will include purposive and snowball sampling. An already published Family Attitude Scale (FAS) questionnaire...
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...University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Advertising and Promotion Management Commons, Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Home Economics Commons, Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons, and the Marketing Commons Recommended Citation Chu, Yin, "A review of studies on luxury hotels over the past two decades" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 13913. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. For more information, please contact hinefuku@iastate.edu. A review of studies on luxury hotels over the past two decades by Yin Chu A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Hospitality Management Program of Study Committee: Liang (Rebecca) Tang, Major Professor Tianshu Zheng Fatma Baytar Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Yin Chu, 2014. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................
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...compare and contrast how content analysis and ethnographic research have been used to study children's understanding of friendship. Friendship is a difficult concept to define as it means different things to different people, it could be said that age and culture can change how one looks at friendship. The simplest way to define friendship would be as a relationship between two people who consider themselves “friends”. This essay will also consider the advantages, disadvantages, similarities and differences between two studies that used the content analysis approach and the ethnographic approach. When looking at both bigelow & la gaipa (1975) and william corsaro's (2006) studies I will also look at how there work as influenced future studies in this area of research and what criticism's have been made of there research. When looking firstly at the content analysis approach that bigelow & la gaipa took,to that of corsaro and the ethnographic method there is at first stark similarity,both bigelow & la gaipa and corsaro's studies were looking at what a child's understanding of friendship was. However after the inital comparison the aims are actually quite different,as bigelow & la gaipa's aim was to investigate children's understanding of friendship,in contrast to william corsaro who investigated children's individual understanding of the word “friend” he was interested in how children talked to each other. Basically the main difference is where corsaro explored the term “friend”...
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...CONTENTS Introduction… Pg 3 Evaluation of Research as Quantitative… Pg 4 Evaluation of the Methodology… Pg 5 Explanation on how the researcher used this method… Pg 6 Comments on the contribution of the research… Pg 7 Conclusion… Pg 7 References… Pg 8 Introduction “Friction between Public Relations( PR) and advertising( marketing) comes from bad organizational alignment,” says Scott( Anonymous 66:3). This quote shows us there are many discrepancies between both fields. This quantitative study was conducted by Miss Margalit Toledano, from the “Management Communication Department” of The University of Waikato, New Zealand. By using questions compiled in the form of a survey, 39 New Zealand practitioners were tested. The research problem, questioned the influence of inter-profession challenges, by examining the differences between the PR and advertising industries (Toledano 230). This research problem is significant, because the results of the study showed that PR practitioners were not able to take advantage of the technology, such as social media, in an effort to leverage their professional status or improve their position within the company. This problem is made worse, through the reality that both PR and advertising are still looking for ways to benefit from social media, and both industries are still in the infancy stage of using social media. This research is important because...
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...un-interpreted records of a subject that you are researching. A primary source can be just about anything such as books, artifacts, or even patents. Secondary sources are ones that build on primary sources. Analyzing, interpreting, and assessing primary information are examples of secondary. Tertiary sources are ones which present summaries of the current state of research topics. Some examples are dictionaries, web sites, or almanacs. The distinction between these can differ between subjects of research. If the subject for research was humanities then an example of a primary source would be letters by Martin Luther King. A secondary source could be a web site of his writings and finally the tertiary source could be an encyclopedia on the civil rights movement. 3 What problems of secondary data quality must researchers face? How can they deal with them? Using secondary data can sometimes cause problems. Although it can be quicker and sometimes cost effective there is always a chance of running in to these issues. The most cautious of these issues the researcher must be aware of is the reliability of the source. If the researcher were to sit in a meeting and take notes of a subject then they would be completely sure of the content of the notes and to the validity of the notes taken. If the same researcher was given secondary data then they are taking someone else’s word that that data is correct. Although the information could be of great importance the validity of the data will always...
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...CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CREATIVE CONCEPTS PAGE DECLARATION 2 1 MAIN RESEARCH ISSUE 3 2 RESEARCH CRITERIA 3 3 EXTENT OF RESEARCH ISSUE 3 4 POPULATION 4 5 ASSUMPTIONS/SUB-ISSUES 4 6 GOAL/OBJECTIVE 5 7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5 8 THEORETICAL APPROACH 5 9 RESEARCH DESIGN 8 10 DATA COLLECTION 10 11 DATA ANALYSIS 13 12 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS 17 13 CONCLUSION 27 14 SELF ASSESSMENT AND SELF REFLECTION 28 SOURCES CONSULTED 29 I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, except where the work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques. I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301 regarding technical and presentation requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism. Name: YB Student number: Date: 01/04/2016 A witness name: M B MAIN RESEARCH ISSUE To explore and describe by means of a cross sectional content analysis of eight different creative concepts and their characteristics applied in eight different advertisements selected from Women’s Health and YOU published in 2012 and 2010 respectively. RESEARCH CRITERIA 2.1 Relevance * The main premise of the approach is the study of content. Documents are studied to understand culture, they can be conceptualized as the process and the array of objects, symbols, and meanings that make up social reality shared...
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...Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS This chapter introduces the fundamental elements of qualitative research methods, beginning with a definition of qualitative of research, followed by discussion on the evolution of qualitative research methods and how it is different from quantitative research methods. Also discussed is the importance of ethical considerations when doing qualitative research. Just like all research, qualitative research is a type of research that seeks answers to a question; is systematically conducted and involves the collection of evidence. However, the uniqueness of qualitative research is that you may produce findings that were not determined in advance and also the findings may be applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. It is especially effective if you want to obtain culturally specific information about the subjects involved; i.e. the values, behaviours, and opinions of a particular population. However, the term qualitative research is a general definition that includes many different methods used in understanding and explaining social phenomena. The following are some definitions by prominent scholars in the field: • According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), qualitative research focuses on interpretation of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense in terms of the meanings people bring to these settings. Qualitative research...
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... * Base your responses on at least four current scholarly sources, of which two are articles from peer-reviewed journals. * Cite references used according to APA 6th edition. Include an APA-formatted reference list. * Insert your reference list at the end of the document. * Demonstrate your understanding of the nature of the three major research methods by describing and comparing the foundations of quantitative and qualitative research for each of the following elements, using this template. Limit your response of each item to 100 words. * Nature of research: scientific and philosophical underpinnings The scientific and philosophical underpinnings need a foundation for inquiry to conduct research. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies consist of three philosophical underpinnings, which is identified as: objectivism, subjectivism, and constructivism. The different philosophical foundations and scientific of quantitative and qualitative methodologies have different ontology and epistemology. In quantitative paradigms have an ontology and epistemology of, where the observer and the observed are considered separate and independent. Whereas, qualitative the ontology and epistemology is multiple, socially and psychologically constructed phenomenon, where the observer and the observed are connected to each other (Gelo, Braakmann, and Bebtka, 2008). * Approach to inquiry: induction versus deduction According to Christensen...
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