...Classical Management Thought Paper Management theories can be largely categorized into two parts: Beginnings of modern management thought and contemporary organization and management thought. Beginnings of modern management thought can be categorized as classical theorist, human relations school, and early modernists (Chow, LRDS 302, Fall). Classical management theory based on Fayol and Urwick’s writings is “a set of [m]anagement [t]heories that focus on the increasing the efficiency of the organization as a whole” (Chow). On the other hand, human relations theory of Follett and Likert explains that “work is accomplished through people”, so cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills are required (Chow). This paper will discuss 1) the similarities and the differences between these two broad theories, 2) relationship between Taylor’s scientific management and these two theories, 3) my ideas on these theories, and 4) my preference. First, classical management and human relations management have some differences and similarities. Classical management focuses on efficiency. Fayol who was a “father of modern management” categorized management as forecasting and planning which are predicting the future and making plans, organizing which is building up the material and human structure, commanding which is maintaining activities of workers, coordinating which is working together, and controlling which is ruling and instructing (discovering management). He made...
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...Formanyof us is a question the why people behave how does it. For many years humanity has sought to understand the behavior of man. In our daily life we face situations that make us think that we are different people, with different characters and attitudes. Companies are mostly composed of human beings, all with different ways of thinking and perhaps an interpretation of things very differently from ours. This makes me wonder, if a company's vision is that all work in harmony to achieve the same goal?, then how important is understanding the behavior of people in an organization? I am convinced that the study of organizational behavior is a tool that will give us a way of understanding human behavior within an organization in a systematic and scientific way. There is no doubt that organizational behavior (which is abbreviated CO) is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within organizations, in order to apply this knowledge to the improvement of the effectiveness of such organizations. Furthermore, it is a field of study, this statement means that it is a specialty delimited and with a body of knowledge. What are you studying? Studying three determinants of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups and structures. If studying the individual and behave within an organization will be able to analyze the behavior of groups, with greater clarity because groups are composed by individuals who use structures...
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...Scientific Management - Scientific Management This essay will critically evaluate the scientific management’s importance and its contribution in the current management context. In this era of rapid economic development and industrial expansion of different nations, scientific management has enabled every nation to be involved in this global market. Scientific management is the theory which serves as the ‘backbone’ to many current management theories. Scientific management will be briefly described initially. After that, the essay will identify why scientific management is an important contribution to management theory when Frederick Taylor proposed it.... [tags: Business Employee Management] 1639 words (4.7 pages) $19.95 [preview] Scientific Management - Scientific Management Fredrick Taylor, the father of scientific management. He had a firm belief in "one best way" (Samson & Daft, 2003), of doing something. In the year 1899, Taylor held an experiment that involved German and Hungarian men, whose job involved some very heavy-duty work (Gabor, 2000). To his disappointment, men either refused to work, or wouldn't work to his expectations. The men hated him utterly; to the extent he required security when going home (Gabor, 2000). In his entire dilemma with his employers, in stepped Schmidt, a man not of intelligence but had the strength of a bull and an ox-like mentally required to reach the standards of Fredrick Taylor.... [tags: Taylorism Business Management Essays] ...
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...of people without affecting its validity and reliability.-The results can be analysed more ‘scientifically’ and objectively than other forms of research (University of Surrey, 2014). | -Format makes it difficult to for the researcher to examine complex issues and opinions.-The person which the questionnaire has been send to may not actually fill it.-If the researcher is not present it may be hard to tell whether the participant has understood the question.-The meaning of the questions may be different to the each participant.-In postal questionnaires, the number of them being returned tends to be very low (Bryant, L, 2014). | Low validity because it does not explore questions in any detail or depth. | Interviews can be grouped into three main groups which are structured, semi-structured and unstructured. They can be conducted face-to-face, by telephone or using chat messaging. | -More detailed questions can be asked.-Researcher is present during data production-Researcher can give help and...
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...strived to develop one all encompassing theory that would improve management’s effectiveness within an organization and methods for dealing with the challenges they faced (Hartman, n.d.). There are three primary “classical” theories: Scientific Management, Bureaucratic Management / Autocratic management, and Administrative Management. This paper will discuss the three primary management theories as well as discuss several other theories relating to some of the primaries, and some that were slight precursors to the classical movement such as Change Management and Autocratic Management (Sridhar, n.d.). Classical Perspective The oldest of the "formal" viewpoints of management emerged during the late nineteenth and came to be known as the classical perspective. The classical perspective roots in management occurred rapidly through expanding manufacturing organizations that typified U.S and European industrialization. Early contributions were made by management practitioners and theorist from several corners of the world (Eastern, n.d.). The classical perspective consists of three main subfields: 1. Scientific Management (by Frederick Taylor) 2. Bureaucracy Management (by Max Weber) 3. Administrative Management (by Henry Fayol) Scientific Management Theory In the 19th century machinery was changing the means of production, and managers needed to find more efficient ways of production. Traditional methods of production, where a worker did all the steps to manufacture a good...
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...|Qualification |Unit number and title | |Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Business (QCF) |Unit 3: Organisations and Behaviour | |Student name and ID number |Assessor name | | |Joseph Tawiah (Module Leader) | |Date issued |Completion date |Submitted on | | 25th January 2016 |22nd April 2016 before midday | | |Internal Verifier | | |Assignment title | Toyota Motor Corporation | |Instructions2o |An electronic copy of your assessment must be fully uploaded by the deadline date and time. | | |You must submit one single...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE APPROACHES FOR ORGANIZATIONS and change Management thinking and perspective in their approach and examine three general groupings are possible: The development of perspective-Postmodernism -Management and organizational issues facing views the emergence of sociological and economic aspects Under-developed concept of globalization and information age, practice, and approaches ... Postmodernism as a system of thought in the social sciences, aims to get rid of established thought patterns, all kinds of scientific research and accumulated know-how critical, is a kind of revolt that established order, which represents a point of view sees everything relative. Differences in terms of management encourages creativity. People the "right" to impose s, rather than leave them completely free and should be given opportunity to make their own wish. Organizations to adapt to their environment to provide informed viewing decisions taken opinions as "adaptation-adaptation approach" is called. Organization theory, the "ecological vision", "population ecology" or "organizational population ecology model", also known as the main idea of this view is the following: How do living things in nature is a natural choice (selection), sieved and finding a part of life evolved over the lives of others is processing an evolution, it is similar to the situation in the world of organizations. Eliminated in stopping the activities...
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...Throughout time, the term and understanding of management has been questioned, modified and tested. Today, management can be developed and placed nearly anywhere in a workplace and is essential in the efficiency and effectiveness of any company. From the early thoughts Sun Tzu, Scientists like Fredrick Winslow Taylor to the theories of Mcgregor; the true definition of management is not yet set in stone. This report’s goal is to study and describe the many definitions of management, try to comprehend the reasons for their individual differences and/or similarities and it will also observe business ethics throughout this evolution. The theory of scientific management was the creation of Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911, pg 7): ‘Management is an art of knowing what to do, when to do and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way’. The theory and its belief was that there is one best way to do a task and by using scientific methods that ‘one best way’ can be established. F.W Taylor ‘was the first to synthesize and systematize the best that was known about the management of men and to point out the techniques by which art might be advanced in the future’(Aitken,1960,p.35), thus showing that Taylor was ahead of his time with his thinking about management and understood that management was an art. Hoxie argued however, that “Scientific management, fully and properly applied inevitably tends to the constant breakdown of the established craft and craftsmanship and the constant...
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...Scientific criticism to Geert Hofstede’s research Cross-cultural issues in European Human Resource Management Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 2 Hofstede’s findings 2 Hofstede’s Framework of Cultures 3 Power Distance (PD) 3 Individualism - Collectivism (IC) 3 Masculinity - Femininity (MF) 4 Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) 4 Long/short term orientation (LTO) 5 Some aspects of Hofstede’s model having provoked scientific criticism 5 Methodological issues 6 Cultural Homogeneity 7 National Divisions 7 Number and bipolarity of dimensions 7 Out-dated concept 8 Political Influences 9 Conclusion 9 References 10 Abstract The high level of multiculturalism in the field of business indicates to raise awareness about cultural understanding. Researches in that line major refer to Greert Hofstede, who analyzes dynamics of cross-cultural groups and organizations. Undoubtedly, his model is as widely cited as criticized, because it is well-known pioneering research of national culture differences and their consequences. In this short paper, I am going to examine Hofstede’s findings and the reason why his work faces criticism. Introduction Culture in business has been of utmost interest for the last two decades, and with increasing national diversity in nowadays business environment, culture itself is regarded as an important dimension. The beginning of a pilot study in that sphere refers to the Dutch social psychologist Greert Hofstede and his...
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...with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. Process Theories deal with the “process” of motivation and is concerned with “how” motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a “process” perspective. 1. Content Theories about Motivation Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs When motivation theory is being considered the first theory that is being recalled is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he has introduced in his 1943 article named as “A Theory of Human Motivation”. According to this theory, individual strives to seek a higher need when lower needs are fulfilled. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, it no longer serves as a source of motivation. Needs are motivators only when they are unsatisfied. In the first level, physiological needs exist which include the most basic needs for humans to survive, such as air, water and food. In the second level, safety needs exist which include personal security, health, well-being and safety against accidents remain. In the third level, belonging needs exit. This is where people need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. It is about relationships, families and friendship. Organizations fulfill this need for people. In the fourth level, self-esteem needs remain. This is where people looks to be respected and to have self-respect. Achievement needs, respect of others are in this level. In the top-level...
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...Also they have factories in Kaludawela (Matale) and Palamuna (Baticalo). 100 workers are working in Warakamura factory and Matale factory. And Bank of Ceylon (BOC) government service sector serving nationally and internationally. Both organizations are trying to achieve their organizational objectives by different management and leadership styles. 02. DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Managers are the people who guide on towards achieve organizational objectives effectively and efficiently. It can be describe as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organization members and of using all resources to achieve goals. Figure I: Functions of management In order to help identify main trends in the development of organizational behavior and management theory, it is usual to categories the work of writers into various ‘approaches’, based on their views of organizations, their structure and management. Human relation Contingency Classical Systems Scientific management Administrative management Bureaucracy management Figure...
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...A TERM PAPER ON SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMICS BY ODESOLA, MOSES OLALEKAN SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND MANAGEMENT LECTURER-IN-CHARGE MR. T. A. G. OKEOWO INTRODUCTION It is not easy to say in a sentence what the subject, ‘micro economic’ means without explaining the meaning of economic. Economic can be looked at from various angles and hence each scholars can give their own definition of the subject. It is a social science, and social science is the studies of the behaviors of human being unlike other social science such as philosophy, sociology, political science, anthropology etc. There are many definition of economics, the earliest definition were usually in term of wealth such as the one by Adam Smith who defined economic as: an inquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of the nation. Later on J.S Mill defined economics as the practical science of production and distribution of wealth. Davenport defined economics as the practical science that treats phenomena from the stand point of price. Prof. pigou in his own definition describes the subject as having a lot to do with welfare while Alfred marshal defined economics as a study of mankind in the ordinary business life. Lord Lionel C. Robbins defined economics as ‘the science which studies human behaviors as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses’. It can therefore be safely said that economic is the study of production, distribution, exchange...
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...1.2. Differentiate between leadership and management. According to the extract how can leaders become more effective? Discuss. Leadership and management are two terms which have been used hand in hand and sometimes are often used interchangeably to describe positions in which one may direct a group of people. The might sound similar but they have different meaning and are one of the most researched topics in business management today. Today’s groups, organizations, and teams need both effective leaders and effective managers to run a successful operation. While some obvious similarities (i.e. they both involve influencing constituents or employees; authority and power are generally given with both positions) can be found between leadership and management, there are also some striking differences (i.e. management is often more task-oriented; leadership is often considered more inspirational and visionary). Management refers to roles which typically involve the supervision of employees. The depth or reality of a manager’s responsibility may differ depending on his position, for example a human resources manager has to ensure that his subordinates arrange and carry out recruitment to occupy vacant company positions, while a finance manager has to organize the collection of commercial trends and aid decision making of the higher-ups based on analyses. The manager is responsible for creating and executing plans based on organization’s goals set by the superiors and to measure...
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...People management could be defined as a concept that relies on change and flexibility over periods of time. Nowadays in this fast-moving world where new technologies and innovations lay in the foreground of the business, management improvements are inevitable – ‘The nature of work and industrial organisation is truly changing with unnerving speed’ ( Kumar,1991,p201, Bradley, 1999). This perception has been a subject of many discussions and analyses and is still very relevant and popular among the managers worldwide. Therefore considering management development as a crucial part from the giant machine called ‘industrial business’, my chosen organisation is a massive global company with strong history heritage in this current area. In this essay the main topic for discussion will be how Unilever changed its management strategies in terms of its people over the years based on a few management ideologies, and what are the positive and negative outcomes from these alterations. The basic management theories which are going to be used are Systematic management (Taylorism, Fordism), People Management and Environmental Management as well as some additional theories which will support and clarify the made arguments in order to be achieved both depth and breadth of the critical analysis. The main reason why Unilever was chosen to be discussed in this paper is because it is one of the most successful organisations in the fast-moving consumer goods industry today, with strong, built...
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...CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE CSS105 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Course Developer Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla Course Writer University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Course Co-ordinator Dr. Godwin Ifidon Oyakhiromen National Open University of Nigeria Lagos. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Annex 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street Central Business District Opposite Arewa Suites Abuja e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng National Open University of Nigeria 2006 First Printed 2006 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by Goshen Print Media Ltd For National Open University of Nigeria iii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE Contents Introduction......................................................................... Aims................................................................................... Objectives........................................................................... Working through the Course.............................................. Course Materials................................................................ Study Units........................................................................ Textbooks and References.................................................. Assessment.......................................
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