...Phobias and Addiction Eugene McDaniel PSY/300 May 22, 2012 Deandriea Bass Abstract * This paper explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning this can be thought of as a reaction that is learned through the pairing of stimuli. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a method for modifying behavior an operant which utilizes contingencies between a discriminative stimulus, an operant response, a reinforce to change the probability of a response occurring again in that situation. This paper also Distinguishes between classical and operant conditioning. One of the major differences involves the types of behaviors that are conditioned. While classical conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behaviors, operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behaviors. * While these two conditioning techniques share some similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. What extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. * * Phobias and Addictions Phobias are an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those suffering from agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place. Addiction has long been understood to mean an uncontrollable habit of using alcohol or other drugs. Because of the physical...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Introduction In today’s society the source of learning may come from several outlets, such as the television, the internet, or a magazine. Believe it or not we all learn something every day, whether we know it or not. Although most of us learn from our own experiences and some of us learned from watching other people's experiences as well. Since birth we all have been able to do things naturally and perform certain actions on our own, meaning we exhibit a great deal of behaviors. Though in the paradigm of learning, in the jurisdiction of psychology, is best described as, “Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Olson and Hergenhahn, 2009). Nevertheless, a whole understanding of the contrivance of learning, as it relates to psychology in todays society is mostly established on the sympathetic of the unambiguous role that behavior plays in learning today. Learning and Behavior When a person is learning a new activity they are progressing information by using existing knowledge in which they learn throughout their life. Learning is the ability to progress new information by altering existing, values, behaviors, preferences, skills, knowledge, and includes producing different categories of information (Cherry, 2009). According to Gregory A. Kimble “learning as a relatively...
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...Phobias and Addictions Paper Viktorija Canevik-Alex PSY/300 Jacqueline Hall July 20, 2013 University of Phoenix Phobias and Addiction Paper In this paper I will discuss how phobias and addiction are connected to the classical and operant conditioning. I will explain how phobias and addiction are evolve through classical and operant conditioning, what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning, what is extinction and how extinction is accomplish in the classical and operant conditioning. Phobia occur when people are scared or fear without stopping of something genuine and hard to control and usually occur in young age but also it can occur in older age. Phobia is something very common and it influence peoples life every day, but important thing about phobias is that it can be treated. Here are some examples of phobias, like fear from: kissing, drugs, cold, taking medicine, mother-in-law, children, and others. Addiction can occur when people have hard time to control or stop use, do or take something. People can be addictive to many things, not only to alcohol and drugs, people also can be addictive...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Salma El Gharabawy PSY 390 University of Phoenix Everyday, people tend to learn something new in their lives; whether through watching other people or through their own experiences, people learn. We all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say...
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...Addictions In this paper I will be discussing phobias and addictions in relation to classical and operant conditioning. I will research and explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning, and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. I will also explain what extinction means in psychology and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. The first thing you need to know is what exactly a phobia is. A phobia is an uncontrollable fear of an object or situation that is unreasonable and can develop in many ways; one of these ways is through conditioning. People have fears all the time, but a phobia affects a person’s daily life. Phobias for some people make it to where they become reclusive, or they cannot leave the comfort of their own homes, or their safe place. There are two main types or categories of phobias; they are specific phobias and social phobias. A specific phobia is an uncontrollable fear of a specific thing or a specific stimulus. There are animal phobias where a person is afraid of a certain animal or insect, for example the fear of spiders is called arachnophobia. There are environmental phobias like a fear of storms or heights. There are phobias of medical procedures as well as situational phobias like small spaces or flying. A social phobia is an uncontrollable fear of a particular situation such as giving a presentation in front of a large crowd or going to a party. Classical conditioning can be used...
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...Learning Experience Paper Learning experience Learning experience discussed in this paper will focus on how someone can learn how not become addicted to drugs. The discussion will also identify what could be learned from the time an individual started using drugs to the time they were no longer a drug user. There will be a discussion of the description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. The operant conditioning, a description of the behavior, the consequences, and reinforcements will also explain. The discussion will address how the learning could have occurred cognitive social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let’s say a person has been a casual drug user, his lifestyle has been very carefree. Through his carefree lifestyle he is introduced to a new method of using drugs. The instant the drug is introduced becomes addicted. He experiences an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain the same sensation. He experiences a loss of control over his life. This loss of control is heightened when the drug cannot be obtained when his body desires it. The drug and its use becomes a part of his life much the same as taking a breath. Classical conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a...
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...Cognitive Lesson Plan Content that is addressed in this lesson is about outer space. This lesson will teach the children how they can travel in any direction using basic locomotors skills with the understanding of space. Question: Which is easier to control in a group. How much space is need in a group to provide movement? Concepts and skills students master, During this time children will know about personal space and personal space in general. Evidence outcomes: Students will learn how to move about with space. Assessment of evidence outcome picture of children moving about what they are talking about. Behaviorist- Behaviorist believe that you can measured, trained and changed. Behaviorist come about when Watson’s classic paper “Psychology as the behaviorist view it.”(1913) Behavioral psychology is a learning based with the idea that...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Jan George PSY/390 University of Phoenix Learning and Cognition Paper Learning is a basic function for all the living. Humans were born with certain behaviors such as innate (general influence at birth) as a result specific unlearned and some particular types conduct; while some obtain from learning. Learning, in the area of psychology is the most suitable in a human beings conduct likely the reaction from skills and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs For that purpose, of getting a complete comprehension of the process of learning, in the view of the psychology field, it is really powerful for a person to first comprehend the specific role that takes part in by the behavior, of a person and also when understanding, the unusual parts of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). Definition of learning and the role behavior play in learning Learning is influential form of conduct and alters information that come to light and many procedure are developed, but can be used for motor expertness, to cognitive skills, such as education, and to viewpoints and benefits, such as preconception. As result verification is mentally disturbed indication and structures of cognitive disorders are also acquire conduct Behavior plays a major role in consideration to learning and people comprehend more concerning it, but to be able to understand...
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...Two of PSY/300, which is the General Psychology class, has an assignment of writing a paper regarding phobias and addictions. It includes the meanings and the differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The paper explains what phobias are as compared to addictions and how each of them affects behavior in individuals. It also explains what classical conditioning means to phobias as well as what operant conditioning means to addictions. Phobias and Addictions Every person is in one way or another, conditioned by either operant or classical conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning, whereas addictions develop through operant conditioning. The classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association, (McLeod, 2012). Operant conditioning is the other type of conditioning whereas an individual learns through a reward system. It is more or less association made between behavior and consequence of that behavior. Phobias and addictions develop through these two types of conditioning. Phobias develop through classical conditioning and addictions through operant conditioning. Through the past decades, psychologists studied these two relationships to develop a more understanding of these emotional disorders. Phobias and addictions are negative behaviors and usually come from classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Phobias happen out of a fear of something and addictions happen because an individual...
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...(2010) behavior is the way a person carries, acts, or presents oneself. Add ism to the word and it becomes a doctrine and/or theory. As a result, behaviorism is the theory that the way one presents oneself can be changed. Teachers may identify with the word behaviorism as the word behavior management. This an issue that one has found to be the most probing question of teachers…what type of behavior management system should one implement in the classroom? Behaviorism is the use of extrinsic reward that results in a response, effect, and or behavior change. In behaviorism everything is a result of extrinsic. This theory pushes for some type of learning behavior change for the learner. Connectivism, classical conditioning, contagious conditioning, operant conditioning, and self regulation are the...
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...results of learning must always be translated into observable behavior. After learning, learners are capable of doing something that they could not do before the learning took place (Olson M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. 2009). To study learning, behavior is required or there is no way for it to take place. Behavior is changed through conditioning, and there are two types of conditioning mentioned in this paper. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Pavlov during the 1890s, and it was discovered by accident with him doing something as simple as feeding his dogs. Another type of learning is through Operant Conditioning, discovered by B. F. Skinner. This conditioning is described as the behavior being followed by a consequence, and it occurs through the tendency to repeat the behavior. Classical Conditioning is the type of learning introduced by Ivan Pavlov. To summarize, classical conditioning involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that already brings about a particular response with a new stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response (McLeod, (2007)). In Pavlov’s experiment with Classical Conditioning he went to prove that a dog could learn another behavior by having a different stimulus to create it. Pavlov was...
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...of his ancestors. - John B. Watson, 1930 BEHAVIORISM ¡ Ψ A Psychological perspective and a Learning theory that focuses on objectively observable behaviors and defines learning as the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning that occurs through interaction with the environment. ¡ Ψ A school of Psychology founded by John Broadus Watson based on the idea that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed. KEY CONCEPTS • OPERANT CONDITIONING ( Skinner)- utilizes reinforcement and punishment to create associations between behaviors and the consequences for those behaviors. • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ( Pavlov) - a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one. Imagine a dog that salivates when it sees food. The food is the naturally occurring stimulus. If you started to ring a bell every time you presented the dog with food, an association would be formed between the food and the bell. Eventually the bell alone, aka the conditioned stimulus, would come to evoke the salivating response. • LAW OF EFFECT ( Thorndike)- anytime that a behavior is followed by a pleasant outcome , the behavior is likely to recur. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE- In Classical Conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (such as salivation when food is in the mouth) UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS- a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and...
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...Joe Salatino Joe Salatino is the president of Great Northern American (GNA), a telemarketing company based out of Dallas, Texas which has been around over 30 years. According to Joe, the success of his company is due to the amount of money he pays to his employees. He believes that spending money on commissions and bonusess is a means to keep his sales force of 30 people motivated. (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011) This paper will address the following topics: • How Joe could address the importance of understanding how people form perceptions and make attributions about others with his employees; • Choose which learning theory will be most appropriate for Joe to apply in this situation and explain the reasons why this theory was selected; • Ways Joe could apply the learning theory to improve employees’ performance; and • Determine how Joe could leverage an understanding of the value of self-efficacy to ensure he hires the most successful salespeople Understanding Perceptions in the Workplace Perception is the process by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets and responds to information (Hellriegel & Slocum, 2011). Employees are constantly exposed to a variety of information, whether from personal experience or from co workers. However this information is obtained, this information is processed in their minds and organized to form concepts pertaining to what is sensed or experienced. There are two main factors that influence what an individual...
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...Operant Conditioning Georgia University of Phoenix PSY/390 April 18th, 2011 Operant Conditioning The operant conditioning is a fundamental theory in psychology and is also known as instrumental conditioning. This theory emphasizes the use of consequences to alter certain occurrences and forms of behavior. Furthermore, learning is the outcome of rewards and punishments used as consequences for specific behaviors. B. F. Skinner is one of the most famous behaviorists who initiated the operant conditioning theory, and until today, most theorists refer to it as the “ Skinnerian Conditioning” to further their studies. Skinner established his theory from Thorndike’s earlier work and demonstrates that the most efficient way to understand behavior is by observing the causes of people’s actions, based on the effect of reinforcement or punishments. This paper will discuss the theory of the operant conditioning by explaining the significant actions that stimulates people’s behavior. Theory of Operant Conditioning Skinner did not consider people inner thoughts or intentions to be responsible for the way their behavior is shaped. Instead, he believed that external factors are most likely to be accountable for the way humans behave in their environment. The reason he uses the term operant, is to refer to certain behaviors that operate within the environment and initiate consequences. According to Skinner,” the emphasis is on behavior and its consequences, and...
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...February 1, 2015 Abstract The theory of behaviorism is that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning without any preconceived thought, but it can be defined by observable behavior that is researched. Behaviorism projects that individuals are products of their experiences and have become who they are because of conditioning. John Watson, who is credited with Behaviorism, made the comment that he could take “twelve healthy infants and take any one of them and mold them into any given occupation regardless of genetics, race, talents and/or abilities.”(Jenson, 2014) Watson felt that conditioning was a crucial part of behaviorism, as it was an extension of Pavlov’s discovery and his studies of stimulus-response reflexive relationships. In this paper the founding of behaviorism, the main components of the behaviorism theory, a brief description of 3 behaviorist experiments, and how behaviorism develops new behaviors will be discussed. Behaviorism and its effect on the learning process The founder of behaviorism is credited to John B. Watson. According to Watson, behavior was a subject matter in its own right, to be studied by the observational methods common to all sciences. This field of study and learning was founded in 1912, and it was formed as a reaction to the current focus on psychology at the time. In order to form this theory, John Watson studied the research of Ivan Pavlov. Watson felt that “psychology must have an empirical, objective...
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