...In his article “In Climbing Income Ladder, Location Matters,” Leonhardt discusses how location plays a part in a person’s ability to increase their average income throughout their life. Consequently, the geography of where a person lives can have a positive or negative effect on income. He explained a study that showed Southeast and industrial Midwest families had a smaller chance of climbing the income ladder than families who lived in the Northeast, Great Plains and West. Leonhardt analyzes that there are other factors that affect income, such as what class you are born into. If a child is born in the upper class, they are more likely to have higher incomes than a child born to the middle-class or lower-class. Conversely, it is more difficult...
Words: 358 - Pages: 2
...arch 341 Selected Issues/Problems Paper Team “B” University of Phoenix RES/341 Paul Mahajan Introduction Compiling statistical information for the housing market has been a challenging task. There are many forms, articles, publications, and internet sites that provide information on the current state of the housing market. The following paper will illustrate a consolidation of all of the research information gathered from various sources. This paper will show the measures of central tendency, dispersion, and skew for all of the data collected. The research gathered will also display descriptive statistical data using graphic and tabular techniques. With all information gathered, this paper will discuss the best measures of central tendency and dispersion of all the statistical data collected. Purpose of the Research The purpose of the research is to show the current trends in the housing market. To own a home or business of which somebody can call their own is the American dream. American’s search far and wide to find the right home or business location that fits perfectly for their family’s or business needs. People looking for homes are constantly doing research on prices of homes, number of bedrooms, and number of Individuals looking for a place to establish their business must decide on which location works best for their new business. Real Estate agents use the same research to get the specific details of homes or office buildings so they can sell...
Words: 4935 - Pages: 20
...Market Income, Actual Income and Income Distribution in Indonesia 1 Kunta W.D. Nugraha PhD Candidate in Economics, Faculty of Business and Government, University of Canberra, Australia (Kunta.Nugraha@canberra.edu.au) Phil Lewis Professor of Economics, Centre for Labour Market Research, University of Canberra, Australia (Phil.Lewis@canberra.edu.au) ABSTRACT Even though Indonesia has experienced high economic growth around 5 percent since 2000, many people are still living in poverty. To be able to effectively use taxes as a redistribution tool, it is important to understand which segments of the population are most affected by government taxation. This paper evaluates household income, income tax and income distribution in Indonesia. Income distribution is measured by both the Gini coefficient and dispersion of household income groups. A broad definition of household income, including both cash and non-cash income is used to obtain more an accurate measure of actual income affecting living standards. Household income is defined as market income, net income and actual income. Transfer in-kind and consumption of own production are added on household income to obtain actual income. We find that income distribution improves after accounting for income tax and after addition of transfer in-kind and consumption of own production in household income. The results suggest that using only market income to measure income distribution in Indonesia is misleading. The results are...
Words: 6755 - Pages: 28
...Abstract The objective of this paper is to explore the fundamental circumstances to sustain the validity of prosocial behavior using experimental methods. The focus is on psychological issue of prosocial behavior, and evaluated these concepts using a descriptive method design. In doing so; this paper describes the sample populations, the experimental methods, and provide a speculation on the expectation of the outcomes of prosocial behavior in these scenarios. In addition, this paper further discusses the established sequence of necessary conditions to support the validity of prosocial behavior in reference to bystander effect. In conclusion, relating the conditions of the survey for reliability and to evaluate whether or not the methods discussed measures and are confirmed through the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and support an inter-source agreement. Experimental Method Design The bystander effect is a psychological episode in social psychology that connects with incidents when individuals refuse to assist in an emergency situation when others are nearby. In the past, the probability of help as been believed to be involving oppositely affected variables comparable to the number of bystanders, for instance, the more bystanders, the least likely anyone will help. John M. Darley was the first social psychologist to make obvious the bystander effect. In this experience, an emergency situation is thespian, and the participants are alone...
Words: 1549 - Pages: 7
...1“Describe how climate affects your selected ecosystem?” The tropical rainforest is extremely important to the earth's climate. It affects temperatures worldwide, since as the name suggests, there is a lot of rainfall as a result of the forest's existence. The tropical rainforest aids in maintaining a somewhat stable weather habit and reduced global warming effects. This is why the clearing out of the rainforest has been extremely detrimental to the earth's climate the forest's rainfall helps reduce global warming, and without it, temperatures will continue to increase. The climate of the tropical rainforest itself is typically humid, warm, and the temperature rarely changes from daytime to nighttime. The extreme humidity causes the average rainfall each year to be around 200 cm. This type of warm temperature that ranges anywhere from 70 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit is ideal for lush growth and is very supportive of life and growth. The fact that the tropical rainforest supports great growth and life is an extremely important reason for humans to not destroy it. Species continue to become endangered and even extinct, so it is our responsibility to protect their habitat and growth as much as possible, not only for their sake, but for our own too. 2 “Explain, based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how energy flows through your selected ecosystem?” The Tropical Rain Forest, nowhere on earth, or ecosystem for that matter, has a richer and more blossoming...
Words: 1764 - Pages: 8
...® Academy of Management Journal 1999, Vol. 42, No. 1, 25-40. THE PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF PAY DISPERSION ON INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS MATT BLOOM University of Notre Dame Pay distribution research is relatively scarce in the compensation literature, yet pay distributions are viewed as critically important by organizational decision makers. This study is a direct test of the relationship between one form of pay distribution—pay dispersion—and performance conducted in a field setting where individual and organizational performance could be reliably observed and measured. Findings suggest more compressed pay dispersions are positively related to multiple measures of individual and organizational performance. Among those who design and administer compensation systems, pay distributions have been an important issue for a long time, yet they have been studied relatively infrequently in the compensation research literature (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992; Meyer, 1975; O'Reilly, Main, & Crystal, 1988). The term pay distributions refers to the "array of compensation levels paid for differences in work responsibilities, human capital, or individual performance within a single organization" (Milkovich & Newman, 1996: 45). Although there seems to he agreement that pay distributions influence individual and organizational performance, there is little agreement over how or why they matter (Gerhart & Milkovich, 1992). In fact, there has been disagreement in the theoretical literature about the...
Words: 10951 - Pages: 44
...NONLINEAR PRICING STRATEGIES AND MARKET CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY A Dissertation by MANUEL A. HERNANDEZ GARCIA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2009 Major Subject: Economics UMI Number: 3384249 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3384249 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 NONLINEAR PRICING STRATEGIES AND MARKET CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY A Dissertation by MANUEL A. HERNANDEZ GARCIA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Steven N. Wiggins Committee Members, Li Gan James Griffin Steven L. Puller Head of Department, Larry Oliver August 2009 Major Subject: Economics iii ABSTRACT Nonlinear Pricing Strategies and Market Concentration in the Airline Industry. (August 2009)...
Words: 15948 - Pages: 64
...Consumer behaviour in the travel industry “What motivates university students to book their travel itinerary online?” 25 November 2014 Management Summary Due to the rise of information technology and especially the Internet, the tourism industry has altered tremendously. Nowadays, signifcantly more consumers, especially young, self-determing, brand loyal and price sensible consumers, prefer to book their travels online instead of visiting a travel agency. However, it is currently unknown which factors are of influence on the intention of booking a trip online. Therefore, the following main problems of issue has been investigated: “Which factors influence the intention of students to purchase travels via online channels? And what is the mediating effect of perceived value of an online service on the relationship between price and students’ online purchase intentions?” The literature study examined several contemporary scientific theories with respect to students’ online purchase intention, and found that preceived value could potentially serve as an mediator on the relationship between price and consumers’ online purchase intentions. Furthermore, trust, convenience, web-design, reference groups, and promotion, are found to be also of influence on the consumers, online purchase intentions. Based on these relations found in the literature study, the conceptual model (i.e. descriptive representation) and hypothesis were developed. Based on the conceptual model a...
Words: 6438 - Pages: 26
...Distribution of the Black Death: The Black Death has been considered one of the most deadly and terrifying epidemics in human history, killing over 30% of the Chinese population as well as 30-50% of the European population. Starting in 1347 and lasting through 1351, the Black Death epidemic rapidly spread, first starting in China and Central Asia and then moving westward. The Black Death has been extensively researched by thousands of historians, scientists, demographers and anthropologists and based on decades of research; the spread of the disease is believed to have originated from the Yersinia Pestis bacterium. The Yersinia Pestis bacterium is commonly found in flees which originates in the skin of various ground rodents. The bacterium comes in three forms bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. It initially spread from trading vessels and then to cities, villages, and eventually the countryside. The plague arouse so fast, people didn’t know what to do and assumed leaving their home was the best option, when in reality it caused even more of a problem. The effects of the plague lasted several decades after it was gone by causing major social, cultural, and economic problems all over the world. Despite all of the studies, researchers still have many questions on why and how the disease chose its victims and how it escalated so quickly. In order to understand the sexual mortality pattern of the Black Death plague one must look at two questions “did either sex face an elevated...
Words: 2183 - Pages: 9
...1. Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of going international using Tata Group’s experiences. Based on Tata Group’s experience, we can see the advantages and drawbacks of going international as follows: Advantages of going international; ① The first advantages of going international for Tata is to achieve benefits of economies of scale; Tata has more than 100 operating companies in seven main business groups doing business in 80 countries: chemicals, information systems and communications, consumer products, energy, engineering, materials, and services. Its two largest businesses are Tata Steel and Tata Motors. Its Tata Tea, which owns the valued Tetley brand, also is one of the largest tea producers in the world. It ranked 6 on the list of the world’s most admired companies in the steel industry. With the economies of scale in the domestic and international market, Tata can lower operational costs potentially and become a stronger competitor, both domestically and internationally; Tata controls many businesses ranging from Eight O’clock Coffee Co. in the United States to the Taj Group of hotels, which took over management of the landmark Pierre Hotel on Central Park in New York City. Through international bold moves like these, Tata have the opportunity to learn more about a particular market or world region and to supplement or strengthen domestic growth; The Tata Group is the largest conglomerate in India. Its latest revenues are estimated at $67.4 billion, of which...
Words: 2859 - Pages: 12
...of fact F) can only be tested once G) is usually proven to be correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments? J) In the experimental group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the control group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made. K) In the control group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the experimental group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made. L) In the experimental group, a chosen...
Words: 6163 - Pages: 25
...originally used by the Census Bureau to clarify and distinguish the government’s equal opportunity programs and measurements. Also, the term “Asian American” was used by anti-war activists during the 1960s instead of using the “Oriental” which was perceived as more derogatory and demeaning. This phrase was finally popularized into mainstream academic usage in the 1970s, and is now the accepted term for government and academic research (Dacin and Hitt, 1997). Although this term allows for economists, sociologists, and statisticians to breakdown the different cultural groups found within the United States, one can delve much further into the evolution of the people we categorize as “Asian American.” In the following pages, we will attempt to explain our research findings on the evolution of one innergroup of Asian Americans within the United States, the Korean Americans. The issues raised will include: 1. An extensive overview of the history of the Korean immigration wave and assimiliation to U.S. culture including a description of their treatment 2. The transformation of their group’s values and customs over time 3. An in-depth analysis of their demographical locationing in the U.S. including any distinguishing trends 4. A discussion of the obstacles which these people have faced in relation to their progress in...
Words: 7182 - Pages: 29
...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |MTH/233 Version 2 | | |Statistics | Copyright © 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course surveys descriptive and inferential statistics with an emphasis on practical applications of statistical analysis. The principles of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data are covered. It examines the role of statistical analysis, statistical terminology, the appropriate use of statistical techniques and interpretation of statistical findings through applications and functions of statistical methods. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to...
Words: 2165 - Pages: 9
...LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS AND WAGE INEQUALITY WINFRIED KOENIGER, MARCO LEONARDI, and LUCA NUNZIATA* The authors investigate how labor market institutions such as unemployment insurance, unions, firing regulations, and minimum wages have affected the evolution of wage inequality among male workers. Results of estimations using data on institutions in eleven OECD countries indicate that changes in labor market institutions can account for much of the change in wage inequality between 1973 and 1998. Factors found to have been negatively associated with male wage inequality are union density, the strictness of employment protection law, unemployment benefit duration, unemployment benefit generosity, and the size of the minimum wage. Over the 26-year period, institutional changes were associated with a 23% reduction in male wage inequality in France, where minimum wages increased and employment protection became stricter, but with an increase of up to 11% in the United States and United Kingdom, where unions became less powerful and (in the United States) minimum wages fell. W age inequality is substantially lower in continental European countries than in the United States and United Kingdom, and its evolution over time has differed greatly across countries. The same holds true for the skill (or education) wage premium. Changes in the supply of and demand for skills are unlikely to fully account for these marked differences (Acemoglu 2003). A substantial amount of research on...
Words: 10499 - Pages: 42
...Empirical Capital Structure: A Review Christopher Parsons1 and Sheridan Titman2 1 2 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, Chris Parsons@kenan-flagler.unc.edu University of Texas at Austin, USA, Sheridan.Titman@mccombs.utexas.edu Abstract This survey provides a synthesis of the empirical capital structure literature. Our synthesis is divided into three parts. The first part examines the evidence that relates to the cross-sectional determinants of capital structure. This literature identifies and discusses the characteristics of firms that tend to be associated with different debt ratios. In the second part, we review the literature that examines changes in capital structure. The papers in this literature explore factors that move firms away from their target capital structures as well as the extent to which future financing choices move firms back toward their targets. Finally, we complete our review with a set of studies that explore the consequences of leverage, rather than its determinants. These studies are concerned with feedback from financing to real decisions. For example, we explore how a firm’s financing choices influences its incentive to invest in its workers, price its products, form relationships with suppliers, or compete aggressively with competitors. 1 Introduction Corporations fund their operations by raising capital from a variety of distinct sources. The mix between the various sources, generally referred to as the firm’s capital structure, has attracted...
Words: 32172 - Pages: 129
