...1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History PRINT ER-FRIENDLY PAGE: T his page contains the com plete tex t of this Sim UT ex t chapter. Y ou can use y our browser's print function to print a copy . Life History This chapter explores life cycles, life histories and life tables, and explores the trade-offs that different species make in their reproductive strategy. file:///C:/Users/Hossein/SimUText/labs/LifeHistory_20700/instructions/print_chapter.html 1/156 1/18/2014 SimUText :: Printable Chapter :: Life History Contents Se ction 1 : Life Cycle s a nd Life Historie s Chapter Credits This Sim UText chapter was dev eloped by a team including: Lead Author: Simon Bird Authors: W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir Reviewer: Susan Maruca Graphics: Brad Beesley, Jennifer Wallner Simulations: Susan Maruca Programming: Derek Stal, Steve Allison-Bunnell, Jen Jacaruso Outside Reviewer: James Danoff-Burg (Columbia University) Thanks to all the students and instructors who helped test prototy pes of this chapter. For m ore inform ation, please v isit www.sim bio.com . Suggested citation: Sim on Bird, Susan Maruca, W. John Roach, Ellie Steinberg, Eli Meir. 2 009 . Life History . In Sim UText Ecology . Sim bio.com . Sim UText is a registered tradem ark of Sim Biotic Software for Teaching and Research, Inc. © 2 009 -2 01 2 Sim Bio. All Rights Reserv ed. This and other Sim bio Interactiv e Chapters® are accessible through the Sim UText Sy stem ®. ...
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...The male and female reproductive systems become active after puberty. The male system starts with the creation of sperm in the testicles. Sperm carries the chromosomes that make up half of the genetics of the embryo created. The male body creates an endless supply of sperm that will travel from the testicles through the vas deferens to the penis where it is then ejaculated into the female reproductive system. This is the end of the male involvement with reproduction. The female body starts the reproductive cycle at puberty. This is at different ages but usually falls between 10-13 years of age. Females are born with a limited number of eggs to use for reproduction. These eggs are released from the ovaries on 28 day cycles called the menstration cycle. At the beginning of this cycle ovulation occurs and the egg goes through the fallopian tubes. This is the best time for the egg and sperm to meet to create an embryo. When an egg is released and meets up with the sperm the embryo attached to the inside lining of the uterus where it stays until birth. Pregnancy is determined based on the amount of progesterone hormone in the female body. This hormone continues throughout pregnancy. During pregnancy, the baby receives nutrition through the umbilical cord and placenta. The female body stretches and adjusts to make room for the growing baby. The first 3 months is when the baby develops a heartbeat, brain and spinal cord. Then in the next 3 months it develops more details like...
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...Animal Reproduction Reproduction is a process by which offspring is produced to continue onto the next generation. There are two types of reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent and its genes, which the offspring inherits. It doesn’t need fertilization or meiosis to occur. Fission, budding, and fragmentation are the three types of asexual reproduction. Fission is when the parent separates into at least two or more individuals of the same size. The development of different independent organisms are results from current individuals is budding. The dismantling of the body into various pieces, some or all of which evolve into entirely new organisms through the redevelopment of absent body parts is fragmentation. Sexual Reproduction involves two parents of different sexes that combine their genetic information to produce an offspring. Some animals are hermaphrodites while others use parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is asexual reproduction that doesn’t require fertilization from males. Hermaphrodites have both male and female reproductive systems. Some hermaphrodites can inseminate themselves, while others may still need the help of the opposite sex. Animals reproduce using internal or external fertilization. Internal fertilization, used by terrestrial animals as well as whales and dolphins, occurs insides the body. The internally fertilized eggs are protected and fed while they develop inside the body. External fertilization, used by fish and amphibians, occurs outside...
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...Where and How, If At All, Should Sex Education Be Conducted What is sex education? Everyone’s definition and concept of sex education is probably different from everyone else’s. An even bigger question is, “where should children learn about sex education?” Some feel that it is the responsibility of the parent to teach their children about the subject. Others feel that it is better learned in school under the guidance of trained teachers who have material such as films, books, and models showing the male and female reproductive organs to help aid them in their teaching. If parents decide to teach sex education at home, where do they begin? Sex into today’s society is different from when they were kids. “Parents need to be totally honest with their child when discussing this issue.” (Schaalma Herman, 2004, 259-269) How do they approach their child and bring up the subject of sex? Once they are engaged in discussion, how to begin talking about topics like masturbation, teen pregnancy, birth control, and STD’s. These subjects could be intimidating for some parents. First, masturbation, what does the child knows about this practice. For many, they see it as something disgusting that old men and perverts do. How do they explain the fact that it is something normal people do for self-stimulation? .” It is more common in young men than in girls. From around puberty, the male start to experience erections in the middle of the night and he naturally massages it to...
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...30.1 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT BEGINS WITH REPRODUCTION Reproduction, growth, and development are shared features of ALL multicellular life. A. REPRODUCTION IS ASEXUL OR SEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – offspring contain genetic info from only one parent and are identical to the parent and each other. Advantageous in environments that don’t change much over time. EX. Include aphids, some types of lizards SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – requires genetic info from two parents. Advantageous in changing environments. GAMETES – products of meiosis, haploid sex cells that carry genetic info from each parent (sperm/eggs) ZYGOTE – diploid product of fertilization, new offspring. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION – males and females release gametes into the same environment and fertilization occurs outside the body. Especially common in aquatic animals. Unique “recognition” proteins on the surface of gametes keep sperm cells from fertilizing eggs of the wrong species. EX. Salmon, sponges, corals, sea urchins, some amphibians INTERNAL FERTILIZATION – a male deposits sperm inside a female’s body, where fertilization occurs. After copulation, animals may lay hard-shelled eggs or bear live young. B. DEVELOPMENT IS INDIRECT OR DIRECT DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS – study the stages of an animal’s growth as cells specialize and interact to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Differentiation and pattern formation involve complex interactions between the DNA inside cells and external signals such as...
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...consists mostly of axons that transport messages from sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles (Kalat, 2013). Also within the PNS is the autonomic nervous system, which controls the heart and other organs. The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares organs for fight-or-flight activity such as increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite decreasing heart rate. Both systems work together to regulate involuntary bodily functions and behaviors. One example of regulatory behavior is human reproduction and sexuality, and sexuality leads to reproduction in order for humans to reproduce and pass on genes. Sexual reproduction enables evolutionary adaptations and corrects errors. Two parents that both carry disadvantageous genes can have a child that then carries...
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...particular species. Also, genetic diversity is affected by several on going natural issues that are related to mutation, sexual reproduction, migration, and the size of the population. The first issues that related are mutation. What is mutation? Mutation defined “an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration,” (www.thefreedictionary.com, 2008). The issue with mutation is that it permanently change the characteristics of the species involved in the mutation. This could lead to permanent loss of certain characteristics in a species. According to Concepts in Biology, “the Anopheles mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African countries,” (2008). The large number of people who fear that mutation can lead to disharmony in the environment. In addition, mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationship. Second issue that related is sexual reproduction. What is sexual reproduction? According to Concepts in Biology, “the propagation of organisms involving the union of gametes from two parents," (2008). In human form the males carry sperm which are small and motile. The female carry eggs which provide food for embryo. In addition, male his sex organs main purposes are to produce the sperm and deliver it in the reproduction tract of a female. However, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction must involve two partners. Third issue that related is migration? The issue with migration is that is changes the...
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...1. Cellular Organization 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism 4. Homeostasis 5. Heredity 6. Response to Stimuli 7. Growth and Development 8. Adaptation through Evolution 1. There are some certain points when discussing about living and non-living things. They are mostly specific on living things such as cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development and adaption through evolution. Things which have these characteristics are called as living things and things which haven’t are called as non-living things. On certain occasions we can identify living things that miss one or several characteristics from the list. For an example trees don’t show direct movements, just only the growth movements, neurons don’t reproduce, the animals that have non sexual reproductive system and the trees which are reproduced by propagation don’t show adaptations or evolutions. Importantly, some non-living things too show one or several characteristics that defines life. For an example if we think about computer it’s a logical machine, it consumes electricity. So it shows metabolism, it control its’ temperature. That’s homeostasis. It responses to stimuli. Every day its’ storage memory grows bigger. So it shows the growth. If we think about a vehicle it shows clear movements, it needs fuel to run. So that’s metabolism. While driving wheels turn where ever we turn the steering wheel. So that’s a response to stimuli...
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...Sex chromosomes produce very unique patterns of inheritance in living organisms. In humans, there is an X chromosome and a Y chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring. A male has an X and Y chromosome, whereas a female has two X chromosomes. The sex of an offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell that fertilizes the egg is made up of an X or a Y chromosome; ultimately the male is the determining factor of the sex of the offspring. Even though the Y chromosome determines if the offspring will be male, the X chromosome has genes that control certain human characters; these genes are called sex-linked genes because they are linked to a certain sex. There are approximately 1,098 sex-linked genes that code unusual inheritance patterns other than the female sex trait. Some of these sex-linked genes carry unusual inheritance such as color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. (O’Neil, 2012). In the case of the recessive mutation that causes hemophilia, a female has to be the carrier of the mutated allele, since she has the X chromosomes only. If the female carrier of the disease mates with a male who has hemophilia (XhY), there would be a one-quarter chance that they would produce a female offspring that has hemophilia (XhXh). Males though are more susceptible to inheriting the hemophilia trait if the mother is a carrier, because the dominant gene (XH) will prevent the disease. (Simon, 2015). Since males can only have an X and a Y chromosome, there...
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...Reproductive System Reproduction- Is the process by which new living organisms are produced from existing living organisms. The Male Reproductive System The Parts of the male reproductive system are: 1.Testes/Testicles-produces the male sex cells. (sperm cells) 2.Epididymis-stores the sperms produced by the testes. 3.Scrotum/Scrotal Sac-is the skin that protects the testes. -it holds the testicles. 4.Penis-is the part of the organ that hangs in front of the scrotum. -it deposits the sperm cells into the vagina. 5.Urethra-is a tube where the sperm and the urine pass through. 6.Vas Deferens-where the sperms travel. 7.Prostate Gland-The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. Female Reproductive System 1.Fallopian Tube-It is where the egg cell travels from the ovary and where fertilization takes place. 2.Ovaries-produces thousand of eggs. 3.Uterus-It is where the fetus develops into a baby. 4.Fimbriae-fringe of tissue around the Fallopian tube in the direction of the ovary. 5.Cervix-It stretches open wide enough for the baby to pass through during delivery. 6.Vagina-It is an elastic vascular muscle of female reproductive Organ that expands during giving birth. *The Male Hormones(Testosterone) *The Female Hormones(Estrogen and Progesterone) *The Male Reproductive System is designed for the reproduction and transportation of sperm cells which are needed for fertilization. *The Female Reproductive...
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...Characteristics of Living Things Objective: 1. Identify the characteristics of living things. 1. Living things are highly organized, from the smallest part to the largest. On the chemical level: atoms make up elements. Each element has a specific number of electrons that orbit the nucleus. In the center of the element, the nucleus has protons and neutrons. The number of protons in an element is always equal to the number the electrons. The number of neutrons may vary to make isotopes of that element. Elements come together to give up, accept or equally share electrons to make molecules. The smallest part of an organism is a cell. Some single-celled organisms are free-living and contain structures, called organelles that allow them to be self-sufficient. More complex organisms are multicellular. In the case of a human, cells are organized into tissues. These have a common function like a muscle. Tissues are organized into organs like the heart. Organs are organized into organ systems, like the cardiovascular system. Organ systems functioning together make up a living organism. A population is an organization of more than one individual. This is generally all of one species in a particular area. We could talk about the population of squirrels in our area or dogs or cats. Enlarging our view, next comes a community. An example of a community is the town or place we live. A more accurate biological description would include all the living things in that area. A community is composed...
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...present this to an adolescent. Deciding at what age to tell your child the scientific version should depend on the parent. The “birds and bees story” may be more appropriate for a younger child, and the scientific version can be more explained when they are a little more mature. A girl should know about the sexual reproductive system when she starts menstruating. If she is not taught properly, she may not understand what is going on with her body, and may wind up pregnant at an early age. In order to explain the scientific version, first, you would have to start out by explaining the immediate male and female body parts that are involved; the penis and vagina. The inner part of the vagina consists of two ovaries, the cervix, and the uterus that are all connected to the uterus by the fallopian tubes. These are all structures that make up the woman’s reproductive system. A female is born with all the ova she will need for her entire life, which adds up to about 2 million. Due to a lot of the ova being immature in form, only about 400,000 actually make it into puberty. “During a woman’s reproductive years, from puberty to menopause, only 400 or so ripened ova, typically 1 per month, will be released by their follicles for possible...
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...Basic Processes SCI/230 January 30, 2012 Reproduction Germs reproduce asexually by using a method called binary fission in the prokaryotic cells and in mitosis. Germs split into two different creatures within the colony each cell exist apart from the other. Grasshoppers reproduce by copulating end to end and insert its aedeagus into the ovipositor to deliver his sperm. They reproduce by laying eggs, which are fertilized within the female grasshopper. The eggs contain a yoke for nourishment in the embryo each egg is covered by a shell that has terminal pores giving the sperm access to the eggs for fertilization. The male and female grasshoppers do not care for the eggs. Some fish reproduce by laying eggs and some fish reproduce by live bearing depending on the species. Some fish have male and female sex organ to reproduce without physical contact. Most fish lay eggs so the male fish can fertilize if she accepts the male. The eggs are fertilized by ejaculating their sperm at the eggs. Bears reproduce by physical contact the male just like humans. The male bear copulates inside the female fertilizing her egg, which develops into an embryo then into a fetus. The fetus is covered with membranes and fluid. According to Pruitt and Underwood (2006), “If egg and sperm each donate an equal number of chromosomes to the new embryo, then in the absence of other mechanisms, the chromosome number of each succeeding generation would exactly double.” The fact...
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...alleles for each characteristic. Conversely, nearly all of the members of a population will have the same alleles when the case of low genetic diversity is considered. The following discussion will take into consideration the concept of genetic diversity, how it is introduced into a population and what, if any, are the resulting factors. The four means of introduction are: • Migration • Mutation • Population Size • Sexual Reproduction In the following synopsis, each means of introduction will be considered separately followed by a conclusion of the assignment. Migration as it relates to Genetic Diversity Migration is defined as the movement of a living organism from one place to another. During the process of migration, the living organism is subject to spread its alleles among other like living beings. This, it seems, is where the concept of genetic diversity begins to take place in regards to the concept of migration. The extent of the migration process doesn’t have to be profound. If the alleles that the male or female possess are rare or abundant, it can either grossly or marginally affect the population from which it departed and possibly have an equal effect on the beings in its new...
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...year Age structure – a distribution of numbers of individuals of various ages Sex ratios – influence the reproductive potential Fecundity – the number of eggs produced per female or to the number of sperm produced per male Fertility – the percentage of eggs that are fertile Production – the actual number of offspring produced, whether born or hatched, by a population during a specific period of time. LOGISTIC EQUATION The equation for growth is ∆N/∆t= rN ∆N = change in number ∆t = change in time r = the “per head” maximum potential growth rate N = number of individuals in a population BIRTHS AND DEATHS A population grows according to the simple equation r = b – d r = actual growth rate of the population b = birth rate d = death rate In some populations, animals moving in or dispersing from a population may also play a role in its growth rate. r = (b –d) + ( i – e) i = immigration e = emigration A rate represents a change per unit time. Growth rate is the number of individual’s adder per individual in the population per week, per month, per year. Birth rates and death rates differ with age structure and sex ratios of populations. Seven characteristics pertaining to birth rates: 1. Age of sexual maturity of both males and females 2. Length of the gestation period 3. Sex...
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