...characteristics of American health care of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S. health care system?” The main historical developments that have shaped the health care delivery system in the United States. Knowledge of the history of health care is essential for understanding the main characteristics of the system as it exists today. For example, the system’s historical foundations explain why health care delivery in the United States has been resistant to national health insurance, which has been adopted by Canada and most European nations. Traditionally held American cultural beliefs and values, technological advances, social changes, economic constraints, and political opportunism are the main historical factors that have shaped health care delivery Because of these factors, health care in the United States is mainly a private industry, but it also receives a fairly substantial amount of financing from the government. However, government financing is used mainly ▪ Cultural beliefs and values • Self-reliance ▪ • Welfare assistance only for the most needy ▪ Social factors • Demographic shifts • Immigration • Health status• Urbanization ▪ Advances in science and technology • New treatments • Training of health professionals • Facilities and equipment Major changes driven by social, cultural, technological, economic, and political forces will be instrumental in shaping the future of medical services in the United States. These...
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... C. Toward National Citizenship III. Federalism Today A. Interdependency and Intergovernmental Relations B. Government Revenues and Intergovernmental Relations 1. Fiscal Federalism 2. Categorical and Block Grants C. Devolution 1. The Republican Revolution 2. Devolution, Judicial Style IV. The Public’s Influence: Setting the Boundaries of Federal-State Power Chapter Summary The foremost characteristic of the American political system is its division of authority between a national government and the states. The first U.S. government, established by the Articles of Confederation, was essentially a loose alliance of states. In establishing the basis for a more powerful national...
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...Social Welfare Policy Paper: Public Assistance Jennifer Shellhammer University of New England Abstract This paper will discuss a Social Welfare Policy, specifically, public assistance. I have created an overview and provided a concise description of welfare and public assistance, along what social problems it attempts to address. Additionally, it will provide the historical background of public assistance and the economic and political forces which have influenced its development. Furthermore, it will explain the functions of public assistance that people observe and expect, while also addressing what functions are not recognized. Lastly, the paper will provide arguments made for and against public assistance, and what has been said by politicians, and other experts. Concluding, I have also expressed my own perspective on this issue and what changes I would propose to its current state. Social Welfare Policy: Public Assistance The term “welfare” generally refers to programs established by the federal government to assist individuals who are unemployed and poor. Assistance is provided to the poor through several types of programs, which range anywhere from food stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, unemployment, to temporary cash assistance and several forms of housing assistance. These programs were created to prompt effort and attention on specific problem areas and to prevent the deterioration of necessary and essential conditions for individuals and families to successfully...
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...primitive accumulation of capital and the main theory is mercantilism. It is claimed of the theory that the only form of wealth is the metal---gold and silver. People can gain them though exchange and for a nation, it is to increase the social wealth. Hereby, the way to gain gold and silver is international trade. II. THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE THEORIES: 1. CLASSICAL INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY In the late 1790s, the point of mercantilism was challenged by the classical economists. Based on criticizing the mercantilism, Adam Smith proposed the division of labor theory. It has been 41 years from Adam Smith proposed the absolute cost in his the Wealth of Nations in 1976 to David Ricardo proposed the comparative cost in his the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in 1817. This is the foundation period of international trade theory, that is, the Classical period. The absolute cost of Adam Smith is based on the division of labor theory. Adam introduced the division of labor theory to the field of international trade and established his absolute cost theory, thus demonstrating the fact that a nation can make the sources of each country most efficiently used to gain the increase of the total production, the enhance of consumption level and the save of labor time as long as the nation specially produce the products of which its production cost is lower than any other country in order to exchange the products of which the cost is high than any other country with its cost-low...
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...EXPANSION AND MERGER 1 1. Explain why government regulation is needed, citing the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. The consolidation of U.S. industry into increasingly powerful corporations spurred government intervention to protect small businesses and consumers. In 1890, Congress enacted the Sherman Antitrust Act, a law designed to restore competition and free enterprise by breaking up monopolies. In 1906, it passed laws to ensure that food and drugs were correctly labeled and that meat was inspected before being sold. In 1913, the government established a new federal banking system, the Federal Reserve, to regulate the nation's money supply and to place some controls on banking activities. The largest changes in the government's role occurred during the "New Deal," President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the Great Depression. During this period in the 1930s, the United States endured the worst business crisis and the highest rate of unemployment in its history. Many Americans concluded that unfettered capitalism had failed. So they looked to government to ease hardships and reduce what appeared to be self-destructive competition. Roosevelt and the Congress enacted a host of new laws that gave government the power to intervene in the economy. Among other things, these laws regulated sales of stock, recognized the right of workers to form unions, set rules for wages and hours, provided cash benefits to the unemployed and retirement...
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...government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease. B) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase. C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national economic welfare. D) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national economic welfare. E) None of the above. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 2) The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in A) world prices of imports. B) the consumption distortion loss triangle. C) the production distortion loss triangle. D) Both B and C. E) None of the above. Answer: E Question Status: Previous Edition 3) Judging by the changes in the height of tariff rates in major trading countries, the world has been experiencing a great A) trade liberalization. B) surge of protectionism. C) lack of progress in the trade-policy area. D) move towards regional integration. E) None of the above. Answer: A Question Status: Previous Edition 4) The World Trade Organization (WTO) was organized as a successor to the A) IMF. B) UN. ...
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...September 2013) was a British economist and author. He was the Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927–29, Coase entered the London School of Economics, where he took courses with Arnold Plant. He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991. Coase, who believed economists should study real markets, not theoretical ones, established the case for the corporation as a means to pay the costs of operating a marketplace. Coase is best known for two articles in particular: "The Nature of the Firm" (1937), which introduces the concept of transaction costs to explain the nature and limits of firms, and "The Problem of Social Cost" (1960), which suggests that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities (see Coase theorem). Coase is also often referred to as the "father" of reform in the policy for allocation of the electromagnetic spectrum, based on his article "The Federal Communications Commission" (1959), where he criticises spectrum licensing, suggesting property rights as a more efficient method of allocating spectrum to users. Additionally, Coase's transaction costs approach is currently influential in modern organizational economics, where it was reintroduced by Oliver E. Williamson. Biographical My father, a methodical man, recorded in his diary that I was born at 3:25 p.m. on December 29th, 1910. The place was a house, containing...
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...that great and that it’s better to be in touch with reality. It appears that Huxley only used drugs as a coping method to deal with his struggles and his problems in life. In “Brave New World” he describes a future world in which when people are upset and sad the government provides them with a drug, which is assumed to be opium, to make them fall into this imaginary, unreal world to cope with their unhappiness. He describes this state of non-reality as a “soma”. Huxley probably turned to drugs because of his impairment in sight not allowing him to pursue his true dreams along with the death of his mother. “Deprivation of soma- what an appalling thought” (Huxley, Brave New World p.192). He describes this world as a dystopia and later explains why this future world is corrupt. Whereas thirty years later, in his novel “Island” he believes that the drugs make you realize who you are and that you reach self-actualization. “Liberation […] the ending of sorrow, ceasing to be what you ignorantly think you are and becoming what you are in fact.” (Huxley, Island P.208). He describes Pala as a Utopia and his idea of a perfect society. The idea of drugs would express Huxley’s acceptance of such drugs and partaking in these drugs becomes a part of who he is. In his early life he is curious about drugs but only uses them to cope, but his unconscious psychological thought is that he wants to be consumed by drugs. Huxley reaches his own personal Utopia when he is under the influence of psychedelic...
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...This paper will identify major historical turning points during War World II and through the 1970’s while analyzing the impact the war had on America’s current society, economy, politics and culture. I will also discuss why America in the late 1930’s wanted to stay out of the European conflict that became WWII, which is one of the greatest debates of all time. We examine the important role that women played in winning the war and what outcomes came from their hard work that impacted women today. Many civil rights movements developed during this time also, and we discuss many breakthroughs that moved African Americans forward because of the war. I will describe ways in which the Vietnam War brought political awareness to a new generation of young Americans and to conclude I talk about President’s Johnson’s “Great Society” agenda that are still in place today that we benefit from if it had not been for the war. All these things are what make WWII known for the Greatest War of all time even after World War I. The war prompted a tremendous mobilization of American resources, at a level unseen since the Civil War. Long-quiet industries were revitalized, the agricultural sector started to grow again, and the American economy ramped up from that of the low production of the Great Depression years to the most powerful economy in the world. The economy showed the most remarkable improvement. World War II initiated the most significant federal management of the economy in American History...
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...The first video in the video case assignment was Milton Friedman – Population and Ecology. The video was from a 1977 Q and A session where Professor Friedman takes on an environmental query. The first question Dr. Friedman was asked was; in light of the pressures from the ecology and population, how should this alter the economic policies of our country? Dr. Friedman replied that the U.S. is under populated by the standards of almost any place in the world. What is desirable is a system in which parents, people who choose to have children, bear the costs and the full responsibility of those children. If we have a system of this kind under which you do not artificially encourage population or artificially discourage population, then you will end up with the right population. The figment of Malthusianism is real in some parts of the world, but it has not been real in the advanced countries of the world. Dr. Friedman says, the rate of population growth has been slowing down in the United States. Most of the country now has fewer people per acre than it did 100 years ago. This is because people have voluntarily chosen to move to bigger cities. Dr. Friedman says the only reason we have so much more attention to ecology and population today than we did 50 or 75 years ago, is because we are rich enough to be able to afford the luxury. The water is cleaner and safer to drink today than it was 100 years ago. Not only is the water cleaner in the U.S., but it is cleaner all over the world...
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...international free trade system which exists today was in large part developed due to the experience of the economic crisis of the 1930s and the Second World War. This was a protectionist era in which nations placed high trade barriers mainly in the form of tariffs, to protect their own industries, completely ignoring the benefits of comparative advantage and free trade. The prevailing belief after the Second World War was that national policies, preventing international trade were the major reason behind the economic downfall in the 1930s and to prevent a return of the depression, the US envisioned a global system to facilitate freer trade and political stabilisation. It was for these reason that that the general agreement on tariffs and trade otherwise known as GATT came into being. The purpose of this report is to identify the achievements of the GATT and how countries have benefited from the multilateral trading system it help to create. The report will look the challenges they have encountered, such as the grey area measures and how that lead countries to discriminate against one another. Furthermore it will look at the problem of agriculture and why this sector was treated differently to other sectors. The GATT Framework The GATT was established in 1947 by 23 nations in Geneva. It contained 38 articles and aimed to serve 2 main purposes. Firstly its aim was to...
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...and correlational analysis suggested that the Democratic Party and Republican Party are polarized in regards to racial issues. Moreover, conservative whites are the most likely racial group to hold racial prejudices against African-Americans. Finally, disapproval of President Obama is highly associated with high levels of negative racial stereotypes. Keywords: race, antipathy, conservatism, prejudices, Obama Is Racial Antipathy Increasing? The Polarizing Effect of Obama’s Presidency In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African-American to become President of the United States. His election marked a pivotal turning point in American politics. To millions, Obama’s election signaled the start of a post-racial America. The country was infused with euphoria as citizens from diverse backgrounds celebrated his historical victory. For a brief period, grievous injuries and acts of unkindness committed throughout America’s history were forgiven. Citizens who had constructed emotional barriers, in response to racial discrimination, now waved American flags proudly. Citizens...
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...open system 12 3.5 Morden organization and traditional organization 12 III. Scientific management and Human relation approach in organization 13 1. Scientific management in modern organization 13 2. Human relation approach in modern organization 15 IV. Conclusion 16 V. References 16 Executive summary The objective of this essay is to evaluate whether scientific and human relation management are still implemented in organization in the 21st century. Many parts of these theories was considered such as definition, father of scientific management and human relation approach, other theorist of these theories and pros and corn of them. Besides, theory of or organization was provided with answer clearly purpose. After all theory, which involved assignment question, was mentioned, the main answer will be shown. I. Introduction Scientific management and human relations approach are two popular theories which were published by Frederick W. Taylor and Elton May since 1911 and 1930 respectively. Both of these theories significantly influenced in...
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...THE SOCIAL FORCES BEHIND TRADE UNION FAILURE TO PROTECT WORKERS INTERESTS IN TANZANIA: A specific look at the Tanzania Teachers Union (TTU) Eric Michael Mattaba B.A (Sociology) Dissertation University of Dar es Salaam August 2015 THE SOCIAL FORCES BEHIND TRADE UNION FAILURE TO PROTECT WORKERS INTERESTS IN TANZANIA: A specific look at the Tanzania Teachers Union (TTU) By Eric Michael Mattaba A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Sociology) of the University of Dar es Salaam University of Dar es Salaam August 2015 CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that they have read and hear by recommend for acceptance by the University of Dar es Salaam a dissertation entitled: The social forces behind trade union failure in protecting workers interest in Tanzania: A specific look at the Tanzania Teachers Union (TTU), in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Sociology) of the University of Dar es Salaam Mr. Armstrong Matogwa (Supervisor) DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Eric Michael Mattaba, hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. Signature………………………………….. This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments in that behalf, on intellectual property...
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...it was a necessary beginning to establishing and later asserting their power. As the great suffragist Millicent Garrett Fawcett stated, women’s suffrage did ‘not in itself represent any extensive change for it would come as a necessary corollary of other changes’. From 1918 onwards, while the limited suffrage opened by the Representation of the People Act provided the vehicle for the changes British women desired to see in their society, feminists and people with an interest in women’s issues were well aware that much work had to be done in order to contribute to their progression in political life. This essay will begin with a brief summary of the state of women prior to 1918, as well as the aspirations and expectations of suffragists and anti-suffragists. Following this, it will describe how women were subsequently viewed as voters and political leaders by others of their sex, men, and the various political parties. The essay will assess how women sought to secure their interests, both politically and socially, and which methods were most effective. While significant changes for women did not happen quickly or immediately, this essay seeks to communicate the optimistic view that with time and the on-going determined efforts of feminists and other interested parties, women’s status in political life is becoming increasingly stronger, accepted, and respected. To understand the effectiveness of the vote it is necessary to first establish what women’s political status was prior...
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