...researchScientific Method and fair tests. | From Mr Goggins and Mr Goodlet | From Class Work Sheets | Caffeine and heart rate | | 2 | Module: Ecosystems, Biodiversity & SustainabilityClassification * Methods and purpose of classification. * biological classification as a hierarchical system of grouping organisms. * Domains and Empires * Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,Species | Chapter 8 | Pg 237 Q’ s 1-3Pg 241Q’s4-6 | Insecta Classification&PlantaeClassification | | 3 | Classification Continued * Characteristics of the major Phyla * Orders of insect. * binomial nomenclature and the use of taxonomic keys | Chapter 8and teacher resources | Pg 254Q’s 11-14Describe major distinguishing features of Animal Phyla. | Field Guides | | 4 | Ecosystems and Communities * role of organisms including autotrophs, heterotrophs and decomposers in the ecosystem (Niche) * energy flow and dissipation in food chains, webs and pyramids. | Chapter 9Chapter 14Pg 457-469 | Pg 275Q’s 1-4Pg 282 & 290Q’s 8-17Pg 467 & 469Q’s 3-8 | Mt Henry and surrounding area field survey. | | | EXEAT weekend Thurs to Mon | | | | | 5 | Cycling of mattermatter cycles through abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem * carbon cycle * nitrogen cycleProductivity in communities * comparison of biomass in different trophic levels * comparisons of productivity between communities | Chapter 14Pg 478 - 483 | Compare and contrast productivity in rainforests...
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...Crustaceans (Crustacea) form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 12.5 ft (3.8 m) and a mass of 44 lb (20 kg). Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by the nauplius form of the larvae. Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period. More than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, the majority of it being shrimp and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology...
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...Case-In-Point Analysis Marine algae and krill are very important to the environment in the Antarctic. Raven, P., Berg, L., and Hassenzahl, D. (2010) presents the case study “How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web” to examine the problem. The purpose of this paper is to identify any unintended consequences of humankind’s activities that have led to environmental problems, describe how scientific or technological activities are exacerbating or improving the existing situation, discuss how a proper application of the scientific method could have helped the problem, and address any alternative solution beyond the scientific method. Unintended consequences There are multiple human activities that have led to environmental problems. The first is the thinning of the ozone layer. This is the cause of man-made compounds, such as halocarbons. The Global Climate Change and Ozone Layer Protection (2005) website states “Halocarbons are formed when halogen gases such as fluorine, chlorine and bromine become attached to carbon. The smaller halocarbons turn into a gas quite easily and are the prime suspects in ozone depletion (What causes Ozone Layer Depletion?, para. 2). The depletion to the ozone layer leads to a global climate change. Raven, P., Berg, L., and Hassenzahl, D. (2010) explain: “As the water has warmed in recent decades around Antarctica, less pack ice has formed during winter months. Large numbers of marine algae are found in and around the pack ice, providing a...
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...bodies. These tube feet aid the animal in attachment, locomotion and respiration (Pearse et al. 1987). Within the class Holothuroidea, there are about 1250 species, and these are distributed among 200 genera (Smiley et al. 1991). There is much variety among the habitats in which sea cucumbers reside. Some species, like Cucumaria fallax, inhabit quiet, still waters, while others, such as C. miniata, are found in areas that are constantly swept by tidal currents (McEuen 1988). Some holothuroids are tropical reef dwellers (Uthicke 1997); others live in temperate or polar waters (Hamel and Mercier 1995). Even the depth at which these animals can be found varies greatly. Many species live within the intertidal zone, but a few sea cucumbers live deep in the ocean, some among hydrothermal vents (Smirnov et al. 2000). Regardless of the environment in which they are found, sea cucumbers have become highly adapted to life in that environment, especially in their reproductive cycles. Sea cucumbers can reproduce through sexual reproduction as well as asexual reproduction. Each mode of reproduction has several environmental factors that have been proposed to control its timing. This paper will first introduce the two types of reproduction found in sea cucumbers. I will then discuss some of the factors that have been shown to regulate sexual reproduction, specifically the processes of gametogenesis and spawning, and the factors assumed to control asexual reproduction. Finally, I will make a few suggestions...
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...Basidiomycota. Three main phyla has there is a forth known as imperfect fungi. Fungi are divided into phyla primarily based on their reproduction structures. Most fungi are adaptable to more extreme environments than bacteria would be able to survive and thrive in. For example most fungi prefer lower pH levels that would be far too acidic for most bacteria. They also have the ability to flourish in low moisture environments, such as many of our foods that are spoiled due to these classifications of organisms. All fungi are chemoheterotophs, meaning they must absorb their nutrients, vice, ingesting it as those in the animal kingdom. They also have the ability to produce enzymes that deteriorate complex carbohydrates for metabolism. These enzymes adhere to the tissue of fruits for example, breaking down the skin of the fruit. Thus the reason, fruits turn dark when they begin to spoil. As stated above, fungi are classified into distinct phyla based upon their reproductive structures. Each phylum will be discussed separately with examples of organisms with in the phyla as well as important aspects associated with humans both positive and negative. Organisms within the phylum Zygomycota have the ability to produce both sexually and asexually. Normally reproduction is carried out asexually until condition become right for sexually reproduction. In the asexual cycle, sporangiospores are contained within the sporangium. When the sporangium breaks open the sporangiospores...
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...1997 The Journal of Experimental Biology 214, 1997-2004 © 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.056531 RESEARCH ARTICLE Some like it hot: the effects of climate change on reproduction, immune function and disease resistance in the cricket Gryllus texensis Shelley A. Adamo* and Maggie M. E. Lovett Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 3X5 *Author for correspondence (sadamo@dal.ca) Accepted 3 March 2011 SUMMARY In many parts of the world, climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. How do heat waves impact short-lived poikilotherms such as insects? In the cricket, Gryllus texensis, 6days of elevated temperatures (i.e. 7°C above the average field temperature and 5°C above their preferred temperature) resulted in increased egg laying, faster egg development and greater mass gain. The increased temperature also increased activity of phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like enzymes, two immune-related enzymes, and enhanced resistance to the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia marcescens. When given a sublethal S. marcescens infection, G. texensis maintained increased reproductive output at the elevated temperature (33°C). These data suggest that heat waves could result in more numerous, disease resistant, crickets. However, resistance to the Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus cereus was lower at temperatures above or below the average field temperature...
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...cloning, there is three types; therapeutic/research, reproductive human cloning and reproductive animal cloning. The mere thought of cloning has always been science fiction to me, something you only see in movies. Now that i'm faced to ponder whether or not any kind of cloning should be permitted. I believe that, just because something can be done, doesn't mean it should be done. I urge you to please consider all the moral and ethical values we have as people, when its comes to permitting any type of cloning. As the outcomes, can be great in positive and negative gravity. The possibilities that come with therapeutic cloning, are enough to make...
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...fish known as Zebra fish in which case the male species are seen to poorly regenerate their injured pectoral fins when compared to the female species. The scientists in this case think that as a result of the above study, they can demystify why some animals bodies repair tissue while others do not. This is a classic example of the trade-offs that exist between reproduction and survival. According to the author, Junsu Kang scientist have been able to identify autonomic structures used by the fish during mating which produce a signal that impedes the regeneration of pectoral fins after an injury. This study can be used to explain why some humans are able to regenerate tissue when compared to others. The pectoral fins of zebra fish contain structures used for breeding that are act as molecular inhibitors towards the cycle of regeneration. However, higher vertebrates have a smaller need for tissue regeneration when compared to lower vertebrates such as fish and salamanders. This article relates to biology since it explains how tissue regeneration may be lost during species evolution. This in essence could explain the additional limbs in earlier species of animals and the human race as well. The author represents the issue well. He explains why regeneration of tissues could be hindered by the process of species evolution. In addition, he identifies the scientist that took place in the study and compares the zebra fish to other species in the animal kingdom. There are no misconceptions...
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...SUST 1000 October 10 2012 The introduction of invasive species can often lead to unpredictable alterations and a shift within natural ecosystems. Cane toads were originally introduced to Australia in 1935. They were brought into Australia to prey on specific pests that were attacking sugar cane plants. Cane toads are highly adaptive and can easily adjust to climate changes and feeding grounds. The growth of reproduction in cane toads has formed a species invasion on the habitat of native animals. Immense competition and a shift in ecosystems are a result of their significant growth rate. What effects are cane toads producing towards the sustainability of ecosystems and the survival of native species? Many animals, and plant species have been either finding new ways to adjust to changes caused by the introduction of cane toads. Cane toads have impacted natural ecosystems so drastically that they have left a strenuous effect on native species ability to maintain their own survival. This is crucial when looking at the effects cane toads have on sustaining plant and animal life within ecosystems. Dramatic changes in an ecosystem could potentially fail due to inadequate nutrients and energy distribution. It is important to examine ways in which cane toads affect ecosystems so environmentalists can predict potential negative shifts and try to develop methods of control that decrease this invasive destruction. Ruchira Somaweera, Jonathan K. Webb, Gregory P. Brown, & Richard Shine...
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...enrolled in it; but I look at things differently and always trying to find the positive side, I believe that it was meant for me to take this class, I needed to be exposed out of my comfort zone to a subject that if it wouldn’t have been this way I would have probably remained ignorant all my life. With that being said, I will venture on this essay to explain what I’ve learned about evolution, talk about evidence that we have found on the rocks including documented changes through the evolution of species like vestiges, embryos and bad designs. I will talk about the engine of evolution, given that some variations are heritable and that they can be passed from parents to offspring in the process of reproduction, including evolution by natural selection. While talking about reproduction, I’ll explain how sex drives evolution going back to the origin of species and ending in the present time with us the human species. The term evolution derives from the Latin term ēvolūtiō and makes reference to the verb evolve and its effects. This action is linked with a change in state or dis involvement and its result as a new aspect or form of any element. Evolution can also be understood as a process that some things need to go through and consists on leaving behind a stage to move to another,...
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...Animal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). "Animalia" redirects here. For other uses, see Animalia (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Animals Temporal range: Ediacaran – Recent PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgN Animal diversity.png Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (Unranked) Opisthokonta (Unranked) Holozoa (Unranked) Filozoa Kingdom: Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 Phyla Subkingdom Parazoa Porifera Placozoa Subkingdom Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) Ctenophora Cnidaria Bilateria (unranked) Orthonectida Rhombozoa Acoelomorpha Chaetognatha Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Xenoturbellida Vetulicolia † Protostomia (unranked) Superphylum Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Superphylum Platyzoa Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Sipuncula Hyolitha † Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Synonyms Metazoa Haeckel, 1874 Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals must ingest other organisms or their products for...
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...as overpopulation. There are approximately 190 countries in the world, and according to the Overpopulation Index published in 2010, only 77 of those are considered overpopulated, many only by a fraction (World Atlas). Singapore is ranked number one, China is ranked number twenty nine, followed by the United States ranked as number thirty five. In the United States, the Constitution and Bill of Rights grants citizens many privileges such as freedom of speech and the freedom of religion. There is also the Freedom of Choice Act passed in 2004. It states “To prohibit, the interference by the government with a woman’s right to choose to bear a child or terminate a pregnancy, and for other purposes” (Bill Text). There are many aspects of reproduction encompassed by the Choice Act; all designed to ensure a women’s rights and choices in...
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...crossbreeding between species (rare) (ex, liger, mule) Types of Biodiversity * genetic diversity: sexual reproduction cases unique inherited combinations of traits * ecosystem diversity: variety of organisms and their environment * diversity of interactions: interdependence of species = stability * diversity of habitats: structural diversity increases biodiversity Loss of biodiversity -affects food -medicine -economics -carbon cycle ______________________________________________________________________________ Taxonomy (to arrange) - the science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms - classification based on similarities in structure and function - classifying helps us find/identify and understand Seven Levels Remember Katy Perry's Cat Ordered Fine Guacamole Sunday King Phillip Came Over From Germany, Stinky 1. Species 2. Genus 3. Family - animals end in "-idae" , plants end in " -aceae" 4. Order 5. Class 6. Phylum 7. Kingdom Classification for humans: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapians Binomial Nomenclature: 1. Genus (capitalized) (italics/underlined) 2. Species (not capitalized)(italics/underlined) Ex; Urses maritimus (polar bear) Dichotomous Key: tree diagram that divides by 2 each time - used to identify organisms Phylogeny: study of evolutionary relationships between...
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...Snap! Sperm cell Sexual reproduction occurs when offspring result from the joining (fusion) of a male reproductive cell and a female reproductive cell. These special reproductive cells are called gametes and are made in the reproductive organs of organisms. In animals, male gametes are called sperm and female gametes are called ova (singular = ovum) or egg cells. Reproductive systems are designed to bring the male and female gametes together. The joining of sperm and egg cells is called fertilisation. This process mixes the genetic material from the nucleus of each parent together and results in the formation of a zygote. Human sperm cells surround an ovum. MEETING OUTSIDE … In some animals, especially those that live or breed in water such as fish and amphibians, fertilisation occurs outside the female's body. This is called external fertilisation. In this situation, the female releases her unfertilised eggs into the water to be fertilised by the male's sperm, which are also released into the water. MEETING INSIDE … In animals that live and breed on land, internal fertilisation occurs. This keeps the gametes inside the body so there is no chance of dehydration occurring. In this situation, sperm are introduced into the female by a process called copulation (or sexual intercourse). Some differences between internal and external fertilisation Sexual reproduction involves fusion of gametes. Page 184 Ova Like sperm, ova are produced by a special type of cell division...
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...producing energy. They do not require light to grow and their temperature range varies which means they can survive in a multitude of different environments. Very common, they can be found anywhere, from occurring on the skins of fruits to residing in the intestinal tracts of animals as parasites. The most common method of reproduction for yeasts is asexual reproduction through budding. In this process, the parent cell’s nucleus splits and forms a daughter nucleus. The daughter cell grows on the parent cell until it is large enough to separate. Through cytokinesis, this ‘bud’ then forms a new cell. Less common is the method of sexual reproduction in which spores are formed. In this lab, I will be culturing four yeast samples under different conditions. The goal is to study the effects of limited reproduction, additional resources (nutrition) and predation on the yeast population. Yeasts play a very important role not only by serving as nutrient recyclers in nature, but by also being important for the food industry because they can convert carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols through fermentation. They are also used in cell biology research and produce ethanol. 2. When ammonia, which limits reproduction, and a microbe (predation) are added to the culture, the yeast population will decrease. And when additional food is introduced into the environment, the yeast population will increase considerably, but then stabilize because of the carrying capacity of the environment. In...
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