...“Water Can Kill?” by Susan D. Hester Page 1 NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE Water Can Kill? Exploring Effects of Osmosis by Susan D. Hester Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Part I – Three True Stories Case 1: Jennifer Strange 1,2 Jennifer Strange was a 28-year-old mother of three who entered a radio contest to try to win a Nintendo Wii game system for her children. As part of KDND’s “Hold your wee for a Wii” contest, Jennifer drank bottle after bottle of water for hours without urinating. Initially, Jennifer seemed to be having fun, joking lightheartedly with the radio hosts and obligingly downing an 8-ounce bottle of water every 15 minutes. As the hours passed, however, she developed a splitting headache and dizziness. Finally, she couldn’t take it anymore and ran to the bathroom and vomited. Jennifer called her boss to say that she was going home for the day because her headache was excruciating and she was too sick for work. Jennifer’s mother found her that afternoon, dead in her home. Case 2: Cassandra Killpack 3 After a 3 ½-week trial, a jury found Jennete Killpack, 29, guilty of killing her 4-year-old adopted daughter Cassandra by forcing approximately a gallon of water down the girl’s throat in an attempt to discipline her. A few hours after the “hydro-discipline,” the Killpacks called the paramedics because Cassandra was unresponsive. The paramedics delivered her to the hospital...
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...Clinical Case Study Summary of Hyponatremia The drug MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamin, commonly known as ecstasy leads to feelings of euphoria, emotional empathy, and increased energy. Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion concentration in the plasma is lower than normal. Sodium is the dominant extracellular cation (positive ion) and cannot freely cross from the interstitial space into the cell, because charged sodium ions attract up to 25 water molecules around them, creating a large polar structure that is too large to pass through the cell membrane. In this study we looked at the case of one young college student who passed away from using ecstasy, as well as two other different examples from a marathon runner and a post surgical patient. One of the most serious medical complications of ecstasy abuse is related to symptomatic hyponatremia. The cause of hyponatremia seen with ecstasy is dilutional in nature and likely due to several interacting effects. Excessive water intake has been directly associated with ecstasy use. For partygoers the effects of amphetamines induce dry mouth and the sensation of thirst causing the user to over hydrate especially after a long night of dancing. For marathon runners, excess antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin) can be released from the result of strenuous physical activity. The treatment of hyponatremia depends on the underlying cause and whether the patient's blood volume status is hypervolemic...
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...Lung cancer arises from the epithelial of the respiratory track. Lung cancer is the most severe cancer compare to the other cases of cancer. Lung cancer is the number one killer in United States and the world. In this country alone, there are 219440 new cases yearly and 159390 death yearly which is almost 57% of death yearly form lung cancer. These cases of lung cancer account for 14% of all cancer in men and 15% in women every year. (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010, p. 1299). Although tobacco smoking is the number causes of lung cancer, there are some new cases of lung cancer arising every year without any cause. Cigarette smoking accounts for almost 90% of all lung cancer (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/index.htm) . Other causes of lung cancer can include radon, asbestos, second hand smoking, family history, diet and air pollution. Lung cancer arises from a single changed epithelial cell in the tracheobronchial airways. A carcinogen from cigarette smoke or other predisposing factor like inherited gene bind to a cell DNA and damages it thereby resulting in multiple genetic abnormalities in bronchial cell which include deletion of chromosomes, activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressing genes. This damage results in cellular changes, abnormal cell growth and eventually a malignant cell. The DNA undergoes further changes and becomes unstable as the DNA is passed to daughter’s cell. With the accumulation of genetic changes, the pulmonary epithelium...
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...of replenishment for hydration, but not long ago sports drinks where invented and rapidly became popular around the world, and their companies where able to make the consumers believe that “water is not enough”. In 1985 Gatorade Sports Science Institute were able to convince the public that thirst is an unreliable indicator of dehydration to help and try to promote their products. And the experts who made this information were most likely supported or sponsored by the sports drinks companies. But they have also proven themselves correct by supporting with evidence about hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is a drop in a person’s serum sodium levels and has had a bad effect on marathon runners causing death and life threatening illnesses, and for a fact the excess consumption of water can be a cause to hyponatremia. Using this evidence an experiment was conducted to compare if sports drinks also caused hyponatremia in athletes and concluded that it does not making it a better alternative than water for these marathon runners. We also have to distinguish between professional athletes and other people. It has been claimed by the European Food Safety Authority that sports drinks hydrate better than water and can help maintain performance in endurance workouts and exercises like marathons, but this does not apply to the people that only exercise for a few times a week. So people are not going to study or conduct an experiment about this topic on a person that does not exercise a lot daily...
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...The ORIGINAL ARTICLE Heart the MVand Short StaturePolicy implications CASE REPORT Sinking of Failure Doña Paz – II. in a 43 year-old male Table 1. Initial Laboratory Results Heart Failure recommendations to address these to hypothyroidism. with cardiomyopathy secondary factors. The patient had been born full term to a then 31-yearMethod. ReviewPara 3 (G4P3), the 4th of preparedness in the old Gravida 4 of the state of maritime 9 siblings, with an pre-disaster setting and the post-disaster responsefacilitated the apparently unremarkable delivery at home following by Table 2. Thyroid Doña Paz by the sinking of the MV Function Tests government and responsible a traditional birth attendant. He was noted to be normal agencies. A scrutiny Reference Value preparedness of concerned of the state of Result at birth. and subsequent response to thewith age was agencies The patient was allegedly at par0.02 disaster both Free T4 (0.8-2.0) ng/dL physically and mentally until formulating 24.75 Uiu/ml conducted with the objective of eight years old when he was recommendations TSH (0.4-6.0) said to have stopped growing in height. He was brought to which may lead to prevention and mitigate loss of lives. a private doctor, whose diagnosis was undisclosed, and he Results. Multiple factors to increase for the occurrence patient was given medications accounted height, which the of this tragedy. only one month with no improvement. Through the took for These factors include an inherent risk due...
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...TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Tennis Recovery: A Comprehensive Review of the Research Copyright © 2010 United States Tennis Association Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-00528-6 Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, Todd S. Ellenbecker, W. Ben Kibler TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD Introduction In the last two decades, physical training and competitive opportunities have increased dramatically in junior, collegiate and professional tennis. This arose due to a multitude of factors, but much of it has stemmed from an increase in knowledge and understanding of scientifically based training programs focused on improving performance. As this focus on performance has increased, the area of recovery has received relatively limited focus. Recovery is a multi-faceted paradigm focusing on recovery from training—session to session, day to day and week to week. Recovery is also vitally important during training as well as in competition between matches and between days during multi-day tournaments. As more information is needed in the area of tennis specific recovery, the Sport Science Committee of the United States Tennis Association (USTA) sponsored an extensive evidence-based...
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...MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING NERVOUS SYSTEM Overview of structures and functions: Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System (ADRENERGIC) - Involved in fight or aggression response. - Release of Norepinephrine (cathecolamines) from adrenal glands and causes vasoconstriction. - Increase all bodily activity except GIT EFFECTS OF SNS - Dilation of pupils(mydriasis) in order to be aware. - Dry mouth (thickened saliva). - Increase BP and Heart Rate. - Bronchodilation, Increase RR - Constipation. - Urinary Retention. - Increase blood supply to brain, heart and skeletal muscles. - SNS I. Adrenergic Agents - Give Epinephrine. Signs and Symptoms: - SNS Contraindication: - Contraindicated to patients suffering from COPD (Broncholitis, Bronchoectasis, Emphysema, Asthma). II. Beta-adrenergic Blocking Agents - Also called Beta-blockers. - All ending with “lol” - Propranolol, Atenelol, Metoprolol. Effects of Beta-blockers B – roncho spasm E – licits a decrease in myocardial contraction. T – reats hypertension. A – V conduction slows down. Should be given to patients with Angina Pectoris, Myocardial Infarction, Hypertension. ANTI- HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS 1. Beta-blockers – “lol” 2. Ace Inhibitors – Angiotensin, “pril” (Captopril, Enalapril) 3. Calcium Antagonist – Nifedipine (Calcibloc)...
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...A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice. 2. After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine. 3. Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves 4. The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate 5. Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact. positive sweat test. indicative of cystic fibrosis 1. Herbs: Black Cohosh is used to treat menopausal symptoms. When taken with an antihypertensive, it may cause hypotension. Licorice can increase potassium loss and may cause dig toxicity. 2. With acute appendicitis, expect to see pain first then nausea and vomiting. With gastroenitis, you will see nausea and vomiting first then pain. 3. If a patient is allergic to latex, they should avoid apricots, cherries, grapes, kiwi, passion fruit, bananas, avocados, chestnuts, tomatoes and peaches. 4. Do not elevate the stump after an AKA after the first 24 hours, as this may cause flexion contracture. 5. Beta Blockers and ACEI are less effective in African Americans than Caucasians. 1. for the myelogram postop positions. water based dye (lighter) bed elevated. oil based dye heavier bed flat. 2.autonomic dysreflexia- elevated bed first....then check foley...
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...SITUATION : Arthur, A registered nurse, witnessed an old woman hit by a motorcycle while crossing a train railway. The old woman fell at the railway. Arthur rushed at the scene. 1. As a registered nurse, Arthur knew that the first thing that he will do at the scene is A. Stay with the person, Encourage her to remain still and Immobilize the leg while While waiting for the ambulance. B. Leave the person for a few moments to call for help. C. Reduce the fracture manually. D. Move the person to a safer place. 2. Arthur suspects a hip fracture when he noticed that the old woman’s leg is A. Lengthened, Abducted and Internally Rotated. B. Shortened, Abducted and Externally Rotated. C. Shortened, Adducted and Internally Rotated. D. Shortened, Adducted and Externally Rotated. 3. The old woman complains of pain. John noticed that the knee is reddened, warm to touch and swollen. John interprets that this signs and symptoms are likely related to A. Infection B. Thrombophlebitis C. Inflammation D. Degenerative disease 4. The old woman told John that she has osteoporosis; Arthur knew that all of the following factors would contribute to osteoporosis except A. Hypothyroidism B. End stage renal disease C. Cushing’s Disease D. Taking Furosemide and Phenytoin. 5. Martha, The old woman was now Immobilized and brought to the emergency room. The X-ray shows a fractured femur and pelvis. The ER Nurse would carefully monitor Martha for which of the following...
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...00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page i NCLEX-PN ® SECOND EDITION Wilda Rinehart Diann Sloan Clara Hurd 00_078973706x_fm.qxd 1/14/08 2:42 PM Page ii NCLEX-PN® Exam Cram, Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13:978-0-7897-2706-9 ISBN-10: 0-7897-3706-x Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rinehart, Wilda. NCLEX-PN exam cram / Wilda Rinehart, Diann Sloan, Clara Hurd. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-7897-3706-9 (pbk. w/cd) 1. Practical nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Nursing--Examinations, questions, etc. 3. National Council Licensure Examination for Practical/Vocational Nurses--Study guides. I. Sloan, Diann. II. Hurd, Clara. III. Title. RT62.R55 2008 610.73'076--dc22 2008000133 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: February 2008 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately...
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