...9. Explain whether this research has external validity. The external validity for this study is very high. Children make false allegation and they shouldn’t be used for witness in some serious cases. Kids might say that they are abuse even when really they are just being punished for something they did wrong. They sometime can’t tell the difference. They might go to school, talk to their teacher about it and include some false allegation with it. Their teacher might take it seriously and make it a big deal. So we shouldn’t just take the kids side and take other opinions as well. 10b. Apply the concepts in this research to your Avatar. For example, you might describe how this research has made you understand your Avatar better, or...
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...Chapter 10: Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Answers to Review Questions 10.1. What is a confounding variable, and why do confounding variables create problems in research studies? An extraneous variable is a variable that MAY compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. A confounding variable (also called a third variable) is a variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable (it’s the type that we know is a problem, rather than the type that might potentially be a problem). 10.2. Identify and define the four different types of validity that are used to evaluate the inferences made from the results of quantitative studies. 1. Statistical conclusion validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are related and the strength of that relationship. 2. Internal validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables. 3. Construct validity. • Definition: The extent to which a higher-order construct is well represented (i.e., well measured) in a particular research study. 4. External validity. • Definition: The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes...
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...behavior change to the second and then to the third. Establishing functional similarity and independence among target behaviors may not be easy. There are many variables that can impact internal validity some of those are history, maturation, testing effects, and instrumentation to name a few. The time to be concerned with internal validity is in the design phase when careful consideration needs to be used when which variable will be observed and recorded and this is the time to identify any rival behaviors because after he intervention is ran it is too late. Other behavior issues could surface with Steve and he may transfer his behavior to another setting that would affect external validity. Sometimes when increasing internal validity it may decrease external validity. Uncontrolled variability can be reduced only if you identify its sources. The first step in identifying these uncontrolled variables are to graph the data and look for uncontrolled variables in the baseline. These will be evident if the data points on the graph show moderate to high levels of instability across observation periods. If the observed variation is within acceptable limits then you accept the observed effects as reliable. To establish external validity intrasubject replication must occur. The threat to external...
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...84 CHAPTER 3 Research design, research method and population 3.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 outlines the research design, the research method, the population under study, the sampling procedure, and the method that was used to collect data. The reliability and validity of the research instrument are addressed. Ethical considerations pertaining to the research are also discussed. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN It is the blueprint for conducting the study that maximises control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings. Designing a study helps the researcher to plan and implement the study in a way that will help the researcher to obtain intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation (Burns & Grove 2001:223). 3.3 RESEARCH METHOD A quantitative, descriptive approach was adopted to investigate reasons why women who requested TOP services failed to use contraceptives effectively. 3.1 Quantitative This is a quantitative study since it is concerned with the numbers and frequencies with which contraceptive challenges were experienced by women who requested TOP services in terms of the 85 CTOP Act (no 92 of 1996) in the Gert Sibande District of the Mpumalannga Province of the RSA, during August and September 2003. 3.2 Description This study was descriptive because it complied with the characteristics of descriptive research as stipulated by Brink and Wood (1998: 283). • Descriptive designs...
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...Q- Explain the concept of Validity and Reliability in Measurement? Also define different types of Validity and reliability discussed in lectures. Note: Remember, I want quality work, so write in your own words. In case of copy paste, marks will be deducted. ------X------X------X------X------ Validity: Validity means that how much important test measurement ant what it is design or purpose to measure validity measure in degree as a process, validation includes collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument. There are lot of statistical test which measure the validity of quantitative instruments Types of Validity: There are several forms of validity In the context of experimental design there are two terms external validity and internal validity External Validity: In external validity the result shows from a sample to a population. We take data directly from sampling when we establish external validity for an instrument. Content Validity: Content validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept. The more the scale items represent the domain of the concept being measured, the greater the content validity. In others words content validity is a function of how well the dimensions and elements of a concept have been delineated Face validity: Face validity is considered by some a basic and minimum index of content validity. Face validity shows that the items that are intended to measure...
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...Out-of-Class Assignment #3 Chapter 9: 1. Distinguish between the following: a) Internal validity and external validity. b) Preexperimental design and quasi-experimental design. c) History and maturation. d) Random sampling, randomization, and matching. e) Environmental variables and extraneous variables. a) Validity is defined in experimentation as whether a measure accomplishes what we think previously or not. There are different types of validity, but the two main varieties are internal and external validity. Internal validity answers the question- do the obtained results have a relationship with what we demonstrated in the experiment? Does the experiment show the real cause of what we draw in the conclusion? It is judged by how well it meets the seven internal validity threats. External validity explain if the observed causal relationship can be generalize among persons, settings, and times. It concerns with the relationship between experimental treatment and other factors. It is used when we have larger population. b) Preexperimental designs are used to control contamination of the relationship that exists between independent and dependent variables. This design is very weak because it fails to control the threats to internal validity or to provide comparison groups that are truly equivalent. Quasi-experimental designs are field experiments that are more advanced than preexperimental. They have control over some of the variables. Using...
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...uminary ReviResearch Definitions and Study Guide for Luminary Comps HC3 - 2013 Ideology | Oversimplified explanations for social behavior that focus on one or a few variables to explain a social phenomenon. Ideologies are resistant to change and become entwined with moral, instead of empirical arguments. Begins and ends with facts. | Social Theory | A systematic, detailed means of explaining why a social phenomenon exists that recognizes the influences of a multitude of factors, is subject to change, and avoids moral arguments in favor of empirical arguments. Begins with a question and ends with facts. | Concepts or Constructs | Abstract terms people use to describe reality. People may share general definitions or understandings of a concept, but because they are abstract, the specific interpretation of these concepts among many people may differ. An abstraction. Cannot be measured directly. | Dimensions | A theoretical term used to describe clusters of concepts that together represent a broader, more complex concept. | Conceptual Definition | Is the working or “dictionary type” definition a researcher uses for a concept. It tends to be nonspecific | Operational Definition | Is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity. | Measurement | The process of observing concepts, as indicated by their operational definitions, and assigning some...
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...In human services research vast amounts of data are collected and analyzed to make decisions regarding the best interest in humans. Majority of data that is collected in human services research are based on tests. It is very important that these tests are reliable and valid. The following paragraphs will explore reliability, and validity. This paper will also explore data collection methods and data collection instruments that are used in human services research, and managerial research. Types of Reliability Reliability is defined as “the quality or state of being reliable; specifically: the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials” ("Reliability," 2011). There are five types of reliability: alternate-form, internal-consistency, item-to-item, judge-to-judge, and test-retest reliability. Alternate-form reliability is the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability is how reliable the test is as a whole or how judges score (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Item-to-item reliability and judge-to-judge reliability are almost the same. Item-to-item reliability is the reliability of any single item on average and judge-to-judge is the reliability of any singe judge on average (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Finally test-retest reliability is the degree of stability of a measuring instrument or test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). All types of reliability...
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...Types of Validity: External Validity: External validity should be thought up in a way of generalization. It is generalized in a form of population, setting, treatment variables, or measurement. External validity can usually be split into two separate types, which are population and ecological validity and they both help provide understanding to the experimental design and the strength of it (McBurney & White, 2009). Population Validity: The type of validity that helps put the population as a whole into perspective is population validity. The goal is for the sample to represent the population as a whole in order to collect data. In order to conduct this type of research it has to be done at random and different locations in order to receive an accurate picture of the population as a whole (McBurney & White, 2009). Ecological Validity: The second type of external validity is ecological validity, which focuses on testing the environment and determines how much behavior is influenced. The negative aspect to this type of test is receiving a clear picture on how the experiment compares to real world situations (McBurney & White, 2009). Internal Validity: Internal validity focuses in the researchers design in regards to an experiment and makes sure that they are following the principles of cause and effect. A better way of understanding internal validity is that it makes sure that there is not another possible cause that could have affected the outcome of the behavior...
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...understanding of methodology will facilitate our understanding of basic statistics. Validity A key concept relevant to a discussion of research methodology is that of validity. When an individual asks, "Is this study valid?", they are questioning the validity of at least one aspect of the study. There are four types of validity that can be discussed in relation to research and statistics. Thus, when discussing the validity of a study, one must be specific as to which type of validity is under discussion. Therefore, the answer to the question asked above might be that the study is valid in relation to one type of validity but invalid in relation to another type of validity. Each of the four types of validity will be briefly defined and described below. Be aware that this represents a cursory discussion of the concept of validity. Each type of validity has many threats which can pose a problem in a research study. Examples, but not an exhaustive discussion, of threats to each validity will be provided. For a comprehensive discussion of the four types of validity, the threats associated with each type of validity, and additional validity issues see Cook and Campbell (1979). Statistical Conclusion Validity: Unfortunately, without a background in basic statistics, this type of validity is difficult to understand. According to Cook and Campbell (1979), "statistical conclusion validity refers to inferences about whether it is...
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...(Hyllienmark et al., 2013). The study “High Incidence of post-Injury pneumonia in intensive care-treated trauma patients” is quantitative in nature it looks at the numerical data collected concerning the topic of pneumonia and ICU admitted patients. This is the article that I will use to incorporate into my paper. Define reliability and validity; explain concurrent and predictive validity. Although reliability must be considered in relation to validity they are both defined in different ways. Reliability can be defined as the obtainment of consistent measurements over time (Schmidt & Brown, 2012). Validity of a study can be defined as the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure (Schmidt & Brown, 2012). Validity is broken down into internal and external validity. Internal looks reviews if the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable. In contrast, external looks to see if the results generated from the study can be generalized to other settings and times (Schmidt & Brown, 2012). The chosen study was reviewed by the regional ethical review board in Stockholm, and deemed to have validity and reliability and has received ethical approval (Hyllienmark et al., 2013). Any study to be...
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...About Research at an Introductory Level? Why Use Research and the Scientific Method? In the field of mental health, professionals must be constantly looking for ways to help their patients (Cozby & Bates, 2012). Research is a way to explore what has been tried before. I have learned that understanding how to interpret the research can help you decide the legitimacy of the research and how to apply it to your situation. There are several ways to gather information to use to make decisions. This course has made me aware of the value of using the scientific method. While other methods rely on a feeling or personal judgment, the scientific method holds information to a higher standard. Ideas are looked at logically and others, to ensure validity, interpret conclusions (Cozby & Bates, 2012). I have learned that research has four goals: 1) To describe the behavior that is being observed. 2) To predict when that behavior will occur in order to help a broader population. 3) To determine the cause of the behavior being observed. 4) To explain why and understand the behavior...
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...Overview of Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are key concepts in measurement processes. Reliability refers to the stability of a test measure or protocol. It seems to be the way in scientific endeavors that we can take a simple concept and make the concept extremely difficult to comprehend; such is the case with reliability. There are various methods to determine reliability and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Our purpose here is to try to make since of the various reliability methods. To review, reliability is a measure of the stability or consistency of a test protocol. Measures of reliability are typically reported in terms of Pearson Correlation Coefficients. In brief, these correlation measures range from –1 to 1, with larger values indicating high relationships. Generally, 0.30 is considered minimum to indicate marginal reliability. If you conceptualize consistency as stability over time or stability from item to item then there are different approaches to the measure of reliability. Consistency or stability over time is measured by test – retest reliability. This type of reliability is “in-line” with the traditional view of reliability, and is usually measured by correlation tests given to a group of subjects twice over a tasteful period, during which nothing has happen to your participants to effect their results. Therein lays, the major disadvantage of this method of reliability. Other problems are concerned with...
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...Jennifer Propes Professor Jack Lesser MKTG618-1503B-01 Phase 3 I.P. What has changed in the environment that is a source of concern for you? From reading the scenario the Italian population has moved out of Brighton to the suburbs and Vietnamese along with Hispanics have moved into the area so the problem is how are we going to change the bakery to best make the necessary changes to accommodate these two cultures but we have to realize that being on the east coast there are many other cultures moving and living in the area. How are these changes influencing your current objectives? This is going to require for the bakery to carry and change the products that they carry to serve these many cultures that are now living in the area, it will change the objective of doing more research to acquire the information of the current demographics of the area through the city census and U.S. census, find out how and what people shop and where for the most of their snacks, breakfast and breads. It is a good idea to find out how many shoppers have heard of the DiVito’s Bakery and how many have shopped there and if so how recent do they stop in this store. What do you already know about these changes? I already know that we have to make changes to perform survey’s to find out more information about the different cultures and what types of bakery foods are the types that they eat the most. It is important to know this so that we can change and supply these products so that they...
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...University of Phoenix Material Validity and Reliability Matrix For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50-100-word description of test’s application and under what conditions these types of reliability would be used as well as when it would be inappropriate. Then prepare a 50-100-word description of each test’s strengths and a 50-100-word description of each test’s weaknesses. |TEST of |Application and APPROPRIATENESS |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Reliability | | | | |Internal |“When you want to know if the item on a test assess one, and only one |The imbalance circulation of element correlation or |By using the degree of correlated items to measure,| |Consistency |dimension” (Salkind,N, pg.108). This test would be "used when you want|extreme values of correlations do not alter the |consistency internally is not a correct choice when| | |to know whether the items on a test are consistent with one another” |general factor. The internal arrangement of |the outcome of the test is not one-dimensional. | | |(Salkind,N. 2011 pg110). It would be appropriate to use this...
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