...INTRODUCCIÓN Actualmente, Colombia está pasando por un proceso en el cual se están generando diálogos de paz con uno de los grupos insurgentes al margen de la ley, las FARC-EP (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo), para dar una solución al conflicto armado que hoy en día tiene lugar en el país, principalmente causado por grupos subversivos como las FARC y el ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional). En el siguiente documento, se contextualizará un poco acerca del comienzo de los conflictos armados en Colombia y una breve descripción de estos dos grupos insurgentes. Después de esta contextualización histórica, se dará paso a desarrollar el tema de los procesos y negociaciones de paz que ha llevado a cabo el Gobierno Colombiano a lo largo de la lidia con estos grupos armados. Para esto, el documento estará basado en escritos, revistas, y libros de algunos autores que han hecho estudios e investigaciones en cuanto a esta temática. EL CONFLICTO ARMADO El conflicto armado en Colombia tiene sus inicios en el siglo XIX, cuando los partidos políticos liberales y conservadores no hallaban otra solución a sus diferencias ideológicas, más que utilizar la violencia. Estos dos partidos políticos limitaban a la política en Colombia, al servicio de los intereses de la elite, y excluían totalmente a la sociedad. Fueron entonces estas situaciones las que llevaron a la conformación de grupos insurgentes al margen de la ley como las FARC y el ELN, ambos creados...
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...Latin America & Caribbean Studies 16 December 2013 FARC: Terrorist Group or Freedom Fighters? The ever-on going debate regarding whether or not the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) are terrorist or freedom fighters has not yet been settled, after careful evaluation it is very clear. According to Webster's dictionary, a terrorist is “someone who uses the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear to promote political change.” All terrorists commit violent acts. A freedom fighter is “one who seeks political change for their people and use violence only as a stirrer.” So how can we differentiate the FARC in order to know if they are actually helping or hurting the country of Colombia? Colombia today is in a major crisis. Guerrilla groups, approximately 20,000 guerrillas in arms and only 7,000 to 11,000 paramilitary members, control large areas of the countryside. The government has no legitimate monopoly of force and is extremely weak; it does not and cannot effectively protect its citizens. Colombia has been in tumult with the Marxist-Leninist group called FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) for almost fifty years. The FARC was founded in the 1960s, but its roots are found further back from the Violence. From 1948 to 1958, supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties fought a civil war that killed some 200,000 people. The horrific violence of the period was only nominally about partisan politics. Mainly rural, Violence was...
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...A02-01-0021 American Mining Company (AMC) in Colombia AMC Moves to Colombia By the end of 2000, the American Mining Company (AMC) had finished moving nearly all of its coal operations from the southern United States to its premier mine in Northeast Colombia. Despite telling its workers that the company would not transfer its operations abroad, AMC closed nine mines over a five-year period, firing over 5,000 United Mine Workers. Only one surface mine and one underground mine were left operational in the US, with plans to close both by 2003. AMC was one of the leading coal mining companies in the United States for the previous half century, with coal holdings of over 1.3 billion short tons and revenues of nearly US $1 billion. Worldwide, AMC enjoyed a reputation of providing high quality coal, reliable delivery, and excellent service. Before the shift to Colombia, AMC was one of the top 300 largest private companies in the United States. The company had also begun diversifying into real estate developments on both the US east and west coasts. Colombia provided numerous advantages for AMC. First, the country’s low wages provided a much cheaper labor force in comparison to the high hourly salaries of the US mine workers. Wages for Colombian mine workers, for example, ranged from $500 to $1,000 a month, while US mine workers received over $3,000 monthly plus benefits. Moreover, the company would also not have to contend with the burdensome labor restrictions of the US mine union...
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...14 December, 2013 The Impact of United States Drug Policy on Mexico and Colombia Drugs are not new to this Earth. Mankind has grown and consumed drugs for millennia. Marijuana, or more appropriately Cannabis, is indigenous to Central and South Asia, and has been consumed widely since 3000 B.C.E. (ElSohly 8). In more recent times (1938), Albert Hoffman synthesized Lysergic acid diethylamide, more commonly known as LSD, while searching for treatments for psychiatric diseases (Hoffman). Initially, many drugs were used in religious/spiritual functions. In several instances, the strong fibers of the Cannabis plant were used for building, much like jute, and the narcotic aspects of the plants were not even explored (ElSohly 8). However, today, drugs are frequently used recreationally, and as a result are highly profitable commodities. It is common knowledge that across the world, the vast majority of drugs are illegal or are restricted in some way. Almost nightly, proponents for the legalization of drugs, decriminalization of certain drugs, and the continued ban on drugs debate their positions through the media. This debate is a hot button issue that is almost entirely centered upon the views and policies of the world’s largest drug consumer, the United States of America (CIA Factbook). Governments and the media very often focus on drug consumption trends and drug flow into the United States, while largely ignoring Latin American perspectives and impacts on Latin America. Though...
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...Institutional, and Cultural Context of Colombia Michael N. Yuede Missouri State University Abstract This paper studies the Colombian culture and how it affects business relations. First, the Colombian country is explored, examining the geographical location and environment, demographics, economy, religion, and the historical, legal and ethical, and social context. Geert Hofstede’s, Fons Trompenaars’, and GLOBE’s models of national culture infer ways to behave in any given culture, and in this case, Colombia. Differences can be seen between the United States’ and Colombia’s culture after exploring the models, suggesting ways to adapt to the new culture and act appropriately in a business environment. After studying the models, the cultural descriptions and aspects, including Colombia’s collectivistic and high power distance nature, give future managers and expatriates the implications necessary to become legitimized in the eyes of other businesses and the government. Additionally, the implications help predict employee behaviors and motivators, as well as human resource management policies that should be implemented into the business. However, in order to fully understand the Colombian culture, an individual must live in that country for a period of time to experience the culture first hand. Environmental, Institutional, and Cultural Context of Colombia In order to better understand how to interact in a business environment in Colombia, it is important to know about the...
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...unter www.auwi-bayern.de → Rubrik „Länder“ abrufbar. 2 Herausgeber, Medieninhaber (Verleger) und Hersteller: AUSSSENWIRTSCHAFT AUSTRIA Wiedner Hauptstraße 63, Postfach 150, 1045 Wien, Redaktion: Publikationen, Telefon: 05 90 900-4321, 4214, Telefax: 05 90 900-255, E-Mail:: aussenwirtschaft.publikationen@wko.at, http://wko.at/aussenwirtschaft Die Unterlage zu dieser Veröffentlichung stellte das zuständige AußenwirtschaftsCenter zur Verfügung. Hinweis: Im Sinne einer leichteren Lesbarkeit werden geschlechtsspezifische Bezeichnungen nur in ihrer männlichen Form angeführt. © AUSSENWIRTSCHAFT AUSTRIA Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte, insbesondere die Rechte der Verbreitung, der Vervielfältigung, der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks und die Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege durch Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder andere elektronische Verfahren sowie der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, der AUSSENWIRTSCHAFT AUSTRIA vorbehalten. Die Wiedergabe mit Quellenangabe ist vorbehaltlich anders lautender Bestimmungen gestattet. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass alle Angaben trotz sorgfältiger Bearbeitung ohne Gewähr erfolgen und eine Haftung der AUSSENWIRTSCHAFT AUSTRIA ausgeschlossen ist. Darüber hinaus ist jede gewerbliche Nutzung dieses Werkes der...
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...Territorios de diferencia: Lugar, movimientos, vida, redes Arturo Escobar Departamento de Antropología Universidad de Carolina del Norte, Chapel Hill Territorios de diferencia: Lugar, movimientos, vida, redes Arturo Escobar Departamento de Antropología Universidad de Carolina del Norte, Chapel Hill © Envión Editores 2010. © Del autor Primera edición en ingles: Duke University Press. 2008 Titulo original: Territories of Difference. Place, Movements, Life, Redes. Primera edición en español Envión editores octubre de 2010 Traducción: Eduardo Restrepo Arte de la cubierta: Parte superior basada en un grabado producido por el programa Gente Entintada y Parlante, Tumaco, a comienzos de los noventa. Parte inferior, basada en una ilustración tomada de Los sistemas productivos de la comunidad negra del río Valle, Bahía Solano, Chocó, por Carlos Tapia, Rocío Polanco, y Claudia Leal, 1997. Mapas: Claudia Leal y Santiago Muñoz, Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá Diseño y Digramación: Enrique Ocampo C. © Copy Left. Esta publicación puede ser reproducida total o parcialmente, siempre y cuando se cite fuente y sea utilizada con fines académicos y no lucrativos. Las opiniones expresadas son responsabilidad de los autores. ISBN: 978-958-99438-3-0 Impreso por Samava Impresiones, Popayán, Colombia. Contenido Prefacio Agradecimientos Introducción: regiones y lugares en la era global Lugares y regiones en la era de la globalidad...
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...Attacks TERRORISME AÉRIEN Contrecarrer des attaques improbables à impacts élevés A Thesis Submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies of the Royal Military College of Canada by Jacques Duchesneau, C.M., C.Q., C.D. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 ©Jacques Duchesneau © This thesis may be used within the Department of National Defence but copyright for open publication remains the property of the author. ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA COLLÈGE MILITAIRE ROYAL DU CANADA DIVISION OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH DIVISION DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES ET DE LA RECHERCHE This is to certify that the thesis prepared by / Ceci certifie que la thèse rédigée par JACQUES DUCHESNEAU, C.M., C.Q., C.D. AVIATION TERRORISM Thwarting High-Impact Low-Probability Attacks complies with the Royal Military College of Canada regulations and that it meets the accepted standards of the Graduate School with respect to quality, and, in the case of a doctoral thesis, originality, / satisfait aux règlements du Collège militaire royal du Canada et qu'elle respecte les normes acceptées par la Faculté des études supérieures quant à la qualité et, dans le cas d'une thèse de doctorat, l'originalité, for the degree of / pour le diplôme de PHILOSOPHIÆ DOCTOR IN WAR STUDIES Signed by the final examining committee: / Signé par les membres du comité examinateur de la soutenance de thèse __________________________, Chair...
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