...the five-year period ended the settlers were able to purchase the land. The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad also enabled farmers to move out west. The railroads allowed the farmers to send their crops to markets on the coast where third parties were in charge of actually selling the crops. One big issue for the farmers was economic decline. Farmers were often victims of steep price drops and low profitability. Western farmers blamed the economic decline on multiple factors. Farmers blamed the railroads for high freight rates, banks for charging high interest rates on loans, monopolies held on grain silos, and third party middlemen. Middlemen were responsible for selling the farmer’s goods at the markets on the eastern coast. These middlemen often took a majority of the farmer’s profit as the stated in the Declaration of Purposes of...
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...Capitalism can be defined ideally as an economic system in which the major portion of production and distribution is in private hands, operating under what is termed a “profit” or “market” system. Socialism is an economic system characterized by public ownership of property and a planned economy. Capital, as an economic concept, is closely related to private property. When traditional restraints are removed from the sale of goods and from wages and when all individuals have equal access to raw materials and markets the doctrine of laissez faire, from the French meaning “to let people do as they choose”. Oligopolies—a concentration of property and resources, and thus economic power, in the hands of a few. Corporation—an artificial being, Invisible, intangible, and existing only in the contemplation of law. Limited liability is a key feature of the modern corporation. Consumer sovereignty: the idea that consumers should and do control the market through their purchases. Dependence effect: as a society becomes increasingly affluent, wants are increasingly created by the process by which they are satisfied. Moral vegetarians are people who reject the eating of meat on moral grounds. 2 In my opinion, Wal-Mart is an example of a morally bad corporation. There are three reasons to improve that: (1) Unfair competition. Our textbook describe it like this: “Some critics of capitalism maintain that capitalism breeds oligopolies that eliminate competition and concentrate...
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...COVER LETTER Street City, State Zip cell: 555-555-5555 Date Name Job Title Company Street City, State Zip Dear Ms. LastName, I am interested in applying for the scientific research summer internship position that was listed through the Name University Career Services Office. I have had a great deal of laboratory experience in chemistry, biology, and geology, both indoors and in the field. In the lab, I have performed chemical reactions and I am currently using microscopes to observe many specimens. In environmental field studies, I have conducted outdoor labs to assess water chemistry. Last summer, I worked as conservation assistant at Clumber National Park. I am seeking to complement this outdoor experience with a research internship in order to acquire the background necessary for a future career in scientific research. I believe that I would be an asset to your program. This internship would provide me with the ideal opportunity to assist at your organization and to expand my research skills. I will call next week to see if you agree that my qualifications seem to be a match for the position. If so, I hope to schedule an interview at a mutually convenient time. I look forward to speaking with you. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Signature FirstName LastName [Date] Ms. Rhonda West Customer Service Manager Acme Inc. 123 Corporate Blvd. Sometown, CO 50802 Re: Customer Service Representative Opening (Ref. ID: CS300-Denver) Dear...
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...History & heritage: origins of poverty The causes of poverty are quite overwhelming at first glance: from colonialism to industrialization, from political institutions to geography, corruption and so on. But they are extremely interesting to look at if you want to better understand how so many countries are where they are today. Each cause is rooted in a radically different phenomenon and each needs a specific solution. Heritage is unquestionably an essential factor among the causes of poverty. Colonization & slavery Most countries that started their modern history with great inequalities evolved into societies that often maintained such pattern of biased wealth distribution. And conversely for countries that began with more or less equal societies. So, countries that experienced colonization and slavery often had trouble getting rid of the inherited institutions and discrimination. Others like Canada or the US on the other hand have been doing much better since then. In the case of colonized countries such as Brazil, South Africa or the Caribbean islands, the remaining white population often inherited ownership of capital and means of production once the country became independent. “Poverty is the consequence of plunder. Behind every single form of modern poverty, you find the use of force.” (Dr. Oscar Guardiola-Rivera) The colonial influence 6 The role of resources and geography The former colonies in Latin America were exploited to export their...
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...INDUSTRIAL ANIMAL AGRICULTURE 1. Some definitions: What is ‘industrial animal agriculture’, and what are its properties? What are zoonoses? Industrial animal agriculture is a modern form of intensive farming that uses intensive production lines and is designed to produce the highest output at the lowest cost. Industrial farms use new technology which provides them with high mechanisation, speed in production and low labour requirements. The animals in industrial farms are kept usually indoors with extremely restricted mobility. Battery cages for laying hens and veal crates are just some of many examples of industrial farming. (Garces & Nierenberg, 2005) Zoonoses are any diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Some examples of zoonoses are : Avian Flu, Nipah Virus.(Graces et. al.,2005) 2. What are the main concerns for human health arising from industrial agriculture? Firstly industrial framings produce large amounts of manure that pollutes water and air. This pollution may cause many human diseases for example ‘blue baby syndrome’ or E.Coli poisoning. Secondly, the animals in some industrial farms are fed with antibiotics to promote growth and prevent diseases. This was also proven to be a danger for humans as widespread use of antibiotics results in breading super pathogens (drug resistant bacteria).Besides antibiotics there are also other toxic substances which are used to feed the animals on these farms. These toxins may be contaminated in animal...
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...The Future of Food Production The process that food consumed in America goes through to make its way to our mouths is like a Rube Goldberg contraption. The seemingly straightforward process of growing, raising, harvesting, and slaughtering goes on every day, completely hidden from consumers. Very few Americans are aware of the highly complicated, mechanized, and convoluted journey that any given bite of food takes from its origins in nature (or some manipulated approximation of it) to its destination on our plates. Although some people criticize the state of our food system, it is clear that it grew to be the international machine that it is because of demand. More than 300 million Americans want lots of food, meat especially, and they want it cheap. So like every other production process in this country, our food system has been industrialized to produce maximum food calories for the American people at minimum cost. This industrialization of our food system has allowed for population increase and higher standards of living. But there are significant problems with the industrial food system. Caught up in a drive to maximize production and profit, the industrial food system has grown to an unsustainable size. As food production has become increasingly industrialized, concern for the environment and the animals we eat has taken a backseat to expansion. Specialization, rather than integration, has become Forman 2 the hallmark of America’s farms. Rather...
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...milma - The goodness Kerala Wakes upto milma Annual Report 2011-2012 Annual milma Report 2011-12 Kerala Co-operative MilK MarKeting Federation ltd. Thiruvananthapuram 1 milma - The goodness Kerala Wakes upto milma CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Board of Directors AGM Notice Report for the year 2011-12 Review of Operations Centrally Sponsored Schemes Welfare and Developments Activities by Regional Unions KCMMF Units A. Central Products Dairy B. C. 8. Cattle Feed Plant, Pattanakkad & Malampuzha Milma Training Centre, Trissur Annual Divisions at KCMMF Headquarters A. Information Technology B. C. E. F. Purchase Quality Control Marketing Projects Report D. Milk Procurement & Input 2011-12 G. Human Resource Development H. Audit I. 9. 10. 11. 12. Finance Future Plans Acknowledgements Abstract of the Audited Accounts for the Year 2009 – 2010 Balance Sheet as on 31.03.2011 & 31.03.2012(Provisional) with schedules 13. Profit and Loss Account for the year 2010 – 2011 & 2011 – 2012 (Provisional) with schedules 3 milma - The goodness Kerala Wakes upto milma Annual 4 Report 2011-12 milma - The goodness Kerala Wakes upto milma BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR THE YEAR OF REPORT (As on 31.03.2012) Sri. P.T. Gopala Kurup Sri. T. K. Manojkumar IAS Sri. P.P. Gopinatha Pillai Sri. Kallada Ramesh Sri. M.T.Jayan Sri. B.S.Khanna Sri. S. Ayyappan Nair Adv. S. Sadasivan Pillai Sri. P.A. Balan Master Sri...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 2 TASK 1 3 1.1 Explain strategic contexts and terminology – missions, visions, objectives, goals, and core competencies. 3 1.2 Review the issues involved in strategic planning. 4 1.3 Explain different planning techniques. 5 Task 2 6 2.1 Produce an organisational audit for Evans Instruments Ltd. 6 2.2 Carry out an environmental audit for a given for Evans Instruments Ltd. 7 2.3 Explain the significance of stakeholder analysis. 9 TASK 3 10 3.1 Analyse possible alternative strategies relating to substantive growth, limited growth or retrenchment. 10 3.2 Select an appropriate future strategy for Evans Instruments Ltd 11 TASK 4 12 4.1 Compare the roles and responsibilities for strategy implementation. 12 4.2 Evaluate resource requirements to implement a new strategy for Evans Instruments Ltd. 13 4.3 Discuss targets and timescales for achievement in a given organisation to monitor a given strategy. 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Introduction When we are studying business we should need to understand the business strategy. Without proper strategy we can’t move on from the business and it’s like a man who walks without a head. So therefore we need to understand the those business strategy well. TASK 1 1.1 Explain strategic contexts and terminology – missions, visions, objectives, goals, and core competencies. Mission Mission is a fundamental statement of enterprise purpose and defined the place...
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...Imagine… a town of 5000 people where there is: no unemployment no pollution 100% recycling free health care a seemingly endless supply of a wide variety of organically gown produce – all incredibly delicious grown locally on some of the most fertile soil on Earth… in the heart of Africa! Imagine Africa rising! you will never see Africa the same way again! a project of Working Villages International Africa Rising: A MODEL FOR SELF-SUFFICIENT VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Alexander Petroff Chapter 1 A New Economic Development Model This book is a practical blueprint for the revitalization of Africa. It envisions nothing less than the complete transformation of Africa into an economic and social powerhouse – from being the basket case of the world to a guiding light - showing the people of the world an example of living in peace with each other and in harmony with Nature. Although great thought and years of research have gone into the formulation of this entirely new economic development model, this book is not simply a treatise on economic theory, but rather a practical outline that is at this very moment being gradually implemented. Economies are confined by the laws that protect and govern their development. The policy changes put forth in this model are just that - individual economic policy changes put in place to allow the economy to develop in a way that is most beneficial to the citizenry of an African village. This model does not rely on a new...
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...Globalisation describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and exchange. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture. Definitions An early description of globalization was penned by the American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897. However, it was not until the 1960s that the term began to be widely used by economists and other social scientists. It had achieved widespread use in the mainstream press by the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired numerous competing definitions and interpretations. The United Nations ESCWA has written that globalization "is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in an economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labour... although considerable...
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...Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Ford Company Background 4 3.0 Toyota Company Background 5 4.0 Scientific Management 6 5.0 Scientific Management in Ford Motor Company 7 6.0 Contingency Theory 10 7.0 Contingency Theory in Toyota 12 8.0 How Scientific Management impacts Ford’s Workers 14 9.0 How Contingency Theory Impacts Toyota’s Workers 16 10.0 Definition of Organizational Culture and Structure 18 11.0 Ford Organizational Culture 19 12.0 Ford Organizational Structure 20 13.0 Toyota Organizational Culture 21 14.0 Toyota Organizational Structure 23 15.0 Motivational Theories 24 16.0 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in Ford 25 17.0 Impacts of Hierarchy of Needs Theory 29 18.0 Goal-setting Theory in Toyota 30 19.0 Impacts Goal-setting Theory 32 20.0 Conclusion 33 21.0 References 34 1.0 Introduction One of the most important human activities is managing . Ever since people began forming groups to accomplish aims they could not achieve as individuals . Managing has been essential to ensure the coordination of individuals efforts . As society has come to rely increasingly on group effort as many organized groups have been grown larger , the task of managers have been rising in importance . The term management drives from latin word “Manu agere” which means to lead by hand . Lead by hand means , giving directions . It also implies that the leading person first goes where he or she wants to send the followers (Shied, 2010) . According to Drucker (1974) management...
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...Principles of Microeconomics, 8e (Case/Fair) Chapter 5: Elasticity Elasticity Multiple Choice Refer to the information provided in Figure 5.1 below to answer the questions that follow. [pic] Figure 5.1 1) Refer to Figure 5.1. The demand for tickets is A) perfectly elastic. B) perfectly inelastic. C) unitarily elastic. D) income elastic. Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: F 2) Price is determined entirely by demand when A) demand is downward sloping. B) demand is perfectly inelastic. C) supply is perfectly inelastic. D) supply is perfectly elastic. Answer: C Diff: 2 Type: D 3) When supply is perfectly inelastic, A) price is determined solely by supply. B) price is determined solely by demand. C) only the government can set the price. D) the price may be set by either supply or demand. Answer: B Diff: 2 Type: D 4) A ________ line is a perfectly price elastic demand curve. A) horizontal B) vertical C) positively sloped D) negatively sloped Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: F 5) A ________ line is a perfectly price inelastic demand curve. A) horizontal B) vertical C) positively sloped D) negatively sloped Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: F 6) When the price...
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...fair look at ’m shine Ten years of making Ten years of making chocolate 100% slave free chocolate 100% slave free we’re now nowyears on the way to to we’re ten ten years on the way 100% slave free free chocolate. We’ve been 100% slave chocolate. We’ve been supported, encouraged, challenged and and supported, encouraged, challenged eaten. We now now know how difficult it is eaten. We know how difficult it is to change an industry. We havehave grown to change an industry. We grown enormously and achieved results. enormously and achieved results. Here’s our timeline: Here’s our timeline: 2o10 2o10 2o09 2o09 Our bars are available in more more and Our bars are available in and We started the ‘Tony’s in We started the ‘Tony’s in more more stores, including supermarkets. Africa’ project: a study of stores, including supermarkets. Africa’ project: a study of Our revenue grows considerably from from cocoacocoa supply chain and Our revenue grows considerably the the supply chain and this pointpoint onward, which also this onward, which also ways ways to improve Fairtrade to improve Fairtrade sharply increases the amount of sharply increases the amount of certification. certification. cocoacocoa beans we need. beans we need. 2o11 2o11 2o05 2o05 2o06 2o06 2o08 2o08 2o07 2o07 The first Tony’s Chocolonely bar bar Tony’s goes official The first Tony’s Chocolonely Tony’s goes official comes on the market, after after...
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...Overview Printable Version (PDF) Tell a Friend Genetically-modified foods (GM foods) have made a big splash in the news lately. European environmental organizations and public interest groups have been actively protesting against GM foods for months, and recent controversial studies about the effects of genetically-modified corn pollen on monarch butterfly caterpillars1, 2 have brought the issue of genetic engineering to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U.S. In response to the upswelling of public concern, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held three open meetings in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Oakland, California to solicit public opinions and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for government approval of GM foods3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D.C., and here I will attempt to summarize the issues involved and explain the U.S. government's present role in regulating GM food. What are genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can...
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...Contents GCSE History Exemplars for Controlled Assessment 2015-2016 Topic Area 1: Political, social and economic developments in Wales and England in the nineteenth century and the twentieth centuries This document contains the WJEC set controlled assessment exemplars for topic area 1 that are available for award up to 2016. This should be used alongside the general guide to controlled assessment available on the WJEC website. Topic Area 1: Political, social and economic developments in Wales and England in the nineteenth century and the twentieth centuries Exemplar Tasks 1. The Rebecca Riots 2. Jack the Ripper’s London 3. The Depression of the 1930s 4. Quarrying in North Wales 5. Life in the 1960s Introduction Controlled Assessment is a compulsory unit for GCSE History. Please note the following advice: These exemplars are written in a consistent style to ensure comparability of demand. These exemplars can be used for entry in any year of the current specification. Centres must change their controlled assessment tasks each year Centres must submit a proposal form for each two year cycle demonstrating to WJEC that they are using different tasks in consecutive years. Centres who are not studying any British history in their examined units must select controlled assessment tasks that focus on British history. Centres cannot mix and match parts (a) and (b) from different tasks. The controlled assessment unit can only be entered at the end of the course....
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