...Domestic and family violence is intentional and systematic and often increases in frequency and severity the longer the relationship continues. In Australia, domestic and family violence “is found across all cultures, ages and socio-economic groups, but the majority of those who experience these forms of violence are women. However, it is not possible to measure the true extent of the problem as most incidents of domestic, family and sexual violence go unreported.” (Parliament of Australia, 2015). The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the levels of violence experienced by the world’s women as ‘a global public health problem of epidemic proportions, requiring urgent action’. “In Australia, domestic, family and sexual violence is found across all cultures, ages and socio-economic groups, but the majority of those who experience...
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...Introduction Violence against children and women is a grave issue faced by any community and it can be described as global health issue which needs urgent attention. Domestic violence can be associated with a kind of physical violence which occurs between intimate relationships in a domestic background, usually committed by a male on a female partner. Domestic violence causes a lot of deep and lasting damage to the people who face it and to the community as a whole. This kind of violence is not just limited to physical exploitation but also involves other forms of violence. The purpose of this paper would be to discuss the Domestic violence in culturally and linguistically diverse communities plaguing in Australia. Domestic Violence in Culturally...
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...The changing role of women in Australia has come about largely through waves of feminism. The first wave brought women the vote in federal and State elections. The colonies began to grant manhood suffrage halfway through the nineteenth century, however, women were not included in the begining. When Australia reached Federation in 1901, it was agreed that all women should be given the vote at a federal level since women from South Australia and Western Australia already had a State vote. In 1902 all women were given the vote in federal elections except for those who were Indigenous Australians, or of Asian, African or Pacific Islander descent. Despite the enfranchisement, no woman was elected to an Australian parliament until 1921. The first federal female parliamentarians were not elected until 1943. This is just one example of how enfranchisement fell short of truly improving the lives of Australian women or changing attitudes about them. Women were still seen as nurturers who had no other destiny than to marry and raise children. The few women who did work (excluding the wealthy who were involved in voluntary work) not only had to find paid work, but also had to carry the burden of all housework and child-rearing. The notion of what jobs a woman could do expanded during World War I, but women's role in public life was still very limited. Factors which brought about the women's movement Contrary to popular belief, women's groups and activists remained active throughout the...
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...Youth Violence in Australia Introduction In recent years youth violence has become a growing concern. Not only has incidence increased but also more worryingly the severity of attacks by young Australians has worsened, leading to major economical and personal losses to society. In 2009 on the streets of Coolangatta Damien Ford (aged 18) viciously assaulted 18-year-old Sam Ford (no relation) in an unprovoked attack. Sam spent 18th months in hospital and suffered severe brain injuries leaving him disabled and requiring full time care for the rest of his life. In Adelaide in 2008 Sam Davis (aged 17) was attempting to break up a fight at a party when he was king hit in the back of the head by a gate crasher (aged 18). Sam fell to the floor unconscious and died in hospital a few hours later. In Sydney 2012, Thomas Kelly (aged 18) was walking through Kings Cross on a night out when he was king hit for no reason by Kieran Loveridge (aged 18). The punch to the face knocked Kelly to the ground unconscious and he died 2 days later in hospital. This report seeks to understand why youth violence is so prevalent in Australia and review how it can be prevented. Youth Violence In Australia Youth violence is classified as the intentional use of physical force or power by a young person between the ages of 10 and 24, against another person, group, or community, with the behaviour likely to cause physical or psychological harm (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). According...
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...Domestic violence can be defined as violent or aggressive behaviour within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. The time for complacency has passed, we have to do so much more to respond to the cries for justice of women and children worldwide. The silence has been broken and now. Now is the time for stronger action. It is time for action when 73% of Australian women have experienced more than one account of violence from a current or ex-partner. When 89 women died in a year as a result of domestic abuse. One woman a week. When 58% of victims have never contacted police and 24% have never sought advice support. When 1 in 5 Australian women have experienced sexual violence since the age of 15....
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...fluctuates over time (Makkai & Prenzler, 2015). This essay will firstly discuss and define the concepts of crime and violence. Secondly, it will define violent crime from a contemporary Australian legal perspective. It will then examine the overall nature of crime in Australia describing its categories and sub categories. Fourthly, the essay will establish the official agencies who collect and collate data that measures the nature and extent of crime in Australia. It will finally use this data and empirical evidence to compare the extent of violent crime with crimes that are non-violent. The essay will ultimately conclude by asserting that the majority of crime in society is not violent in nature. Crime is a complex phenomenon that attracts a variety of definitions (Ransley & Prenzler, 2015). The varying definitions of crime provide broad or limited meanings and are all, to a greater or lesser degree, problematic. This is because crime is socially constructed; thus what is considered a crime, or no longer considered a crime changes over time to comply with the norms, attitudes and expectations existing in society at a given historical period (Brookman, 2005; Howitt, 2012). Violence is also a socially constructed concept that lacks a specific definition (Indermaur, 2000; Papalia, Thomas, Ching & Daffern, 2015), however, in the broadest sense, violence, is typically an action or type of behaviour that leads to harm. It can be self-inflicted, directed against individuals...
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...all others voluntarily entered into for life * Men and women… without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion have a right to marry and found a family…entitled to equal rights…(Article 16; UDoHR) 2. RESTRICTIONS AS TO MARRIAGE * S 88E – Cannot marry overseas (same sex) and return and legally register marriage (Marriage Act) 3. ELEMENTS OF MARRIAGE * Dwelling under the same roof, sex, mutual society and protection, recognition of marriage in public and private relationships (Todd and Todd) 1. ONE and ONE woman – monogamous mature (serial polygamy is permitted – remarriage after a former marriage has been dissolved) i. S 6 FLA – Polygamous relationships entered outside of Australia, shall be deemed to be a marriage when changing domicile to Australia 2. HETEROSEXUAL (Corbett v Corbett) 3. FOR LIFE 4. VOLUNTARILY ENTERED INTO 4. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF MARRIAGE * Entitled to certain rights and owe legal responsibilities a) DETERMINE “TRUE SEX” i) CORBETT AND CORBETT a. Chromosomal: XY Male b. Gonadal: Male (testicles prior to operation c. Genital: Male (prior to operation WHAT YOU ARE AT BIRTH IS WHAT YOU ARE ii) RE KEVIN a) Peers and family considered him to be male b) Identified himself (since a young boy at male) c) Underwent irreversible operation to become male WHAT YOU ARE...
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...multifaceted nature of the legal system allows it to be both effective and ineffective in ensuring compliance with the law regarding family relationships. The legal system can never ensure complete compliance but ensures it effectively through legislation and common laws implemented in the family law areas of surrogacy . The law can be seen to not effectively ensure compliance in the areas of domestic violence and relationship breakdown involving children. In the issue of the legal rights and obligations of parents agreement with the law can be seen to occur, but more reform both legally and socially is needed for such effectiveness In family law issue of surrogacy, much recent reform has been orchestrated as a means to effectively encourage compliance with the law. The need to change and reform surrogacy laws to ones which were more coherent and simpler to comply with are noted in ‘Time to Change unjust surrogacy laws’ 2007 the age and in case law demonstrating the complex nature of complying with such laws ‘Wilson and Anor and Roberts and Anor 2010’. Thus in the surrogacy Act nsw 2010 was implemented to create a more decisive and coherent set of laws that are to be compiled with and that encouraged through their reflection of societies values and ethics. SMH published an article in 2015 stating head of family court Diana Bryant is confident Australia will legalize commercial surrogacy to prevent such tragedies such as ‘Baby Gammy’ who was let behind because of his disability....
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...Beginning a Life in Australia Welcome to Australia English DIAC12/01138.11 The Beginning a Life in Australia booklet is produced by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIAC) and is published online at www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/beginning-life It is recommended that you view the booklet on a computer as it contains links to many websites that provide additional information. The booklet is reviewed and released annually and is available in PDF format. If you would like to provide comments or suggestions about the Beginning a Life in Australia booklet you can complete the online feedback form on the department’s website at www.immi.gov.au/contacts/forms/services/services-form.htm Note: If you wish to speak to a government department or non-government organisation and you need the assistance of an interpreter, ring the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National) on 13 1450 during business hours, which are generally 9.00 am to 5.00 pm. Ask TIS National to set up a three-way conversation between you, one of their interpreters and the organisation you wish to speak with. See Chapter 2, Help with English for more information about TIS National. Telephone numbers: Telephone numbers beginning with 1800 are free calls if you ring from a private telephone and cost the same as a local call if you ring from a payphone. Numbers beginning with 13 or 1300 are charged at local call rates. Some 1300 and 1800 numbers can be used only from...
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...Australia Two empirical studies have been undertaken in Australia to obtain the experiences of family members involved in relocation disputes - a small-scale, retrospective, qualitative study of 33 parents by Associate Professor Juliet Behrens, Associate Professor Bruce Smyth and Dr Rae Kaspiew; and a larger, prospective, longitudinal study of 80 parents and 19 children by Professor Patrick Parkinson, Associate Professor Judy Cashmore, the Hon Richard Chisholm and Judi Single, from the University of Sydney Faculty of Law.3 Behrens, Smyth and Kaspiew The Australian Research Council funded Behrens, Smyth and Kaspiew (2008a, 2008b, 2009a, 2009b) to undertake a small-scale, retrospective, qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 38 separated parents (27 fathers and 11 mothers) concerning their experiences of contested relocation proceedings in the Family Court of Australia (FCA), the Federal Magistrates Court or the Family Court of Western Australia between 2002 and mid-2005 (i.e. where the Court order had been made between 18 months and five years previously). The research team also planned to interview the children of these parents, but after only being able to recruit three children had to abandon this aspect of their study. The study aimed to specifically examine how parents (and children) perceived the impact on themselves and other family members of the decision; what had happened for the family members in the aftermath of the decision (for example, how had patterns...
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...Domestic Violence Resource Centre [DVRCV] is a state-wide non-profit organisation that aims to stop and respond to family violence; by providing support, education and training services to families, schools and professionals (DVRCV, 2017). Family violence is experienced by 1 in 4 women in Australia and out of every 3 family violence cases; 1 child witnesses it (DRCV, 2017). While it was estimated that the issue will increase due to governments not treating the issue with the seriousness it deserves in 2006 (Oberin, 2006), DVRC have been committed in decreasing such statistics since 1986 (DVRCV, 2017). Today, DVRC supports student’s wellbeing by working with schools and teachers to plan, implement and evaluate respectful relationships education...
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...that allows us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two in society. (Mills, 1959, pg 6). He also explains the links between personal issues and public issues by helping to identify a personal issue and identifying it in the social structure. One tragic public issue that is very common in society today is ‘Domestic Violence’. For many years domestic violence in the family has been a private issue and was never spoken about in society. By using the three sensibilities that make up the sociological imagination which are the historical, cultural and critical sensibilities, society can begin to understand the radical changes in how society thinks we as individuals ‘should’ behave towards one another especially in the family unit according to societies expectations and social norms. The issue of domestic violence within families was evident in earlier societies. Using the historical sensibility we can see how society used to live and see how we have society has transformed our ideologies of this horrific public issue of domestic violence. From the earliest record, most societies gave the father or the patriarch of the family the right to use physical force against the women and children that he was in control of. This was evident in the reign of Romulus back in 753BC. Abbott (1852, p. 242) states that: The power of the father over his household was supreme. He was magistrate, so far as his children were concerned, and thus not only require their services,...
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...SNAPSHOT The impact of domestic violence on children Key Points Domestic violence and children • Children, especially babies and young children, affected by domestic violence experience significant emotional and behavioural difficulties. • More than half of women in Australia who experience violence from a partner during their lifetime will be caring for children when the violence occurs. Living with domestic violence has serious effects on the emotional and behavioural wellbeing of children and on their development. However, good support services can help children cope with and, over time, recover from the effects of domestic violence. In mid 2011, against the backdrop of proposed amendments to Australian family law which were intended to better protect children from ongoing violence and abuse post-separation, The Benevolent Society commissioned the Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse to undertake a literature review of the latest research on the impact of domestic violence on children. The review also summarises the research evidence on how best to support and work with children and families affected by domestic violence. • Children continue to be at risk of violence during and after their parents’ separation. • Shared care parenting arrangements for children from separated families where domestic violence is present place these children at significant risk of harm. • Children can cope with and recover from the effects of violence, drawing on both their own resilience...
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...themselves, as well as their family. For example, the owner of the house feels that they should have the right to use their guns to protect themselves. There is also a fear that if they were robbed the police would not arrive in the nick of time. To eliminate the Second Amendment or take away the right to bear arms, would result in people having to live in more fear of these dangers. They would have no protection for themselves against the illegal armed robber or murderer in the United States. So instead of taking away the people’s right to protect themselves, the government could improve the Second Amendment. There are countries who have already done this. There are many well-developed countries like Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Japan who have strict gun laws and it showed to be effective in stopping gun violence. Canada banned the use of assault weapons in all states, New Zealand and Australia have strict restrictions on gun’s purchases and licenses, and Japan who ban the use of firearms entirely. Compared to the United States, America is a country that has a high amount of firearms death rates than most of its neighbors. According to, “Gun Violence by the Numbers”, their research showed that “on an average day, 91 Americans are killed with guns”, “12,000 gun murders a year” and the United States have “25 times” higher gun murder rates than countries like Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Japan and other well-developed countries (Gun Violence by the Numbers). Also, America...
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...The common crime is what we can see in daily life and it can impact almost everyone like homicide, violence and sexual assault. There are 496 homicides, 161000 violence plus 295 attempted murders, 18000 sexual assaults in 2005. (ABS (2005); ABS (2006a); NSW, SA, Vic and TAS police jurisdictions (unpublished data); AFP (2006)) In the chart of Incidents and costs of crime in 2003, there are nearly 7% of incidents of homicide, violence and sexual assault in all the common crimes, but they get 28% of cost which is the highest one. (Crime Facts Info, 2003) For example, homicide is a kind of common crime which may have an awful effect in individual, business and society. Person will lose life when homicide happened. The family will lose the love member and it cannot be remedied forever. The police need pay a lot of money and time to find out the murderer. People may be panic if there is a homicide happened near them, it can be a long period influence, for someone it is a memory for the whole life. Common crime is what people will face in the daily life but the corporate crimes have the impact in wider and deeper range. Corporate crime is the crime has the higher level and has the wider range impact than common crime. “Corporate crime falls within the domain of the white collar crime-broadly defined as crime committed within the course of one’s occupation by persons of relatively high social status.” (Australian institute of criminology, 1987) Corporate crimes happened not as frequent...
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